Modern technical means for applying mineral fertilizers should ensure high quality of their distribution over the field surface. To a large extent, the uneven distribution depends on the type of distributing working bodies used. High distribution accuracy is provided by rod spreaders. However, for their stable operation, it is necessary that uniform metered fertilizer supply is carried out by transporting devices from storage tanks to distributing working bodies. For centrifugal spreaders, the uniform supply of fertilizers to the discs is also an important task. Rational geometric parameters of storage tanks minimize the likelihood of arches forming and fertilizers hanging, and also determine the productivity of machine and tractor units when performing technological operations to introduce chemicals for agriculture. The capacity of storage tanks is also an important parameter that determines the technical and economic efficiency of the fertilizer application process. On the one hand, compact mounted spreaders with a lifting capacity of 0.4-1.5 tons are characterized by high maneuverability and low material consumption. However, during application, they require a significant number of technological stops to reload new portions of fertilizers, which is the reason for a decrease in their productivity. In this regard, it is advisable to use mounted rod spreaders for applying fertilizing doses of fertilizers. Semi-trailer spreaders with a load capacity of 5 tons or more are suitable for applying basic doses of fertilizers in large areas, but their use is not always justified in small fields with a large number of obstacles. Consider the design features of technological tanks used on modern, high-precision technical means for applying mineral fertilizers, and presents analytical dependencies for determining their main design parameters.
At the current stage of development of the Republic of Belarus, the national economy is transforming into an innovative socio-economic system, which leads to changes not only in the nature of work and the main productive forces, but also in the quality of life of the country’s population. On a global scale, this stage is characterized by a change in the technological basis and model of economic management, strengthening of its social orientation, globalization, and regionalization of trade and economic relations between countries and their companies. At the same time, the development of an innovative model of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of the Republic of Belarus necessitates strengthening the competitive advantages of organizations based on the development of scientifically based proposals and recommendations, including those on ensuring balanced innovative growth. The article examines the scientific concepts and factors determining the essence of the category “balanced innovative growth” and substantiates methodological approaches to the development of models and evaluation of the effectiveness of the innovative infrastructure of the AIC. Using the example of business entities in the Republic of Belarus engaged in meat production and processing of meat products, an assessment of their level of balanced development is made. In addition, a strategy for ensuring innovative economic growth for agricultural organizations in the Republic of Belarus has been developed. This strategy includes a conceptual model for implementing new technologies across core business processes, a system for comprehensively monitoring the organization’s innovative activity, and an electronic platform as a specialized online resource. The practical implementation of these results will contribute to the expansion of the competitive advantages of agricultural organizations in domestic and foreign markets, the achievement of financial sustainability, and the assurance of the country’s food security.
This article analyzes the development of the functional feed category in modern aquaculture. Based on a study of the specific effects of bioactive additives on fish, the concept is explored and the relevance of its implementation in the cultivation of valuable fish species (sturgeon and salmon) is substantiated. It is established that the use of biologically active additives allows for the transformation of traditional feeds into functional ones, imparting therapeutic and prophylactic properties that go beyond standard nutritional indicators. The results of the development of formulations enriched with biologically active humic substances by the Fish Industry Institute, a state-owned enterprise, are presented. The mechanism of the complex action of these components is revealed, and it is proven that the use of the developed functional feeds promotes the restoration of the morphofunctional state of the liver after feeding high-energy diets, normalizes metabolism, and increases resistance to stress factors. Improved fish farming performance (increased survival, increased average daily weight gain, and a decrease in the feed conversion factor) has been experimentally confirmed. The obtained results substantiate the economic efficiency of using functional additives in intensive fish farming and confirm the high significance of developments for import substitution in the high-tech feed segment.
