A Lei de Inovação (Lei nº 10.973/2004) completou 20 anos em 2024, consolidando-se como marco na regulamentação e no incentivo à pesquisa científica e tecnológica no Brasil. Posteriormente, foi aprimorada pelo Marco Legal da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (MLCTI), com o objetivo de reduzir entraves legais, institucionais e burocráticos à promoção da inovação. Apesar dos avanços, persistem lacunas que afetam a eficácia dos instrumentos, a efetividade dos resultados e os mecanismos de avaliação. Esta investigação realiza uma revisão da literatura publicada entre 2015 e 2025, analisando 31 estudos que avaliaram ações decorrentes da implementação do MLCTI com base em dados da PINTEC e do FORMICT, organizados em seis dimensões. Os resultados indicam avanços, como o fortalecimento das parcerias universidade-empresa e dos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica (NITs), mas também revelam fragilidades estruturais, operacionais e regionais que limitam as políticas públicas e evidenciam deficiências na governança da inovação no país.
This paper analyzes the Technological Order (ETEC) as a mechanism for promoting innovation and achieving the objectives of the Strategic Space Systems Program (PESE). The program aims to develop space technology to operate systems of defense interest and, therefore, demands supplies and services of high technological intensity and that involve technological risk. The research is based on the theoretical framework of innovation policy by demand when considering the contracts carried out by the Brazilian Air Force, within the scope of PESE. The recurrent use of the “auction” modality and the signing of agreements with support foundations were identified, as well as the lack of use of ETEC. The questionnaire submitted to contracting officers revealed that only 4% of them know the ETEC instrument. It is concluded that ETEC's potential to encourage innovation has been little explored in the Brazilian Air Force, given the existence of regulatory gaps and managers lack knowledge on the subject, although it is a viable instrument for contracting products not available on the market, which result from an innovative process, and therefore align with PESE's objectives.
Há considerável ambiguidade em relação ao efeito do investimento externo direto (IED) sobre ganhos de produtividade. Este artigo investiga essa relação para a economia brasileira, com especial ênfase na inserção exportadora setorial como canal de influência. O estudo parte de dados sobre 25 setores industriais brasileiros entre 2010 e 2019. Estima-se um painel dinâmico por meio do System GMM. Os resultados mostram associação positiva entre IED e PTF, embora ao se incluir exportações como variável de controle, esse efeito perca significância estatística. No entanto, quando se interage IED e exportações, o efeito marginal da variável é positivo e significativo. Os resultados realçam a natureza condicional do IED em economias em desenvolvimento.
This article explores the role of public banks in fostering the development of early-stage startups in Brazil’s Northeast region. Using a neo-Schumpeterian approach, it examines both financial and non-financial instruments employed by these banks to support technological innovation and economic development. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, involving semi-structured interviews with representatives of banks, startups, and other innovation ecosystem stakeholders. The main findings highlight that, although public banks offer a range of support mechanisms, their effectiveness is hindered by rigid financial instruments, limited flexibility, and an inadequate regional focus. This study identifies the need for adaptive strategies, including more flexible financial products and enhanced non-financial support, such as mentoring and networking opportunities. These insights suggest policy adjustments to better align public banking practices with the dynamic needs of early-stage startups, thereby promoting sustainable regional development.
This study investigates how the offset mechanism promotes technology acquisition and breaks the technological dependency of the Brazilian defense industry on foreign suppliers. Using a case study approach centered on the F-X2 Project, the research employs participant observation, from a privileged position of the researcher, to analyze the project’s construction, the challenges faced in implementing technology transfer, and the partial results achieved. Unprecedented data presented demonstrate how the technology transferred through the F-X2 contributed to enhancing the technological capabilities of Brazilian companies. However, the results indicate that, due to structural constraints, the technological dependency on the foreign supplier persists. It is concluded that offsets act as a technological policy instrument, expanding the international technology market through state purchasing power, but complementary actions are necessary to overcome technological dependency.
A importância crescente da tecnologia no desenvolvimento de capacidades militares tem levado à busca de modelos de gestão da inovação que otimizem processos de obtenção de produtos e sistemas de defesa. O Brasil enfrenta desafios significativos nesse campo, como a dependência de materiais importados, ações de cerceamento tecnológico e a precária capacidade nacional de inovação. Diante disso, o objetivo deste artigo é explorar o processo de gestão da inovação de defesa no Brasil, identificando óbices e oportunidades de melhoria. Em outras palavras, o estudo busca responder à seguinte questão: como superar óbices e impulsionar a gestão da inovação no contexto da defesa nacional? A abordagem dessa questão de pesquisa é centrada em um estudo de caso do Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia do Exército Brasileiro, responsável por coordenar uma vasta rede de desenvolvimento de tecnologias de defesa. Os resultados revelam a necessidade de maior articulação e estabilidade orçamentária, além da implementação de metodologias como a avaliação de prontidão tecnológica, para melhorar a comunicação e a eficiência nos processos de inovação. Assim, este artigo propõe ações concretas para fortalecer a inovação de defesa, contribuindo para a autonomia tecnológica e a segurança nacional.