The objects of study were 7 pear cultivars zoned in the Republic of Belarus including 6 cultivars of Belarusian selection (Belorusskaya Pozdnyaya, Kupala, Prosto Maria, Spakusa, Yasachka, Kudesnitsa) and introduced cultivar (Talgarskaya Krasavitsa). At one-stage rooting of pear cultivars, the use of DKW medium with a reduced concentration of macrosalts (1/4), microsalts ('/z), iron (60 mg/l Ferric-EDDHA), sucrose (2 %), supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA allows to obtain 27.0 % of rooted plants of cv. Belorusskaya Pozdnyaya, 43.0 % of cv. Kudesnitsa, 73.0 % of cv. Prosto Maria, 33.0 % of cv. Talgarskaya Krasavitsa, and 63.0 % of cv. Yasachka. For cultivars Kupala and Spakusa, the use of 0.2 mg/l IBA provides 89.0 and 90.0 %, respectively, rooted plants without formation of soft callus at the base of shoots. The use of two-stage rooting schemes (dark phase (7 days) on MS agar medium with concentration of macrosalts ('/z or1/4), microsalts ('/z), sucrose (2 %), IBA (3 or 5 mg/l), and subsequent cultivation under illumination (6 weeks) on a hormone-free medium of the same mineral composition as in dark phase, with or without vermiculite) allows obtaining the high percentage of rooted microplants in all cultivars. The efficiency of ex vitro adaptation of pear regenerated plants was 92.9-100.0 % when using a sterile peat : agroperlite (1 : 1) substrate. The number of adapted plants of pear cultivars can be increased by planting in the substrate not only in vitro rooted regenerated plants, but also plants that did not produce roots when cultivated on medium containing IBA. For cultivars Spakusa, Kupala, Yasachka 79.0-88.0 % of unrooted microshoots produced roots when planted in sterile substrate. For cultivars Talgarskaya Krasavitsa, Kudesnitsa, and Belorusskaya Pozdnyaya rooting rate varied from 18.0 to 25.0 %, for Prosto Maria-44.0 %.
The purpose of the study was to conduct an agroecological assessment of the content of heavy metals and arsenic, as well as the specific activity of natural and artificial radionuclides in leached, typical, ordinary chernozems and plant products in the Belgorod region. In the course of research, it was found that the variation in the studied soils of the specific activity of potassium-40 is 460-714, thorium-232-30.4-59.7, radium-226-11.3-28.5 Bq/kg. In 2023-2024, the maximum limits of variation of the specific activity of cesium-137 and strontium-90 in soils did not exceed 43.8 and 5.0 Bq/kg, respectively. The concentration in soils of acid-soluble forms of zinc, lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury varied in the intervals of 23.2-52.5, 7.7-14.2, 3.15-7.13, 0.15-0.41, 0.015-0.035 mg/kg, respectively. In common chernozems, the average specific activity of thorium-232, as well as the concentration of acid-soluble forms of zinc, arsenic and cadmium, was significantly higher than in leached chernozems, which is due to the lighter particle size distribution of the latter. The content of mobile forms of heavy metals by subtypes of chernozems did not differ significantly and varied within: zinc-0.23-0.70, lead-0.28-0.73, cadmium-0.02-0.08 mg/kg. No excess of the APC and MPC of the studied elements in soils was detected. In the studied agricultural plants, the specific activity of cesium-137, strontium-90, as well as the content of zinc, lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury were below the maximum permissible values regulated for food and feed products.
Carotenoids are highly susceptible to oxidative and thermal degradation, which compromises the nutritional and functional quality of plant-based food powders. This study aimed to establish the kinetic parameters governing carotenoid degradation in enzyme-hydrolyzed pumpkin powder under varying storage temperatures (4, 20, and 30 degrees C) and gas atmospheres (vacuum, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and ambient air). Carotenoid content was monitored spectrophotometrically over 12 months, and degradation kinetics were modeled using first-order reaction kinetics and the Arrhenius equation. The degradation process followed first-order kinetics in all conditions (R-2 > 0.998). Oxygen presence dramatically accelerated carotenoid loss: degradation rate constants in air were 2.4-5.1 times higher than in inert or vacuum environments. Activation energies (E-a) were significantly higher in oxygen-free systems (48.8-59.4 kJ/mol) compared to air (41.4 kJ/mol), indicating a shift from oxidation-driven to thermally driven degradation mechanisms. Based on the kinetic models, shelf life (defined as 20 % carotenoid loss) was predicted across temperature-atmosphere combinations. For cold-chain storage (0...4 degrees C), nitrogen or CO2 packaging provided the longest shelf life (similar to 20 months), whereas vacuum packaging proved superior under temperature abuse (e.g., 30 degrees C), extending shelf life to similar to 13 months versus 2.5-7.5 months in air. The practical significance of this work lies in providing a scientific basis for packaging selection: vacuum packaging is recommended for long-term storage, especially with the risk of temperature fluctuations, while packaging under a nitrogen or carbon dioxide atmosphere is optimal for guaranteed cold chain storage.
Currently, pig farming in the Republic of Belarus is characterized by a sharp increase in genetic productivity potential, which has led to the need to improve the comfort of animal housing conditions. In this regard, the possibility of increasing air exchange in premises for keeping suckling meat-type sows was studied. The research was conducted during the cold, transitional, and warm periods of the year. The level of air exchange in the experimental group was increased during the cold period to 110 m(3)/h per head, during the transitional period to 150 m(3)/h per head, and during the warm period to 200 m(3)/h per head. This led to a decrease in indoor air temperature by 0.1-0.4 degrees C, relative humidity by 3.5-4.1 & rcy;. & rcy;., carbon dioxide content by 0.01-0.02 & rcy;. & rcy;., ammonia content by 0.2-0.7 mg/m(3), an increase in oxygen content by 0.2-0.5 & rcy;. & rcy;., and an increase in air velocity by 0.04-0.1 m/s. The improvement in the microclimate contributed to an increase in the average daily weight gain of piglets during the suckling period by 3.3-4.0 % and an increase in litter weight at weaning by 2.8-6.5 %.
The imbalance of the population's diets in the modern conditions is characterized by excessive intake of salt, saturated fats and sugar, deficiency of complex carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, micro-and macronutrients. This leads to impaired physical development, tension of metabolic processes and adaptation mechanisms in the human body, as evidenced by the annual increase in noninfectious diseases. In this regard, making a food environment that contributes to full, balanced and healthy diet for all categories of the population is one of the priorities of national policy. A methodology has been developed for assessing and predicting the development potential of the specialized food market, that combines goal and objectives, principles and methods, an algorithm and a system of criteria and indicators for assessing the market segments development. The methodology was tested based on example of the segments of children's, sports, dietary therapeutic and preventive nutrition in the Republic of Belarus, which allowed to assess potential market capacity, taking into account the determinants of market formation and substantiate a set of promising development directions. The practical significance of the development lies in its focus on increasing the physical and economic accessibility of specialized food products to consumer target groups by creating the necessary socio-economic conditions in the country that ensure effective integration of scientific, industrial and trade spheres in the direction of improving the system of development, commercialization, introduction and promotion of innovative products with active regulatory and coordinating role of the state.
This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of optimizing a series-type air distribution system in pneumatic planter transforming uniform seed placement through efficient vacuum pressure with the blower rotation for the planting of maize crop. A laboratory-based experimental facility was designed to test the performance of the pneumatic planter under four blower speeds (600, 900, 1 200, and 1 500 rpm) and three seed metering (SM) disc rotational speeds (17, 22, and 28 rpm). The most critical performance parameters were the vacuum pressure, the velocity losses of air, and the uniformity of seed-drop. To determine the effect of the blower rotation the on vacuum pressure, the vacuum pressure was observed at different locations in the air distribution system. The experimental results were confirmed with ANSYS simulation modeling the dynamics of airflow and pressure distribution in the series air channel-type. The physical tests and the simulation tests done to determine the behaviour of the seeds in the airflow (vacuum pressure) and accurate delivery of the seeds. The findings revealed that revolution of blowers and rotation of the disc created a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in a vacuum pressure and seed distribution uniformity. The minimum optimal range of vacuum was-4.2 to-3.9 kPa that was created at 1 500 rotations of blower per minute (BR4) and 22 rpm disc equivalence and the vacuum range was efficient on seed pick up and vortex seed loss. On the other hand, when the speeds of the blower were low (600-1 200 rpm) the vacuum pressure was weak (-0.24 to-2.28 kPa), with which the placement of the seeds was erratic. Even though BR(4 )showed better performance, it also had the negative impact of increasing power requirement and fuel usage due to the heavy demand of the PTO on the tractor. The series type pressure distribution geometry optimized the performance of the pneumatic seed planter in terms of seed placement at BR4 and disc speed of 22 rpm. Despite the enhanced reliability of operations when there is increased speed of blowers, careful thought should be put on energy efficiency.