This study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of technological development and technological focus areas in patents registered by the Brazilian Air Force (FAB). Grounded in theories of innovation, patent production, and technological development, the research analyzes patent applications through temporal analysis and International Patent Classification (IPC). This approach is complemented by a clustering proposal based on patent titles. The results highlight a technological evolution structured in three paradigms – technical-industrial development, technological modernization, and open innovation – reflected in patenting cycles aligned with strategic technological advances and innovation theories such as the Resource-Based View and Open Innovation Theory. The analysis reveals a concentration of patents in the areas of Physics and Chemistry/Metallurgy, indicating a strong focus on materials and process development. Five thematic clusters were identified: (1) Systems and Improvement Methods, (2) Processes for Material Production and Composition, (3) Portable Devices and Sensors, (4) Optical Fiber and Sensor Technologies, and (5) Laser Manufacturing Processes and Advanced Materials. Clusters 1 and 2 were the most productive, each with 28 patent applications.
It is old and recurring, in the Brazilian defence policy environment, the left-wing leaders idea that guiding the attention of the military (endowed with a profoundly anti-democratic culture and inadequate organizational practices) towards military R&D and production could lead them to reduce their interventionist propensity. To explain how this idea has evolved based on the author's academic trajectory is the guiding thread of this work. Using the analytical-conceptual framework and empirical evidence advanced by his trajectory as a reference, he discusses the spin-offs claimed by the central countries mainstream literature and questions their existence in Brazil to show how the implementation of that idea would not lead to the expected results. Finally, with the aim of starting a debate about the future, he analyzes how it seems to have been interpreted in the context of the “defense mission” of the present-day Brazilian industrial policy (Nova Indústria Brasil) that will be implemented over the next decade.
Deep techs help tackle global challenges, but there is a need for more knowledge about promoting them through innovation policies. This article aims to identify the elements of innovation policies that foster deep techs to tackle socio-environmental challenges. We employed a qualitative, exploratory-descriptive approach and conducted document analysis to examine Denmark's policy instruments. By examining innovation-related policies, we found that they are challenge-oriented, comprising education, funding, and collaboration approaches, and influenced by variables such as sector strategies, knowledge, and management. We have contributed in several ways. Firstly, conceptually, by proposing a theoretical framework for innovation policy to support deep technology solutions to global challenges. Secondly, government practices that affect the business environment by establishing elements oriented towards the composition of public policies; and thirdly, socially and economically, by supporting the fostering of deep tech ventures and environmental preservation.
This paper proposes a representation of national innovation systems (NSIs) as a moving and interacting universe of points in a three-dimensional space. This universe moves and expands, following the technological leadership of the most advanced NSIs. This expansion is not homogeneous, leading to different groups that when analyzed uncovers the center-periphery divide – a moving frontier. Each NSI is a point in a three-dimensional universe, condensing three data: GDP per capita, scientific articles per capita, patents per capita. Looking at NSIs populating a universe offers a point of view that brings new elements our interpretation, therefore this paper is organized to investigate the changes in this expanding universe: its population, how to measure its expansion, the clustering of NSIs, frontiers between groups, trajectories of selected countries.
This paper investigates the ‘level of education/schooling’ variable in the records of the Annual Social Information Report (RAIS) for the period 2013 to 2021, considering the employment bonds of doctorate holders who graduated from Brazilian doctoral programs during this period. The analysis is conducted by cross-referencing RAIS records with the database of graduate students in Brazil. The results revealed a high level of inaccuracy of the variable, with only 45% of correct records among employees who earned their doctoral degrees up to eight years before the RAIS base-year. Furthermore, a higher incidence of errors was found in the records of recently graduated Ph.D. holders and those who earned their degrees after the beginning of the employment contract. Additionally, the proportion of incorrect records is greater for the public sector and for non-educational organizations.
Após dez anos de aplicação de Encomendas Tecnológicas (ETEC) no Brasil, estudos sobre seus resultados práticos permanecem escassos. Sob o paradigma dos Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação (SNI), o problema deste artigo é: estaria a ETEC alcançando seu intento de fomentar o processo de inovação, robustecendo a constituição de alianças e o desenvolvimento de projetos de cooperação? Seu objetivo é analisar a contribuição das ETEC contratadas pelo Exército Brasileiro na promoção de interações no SNI. Realizou-se um estudo de caso descritivo ex post facto, com análise de conteúdo de entrevistas e documentos. Os resultados apontam que as interações no SNI foram incrementadas parcialmente, não alcançando todos os atores e sem criar novas redes de colaboração. Apesar das limitações, o instrumento valida-se como estratégia de uso racional do poder de compra estatal para o fomento à inovação de interesse nacional, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de tecnologia que não era dominada no País.