Induction of plant immunity to harmful organisms using biologically active substances with elicitor (signal) action is the most promising modern method of plant protection. Among them, chitosan-based agents are widely used, their effect is manifested in an increase in disease resistance by 30-40 %, an increase in biosynthetic processes of formation of amino acids and vitamins, growth stimulation, which increases crop productivity. In potato growing, a serious problem, in addition to fungal infections, is the accumulation and transmission of bacteria and viruses in crop plantings, what leads to significant yield losses (25-75 %). Moreover, there are no antiviral and antibacterial drugs for use in potato production. At the same time, chitosan and other biologically active substances, having a wide range of unique biological activities, for example, have the ability to induce resistance to both fungal and viral diseases of plants. Therefore, one of the areas for improving potato production, its quality, stabilizing the phytosanitary condition of crop plantings can be the expansion of the range of biologically active substances and the improvement of the methods of their use. The study of the effect of new environmentally friendly chitosan-based agents on the phytosanitary situation in potato plantings and productivity indicators in the conditions of Western Siberia showed that they increased crop germination by 16.0-68.0 %, reliably increased plant length by 3.2-18.1 %, plant weight by 11.1-24.8 %, and the number of stolons and tubers by 14.8-73.2 and 8.0-43.2 %, tuber weight by 8.2-25.8 %. These agents reduced the development of rhizoctonia in the seedling phase by 6.7-14.6 %, the prevalence of macrosporiosis from 10.0 to 30.0 %. With a hundred percent spread of late blight, its development at the initial stage of damage had differences and was less than in the control. Its minimum development (by 1.5 points, control 2.8 points) was noted in the case of treating planting tubers with agents No. 1, 7, 8 and 12, and treating plants during the growing season with agent No. 1. When using a combination of agents No. 7 (treatment of tubers) and No. 12 (spraying plants), viros is in crop plantings was completely absent. The crop yield when using new agents varied on average over three years from 14.5 to 20.0 t/ha, the yield increase was from 1.4 to 6.9 t/ha (from 10.7 to 52.7 %).
The results of a hydrochemical analysis conducted to determine the causes of mass death of fish are presented. The key indicators of water quality, including concentrations of dissolved oxygen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, as well as pH and temperature levels, are considered. These parameters were chosen as the indicators most sensitive to changes in the aquatic environment and able to reflect the overall state of the ecosystem. Special attention is paid to the seasonal dynamics of changes in hydrochemical parameters. The analysis revealed a deviation of a number of parameters from the maximum permissible norms, which indicates possible anthropogenic pollution of water bodies. The data obtained make it possible to establish a link between changes in the hydrochemical composition of water and observed fish deaths, which can serve as a basis for developing measures to prevent similar environmental incidents in the future. Such measures may include increased control over discharge sources, the introduction of wastewater treatment programs, and regular monitoring of the condition of reservoirs.
The Yaroslavl cattle breed is known for high fat and protein content in milk, resistance to infectious diseases, adaptability to feeding and maintenance conditions in the central and northern zones of the European part of the Russian Federation. The Government has set a task to develop programs to improve dairy cattle breeds for their preservations and increasing competitiveness. Therefore, the goal was set to evaluate the productive characteristics and reproductive qualities of Yaroslavl cows of different lines bred in the Yaroslavl and Vologda regions. The research revealed that the Yaroslavl population is the most diverse in terms of the number of lineages. Cows of the Yaroslavl population outperform cows of the Vologda population in milk yield for 100 days of lactation and for 305 days of lactation for the last completed lactation by 515.6 and 1 804.2 kg, respectively. The cows of the Vologda region are the most dairy-rich, with a superiority in fat percentage over the Yaroslavl population in all lines from 0.35 to 0.58 %. Cows of the Yaroslavl population of the Volny 470 YAYA-4370 line had the earliest age of the first insemination, the first fruitful insemination and the first calving-16.2 months, 17 months and 26.1 months, which is lower than that of the Vologda population by 5.8; 5.0 and 3.0 %, respectively, which is statistically significant. Animals of the Yaroslavl population have the highest live weight at birth and the last completed lactation along all lines except for the Sorcerer's line 62 YAYA-1544. Cows of the Vologda region have the longest period of economic use, which ranges from 2.4 to 6.5 lactation. The research allows to improve genetic potential of the Yaroslavl cattle breed through the purpose breeding according to lines and through conservation of genetic diversity. The receiver results can be used to develop selection programs, what will contribute to further work with his valuable breed.
Modern scientifically based breeding programs are focused on the creation of varieties of agricultural crops characterized by high quality of products and stable implementation of the genetic potential of plants according to traits that determine yield and quality. Fibre flax is no exception in this regard. For the Republic of Belarus, this is a traditional crop that symbolizes not only originality and prosperity, but also human health. Fibre flax breeding in our country is of extensive experience and traditions of successful production of varieties with excellent consumer qualities. Only over the past 10 years, domestic breeders have created 17 new varieties of various maturity groups. Scientists of the Institute of Flax together with colleagues from the Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the Belarusian Agricultural Academy and the Belarusian State Technological University have developed new methodological approaches for the assessment and selection of valuable genotypes based on scanning microscopy, electrophoresis and DNA marking. Based on the screening of varieties for decortication ability, dynamics, degree and uniformity of the flax straw preparation process, the expediency of using this method for assessing the selection material of fiber flax is substantiated in this paper. As a result of studying the samples in the nursery of selection variety according to productivity, aging dynamics, as well as uniformity of rake separation along the length of the stems, the Accent variety was created based on the genotype 40H4-3-2-3-2. Along with high productivity, the variety is characterized by good rake dynamics, uniformity of rake separation along the length of the stem, which, together with the physical and mechanical characteristics, ensures high quality of long fiber.
The family Thripidae has about 1 750 species of herbivorous thrips, of which about 230 phytophages with a wide range of host plants are registered in European countries. The areas of these insects are very extensive. Due to the rapid invasiveness, numerous populations are common to most countries and continents. Despite the quarantine measures, their area regularly increases. The paper presents the results of studies on the species composition and occurrence of phytophages of the family Thripidae in the conditions of vegetable agrobiocenoses of the Republic of Belarus. Crops have been identified – bulb onions, cabbage, cucumber of protected soil, characterized by the greatest variety of fringed-winged populations. For the first time in the republic the dominant species of thrips in industrial field agrobiocenoses – Thrips tabaci Lind. and in the conditions of cultivation facilities – Frankliniella occidentalis Perg., Frankliniella intonsa Tryb. were determined. Results of specific identification of phytophages of the Thripidae family are presented and the main distinctive morphological features of the sorts Thrips and Frankliniella are considered. Key features of morphologically close types are specified Frankliniella occidentalis Perg. and Frankliniella intonsa Tryb., prevailing on plants of a tomato and a cucumber of the protected soil, and Thrips tabaci Lind. dominating in onion and cabbage. Results of researches can become a basis for increasing knowledge of a species diversity of phytophages and reasonable implementation of actions for protection of plants.
Sowing qualities of seeds determine the potential of the initial development of plants at the initial stages of their ontogenesis. Currently, the main standardized indicators in the certification of batches of seed material, determining its economic suitability, are germination energy and germination. However, they do not allow to reliably predict field germination. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of storage duration on the sowing qualities of seeds of alfalfa varieties by a set of indicators, including the determination of germination, energy, uniformity and rate of germination, its index, as well as the dynamic process of seed germination. Analysis of the kinetics of seed germination at two temperature regimes – +10 and +20 ° C – revealed a general pattern: in all varieties, the maximum number of seeds germinated after one year of their storage. At a higher temperature background, the rate of seed germination after their storage for 1 to 12 years decreased by 35–62 %. Correlation analysis of the relationship between the energy and uniformity of seed germination after their storage for 1 to 6 years under the germination regime of +20 °C revealed a close dependence of these indicators ( r = 0.882). The relationship of these parameter indicators against the background of seed germination at +10 °C was also high ( r = 0.838). In accordance with the requirements of GOST R 52325-2005, the preservation of standard germination indicators in the seeds of the Vela variety was observed for 6.5–7.5 years, in the Voronezhskaya 6 variety – up to 7.5 years, and in the Pavlovskaya 7 variety – up to 8.5 years.
In light of the growing prevalence of overweight-related diseases, an urgent priority is to develop effective, evidence-based preventive nutritional strategies aimed at reducing cardiometabolic risk. Vegetable oils, rich in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, as well as such biologically active components as phospholipids, phytosterols, and vitamins, represent a promising component in dietary improvement programs. This study conducted a comparative evaluation of refined, deodorized rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and an optimized vegetable-oil blend called “Osoboe,” developed by the RUE Scientific-Practical Center of the NAS of Belarus for Food. Overweighted volunteers participated in trials designed to assess the nutritional value and preventive potential of these oils. Results showed that incorporating rapeseed oil into the diets of overweighted individuals led to statistically significant improvements in blood lipid profiles (reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B), increased metabolic rate, and a reduction in the biological age of blood vessels. The “Osoboe” blend exhibited moderate anti-atherogenic activity, whereas sunflower oil produced no significant changes. These findings confirm the prospects of using rapeseed oil, and fat products derived from it, in diets for overweighted individuals, particularly within cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.