Offset de defesa é o instrumento legal que formaliza o compromisso do fornecedor para compensar as compras de produtos de defesa realizadas no exterior. A fim de identificar qual o melhor modelo para viabilizar uma transferência de tecnologia como compensação em offsets de defesa, realiza-se uma revisão da literatura, partindo de 128 documentos científicos. Destacam-se 7 modelos principais, que, embora muito tenham contribuído para a pesquisa, não responderam à pergunta norteadora plenamente, levando à necessidade de gerar um diagrama, aplicando a linguagem unificada de modelagem (UML) na legislação brasileira para offsets de defesa, resultado este que se propõe como modelo de offset de defesa no Brasil. Por fim, uma pesquisa verificou a concordância dos stakeholders com a junção das boas práticas encontradas na literatura ao diagrama. Chegou-se à conclusão de que se faz mister uma atuação mais presente do Governo e uma adequação das atividades das partes envolvidas.
New Space is defined as the commercialization of space activities characterized by the participation of private capital and the growing militarization of space. This article examines New Space in Brazil, exploring its current configuration in the space ecosystem, with an emphasis on the militarization of space. To portray this scenario, semi-structured interviews were conducted with specialists. The analysis revealed that New Space in Brazil is still early but shows potential to integrate civil and military applications, promoting greater synergy between the traditional space sector and new business models. This study contributes by providing a detailed perspective on Brazil's role in the context of New Space, with implications for the development of new public policies and governance for the sector.
The aim of this work is to present the trajectory of the Brazilian Defense Industrial Base, focusing on the wheeled armored vehicle (VBR) segment, retrieving data from the two companies that produced VBR in Brazil: Engesa and Iveco. As for the method, it is an exploratory qualitative research, with bibliographic and documentary research. The results found indicate that policies for the Defense Sector during the military regime were able to place Brazil in a prominent position in technological terms. However, although there has been an effort on the part of the government to resume investments in the sector, the policies developed since the 2000s are not being able to accumulate technological and innovative capacity in national firms. The main contribution of this research is to provide a historical overview of more than 60 years of the trajectory of wheeled armored vehicles in Brazil, comparing information from the two companies that produced VBR.
The aim of this article is to discuss the recent transformations in China’s agriculture in the context of the introduction of technologies from what has been conventionally called the 4th Industrial Revolution. In official programs and documents, agriculture is presented within the scope of promoting a national system of innovations for agriculture. This process, we understand in this article, is guided by the CE and CCP’s quest to improve the living conditions of the rural population and increase agricultural productivity and the international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural brands. The methodology used was descriptive based on official documents, such as: CCP work reports and the budget of the central government and local governments and data reports from leading companies in the industrialization of agriculture. As a main result, China’s agriculture, from bases considered traditional, is increasingly being organized in an innovative agriculture, in which companies, both private and state-owned, have boosted their competitive advantages.
Editorial – Seção Especial: Inovação na Indústria de Defesa do volume 25 da Revista Brasileira de Inovação.
This work aims to analyze the technology offer strategy adopted by research institutes in the aerospace sector and its influence on the technology transfer process to the Brazilian Defense Industrial Base. The methodology included bibliographic and documental research, interviews, and forecasting in patent databases, with the Department of Aerospace Science and Technology (DCTA, in portuguese) as the case study. Additionally, a survey was administered to companies in the Brazilian Aerospace Cluster (BAC) to investigate their perception of the process of absorbing technologies generated by the DCTA. The results indicated that the DCTA has been developing its inventions alone, prioritizing technology showcases and direct offers as technology offer modalities. Meanwhile, respondents from the BAC suggested that the DCTA could diversify its technology offer strategies, focusing more on Research and Development partnerships and technology procurement.
This is a book review of the “Handbook of Innovation and Regulation”, published in 2023 by authors Pontus Braunerhjelm, Martin Andersson, Knut Blind, and Johan E. Eklund. Aiming to contribute to the discussion on the economics of innovation, the review was written by Matyas Laszlo Abeling Szabo, who holds a master’s degree in Economics from the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), in Brazil.
This study analyzes how state governments implement specific types of public procurement of innovation (PPI), identifying the obstacles encountered and the practices adopted to overcome them. It is an observational, descriptive study with a comparative cross-sectional design examining state and district governments. Data collection involved documentary analysis of legislation and public innovation contracts and semi-structured interviews. The results indicate that PPIs in Brazilian states are still in their early stages due to the novelty of the subject, a heightened perception of the risks associated with innovation, and excessive bureaucracy in the public sector. Although there is a positive outlook on PPIs and efforts have been made, it is concluded that challenges remain, such as training public officials and promoting a culture of innovation.