Increasing the importance of quality and safety of agri-food products in the formation of their competitive advantages is a modern trend. This problem is dynamic and has a multi-level, complex and systemic nature. This determines the relevance of developing a document that should contain directions for improving the agri-food products quality ensuring mechanism, as well as a set of priority measures for their implementation. Formation of an industry strategy for the agri-food products quality managing is proposed in the paper as one of the effective ways to implement a cross-cutting approach to solving the above-mentioned problem. The algorithm for developing the strategy, its structure and options for forming a set of measures are justified. Approaches to strategic development of quality management are proposed. That should be the basis of the corresponding conceptual document and a set of fundamental measures within the framework of its implementation, as well as institutional support and infrastructure in this sphere. Improvement of the available tools, increasing the effectiveness of its use, improving the branch industry methodology of quality management are the goals of the strategy. Ensuring competitive advantages of domestic agri-food products according to quality parameters, increasing sales volumes and improving the efficiency of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Belarus will be the result of the proposed strategy implementation.
The aim of the research was to study breed characteristics and genetic markers that determine the survival rate of dairy cattle. Ways to improve the survival rate of dairy cattle at commercial dairy farms in the Republic of Belarus have been scientifically substantiated, taking into account the breed characteristics of genetic markers. It has been found that at the SE “ZhodinoAgroPlemElita”, with an average annual milk yield of 8,000 kg, the survival rate of Red dairy cattle over five lactations, 4.93 times exceeds the same value of their Holstein counterparts, with an increase in the average lifetime milk yield in terms of basic fat content by 7,267 kg of milk. A number of mutations causing the development of hereditary diseases have been identified in various gender and age groups of Holstein cattle, indicating the need for systematic genetic monitoring to control the spread of lethal abnormalities in the animal population. Systematic genetic monitoring of lethal anomalies will significantly improve the embryonic and early postembryonic survival of Holstein dairy cattle of domestic selection.
Industrial milk production technology is a technology that ensures the production of high-quality products at a minimum cost, that is, using as little labor and technical means as possible in the production process. Modern dairy farming is considered industrial if milk production technology is used with labor costs of no more than 2.5 people/hour per centner of product. This is achieved through automation (e.g., robotic milking machines, automatic feed dispensers) and labor optimization, which reduces costs per unit of production. Popular automatic milking systems include Lely Astronaut, AMR DeLaval, GEA DairyRobot R9500, BouMatic Robotics and Fullwood M²erlin. These units are equipped with robotic manipulators, sensors, cameras and algorithms for monitoring milk quality and cow condition. Industrial cow milking technology ensures compliance with milk safety and nutritional value standards (e.g., GOST standards or international standards such as ISO 22000), minimizing the risks of contamination and deviations. Widely used at large farms (e.g., in the US, EU or Russia) where livestock genetics, automated systems and precision feeding are combined. According to USDA reports, such technologies increase cow productivity to 8–10 thousand liters of milk per year while reducing costs. This technology reduces risks to animal health and the environment, and provides a stable income. Industrial methods of cow milking are 20–30 % more efficient than traditional farms in terms of cost price. This technology has evolved since the 20th century due to mechanization and digital innovation, allowing production to be scaled up for the global market.
Global vegetable oil production has a steady growth trend, and there is a structural shift towards the industrial use of oil and fat products. The main types of oils are palm oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and soybean oil, and the largest global players include exporting countries and several importing countries, including India and China. The Russian Federation is the largest global producer and exporter of sunflower oil, but it has a small share in global exports of soybean and rapeseed oils. At the same time, the importance of Russian oil imports in China and India is growing. The growth in the production of vegetable oil in Russia is due to the increase in the area planted and the yield of oilseeds in all producing regions. However, there is a trend of increasing sunflower seed production in regions with lower yields. The processing of vegetable oil in Russia is concentrated in a small number of large holding-type organizations with an extensive network of factories located in various regions, which are leading in the export of products. It has been shown that in unfavorable geopolitical conditions, the logistics of sales by the main exporters of vegetable oil are changing, and Russia is increasing its exports to India and China, but at significantly lower prices. In the Russian market for oil and fat products, state regulation of prices in the domestic food market is increasing, and tariff and non-tariff measures for regulating exports are being implemented in foreign trade operations, which ensures the physical and economic availability of vegetable oils in Russia but increases the risks of foreign trade activities for exporting enterprises.
