This study analyses the impact of the pandemic on the poor performance of stock markets in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by examining the COLCAP, BOVESPA, IPSA, MERVAL and MEXBOL indices between January 2018 and March 2021, with a particular focus on the first half of 2020. The proposed methodology is relatively new and consists of a sequential combination of statistical tests designed to determine whether index returns follow a random walk, and if so, what type this is. Empirical evidence shows that sharp price declines and increased volatility associated with the pandemic generally favoured weak-form efficiency in these markets. This reduced short-term return predictability and reinforced the role of prices in processing available information quickly. Additionally, the results imply that the impact of the pandemic on LAC markets was not uniform, but it did lead to a faster and more consistent incorporation of global and local news into stock prices, with significant implications for investor risk management and policymakers responsible for financial stability
El estudio de las temperaturas de la estación meteorológica “Málaga Aeropuerto” demuestra un incremento lineal desde 1971 hasta 2024. Este efecto se observa tanto en las mínimas como en las máximas y en todos los meses del año, siendo mayor en los meses de verano que en los de invierno, y más en las mínimas que en las máximas. Así, la temperatura media anual ha aumentado 2,6 oC desde 1971, a un ritmo de 0,049 oC/año, la media anual de las mínimas 2,9 oC, a un ritmo de 0,055 oC/año, y la media anual de las máximas 2,2 oC, a un ritmo de 0,042 oC/año. El mayor incremento se ha observado en las mínimas de agosto, con 3,9 oC y a un ritmo de 0,074 oC/año, y el menor incremento en las máximas de febrero, con 1,3 oC y a un ritmo de 0,024 oC/ año. Según estas tendencias y para 2024, Málaga tendría una temperatura media anual de 19,9 oC, una media anual de las mínimas de 15,3 oC, una media anual de las máximas de 24,5 oC, la media del mes más frío (enero) de 13,2 oC y la media del mes más cálido (agosto) de 28 oC.
El artículo analiza las transformaciones recientes en Ciudad Jardín Lomas del Palomar, municipio de Tres de Febrero, a partir de su declaración como Área de Protección Urbana. Se examinan las tensiones entre las políticas de preservación del patrimonio y la implementación de los Centros Comerciales a Cielo Abierto, impulsados como estrategias de dinamización económica local. El trabajo se apoya en aportes teóricos sobre urbanismo proempresarial, consumo e identidad barrial, para interpretar cómo estas políticas, aunque promueven la preservación, también pueden actuar como mecanismos de valorización inmobiliaria. Se concluye que el patrimonio, lejos de ser una categoría neutral, está en disputa, y su mercantilización tensiona los objetivos de sostenibilidad, preservación y calidad de vida local.
Dans le Rif marocain, l’érosion hydrique constitue un facteur majeur de dégradation des terres et des infrastructures. La fragilité des milieux naturels, associée à des pratiques anthropiques inappropriées, accentue ce phénomène. Dans cette étude, nous avons focalisé notre investigation sur l’évaluation du potentiel érosif et le suivi de la dynamique des ravins dans le bassin versant de l’oued Boumlal (Haut Ouergha), par l’application de l’approche PAP/CAR et des mesures sur terrain. Les résultats obtenus révèlent que ce bassin versant est soumis à une forte intensité d’érosion hydrique, mettant en évidence sa fragilité qui peut entraîner la production d’une grande quantité de sédiments. L’analyse des états érosifs indique que les zones fortement affectées par les différentes formes d’érosion couvrent environ 31 % de la superficie totale du bassin. L’intersection des formes d’érosion avec les facteurs causaux a permis d’évaluer l’influence de chaque paramètre sur la dégradation des sols. À la suite de cette superposition, nous avons estimé la superficie impactée par chaque forme d’érosion en fonction des formations lithologiques, des pentes, de l’exposition des versants et de l’occupation des sols. De plus, nous avons entrepris un suivi de la dynamique des ravins dans la zone d’étude afin de comprendre le rythme et les mécanismes intervenant dans leur évolution morphologique. Les résultats des campagnes de mesures sur le terrain indiquent que les caractéristiques morphologiques des ravins varient en fonction des interventions humaines et des conditions environnementales. Ainsi, la morphodynamique du ravinement dans la zone étudiée est régie par plusieurs processus, notamment l’érosion régressive, le creusement et l’affouillement du fond, l’élargissement par sapement des berges et le colmatage total par glissements.
La transformación de Donostia/San Sebastián en un Destino Turístico Inteligente (DTI) sigue la hoja de ruta de SEGITTUR, pero aún quedan interrogantes sobre la interconexión de sus ejes estratégicos. Este estudio analiza la percepción de residentes y profesionales del turismo respecto a los cinco pilares del modelo DTI: Sostenibilidad, Accesibilidad, Tecnología, Innovación y Gobernanza. A través de un análisis PLSSEM basado en 210 encuestas, se evidencia que la sostenibilidad es el eje vertebrador del modelo, impulsado por la tecnología, la innovación, la accesibilidad y la gobernanza. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de un enfoque integral en la planificación y gestión turística, proporcionando información clave para la toma de decisiones estratégicas en la transición hacia destinos más sostenibles y competitivos.
L’érosion hydrique constitue la principale menace de dégradation des sols au Maroc en général, et dans le Rif en particulier. Cette étude évalue le risque d’érosion hydrique dans le bassin versant de l’Oued Aghrouz au moyen d’une double approche : la modélisation spatiale par l’Équation universelle révisée des pertes en sol (RUSLE) et l’expérimentation in situ par simulation de pluie. Les résultats de la modélisation indiquent une perte moyenne de 30,6 t/ha/an, avec des maximas locaux proches de 150 t/ha/an. La plupart des surfaces étudiées souffrent de pertes de sol modérées à très fortes, en particulier les terres agricoles en forte pente ou faiblement couvertes. Les essais de simulation de pluie mettent en évidence l’impact déterminant des pratiques culturales sur le ruissellement, l’infiltration et la production sédimentaire : les parcelles labourées, notamment sur vertisols, sont les plus érosives. Les mesures de turbidité atteignent 140 g/L en automne sur ces parcelles, des valeurs supérieures à celles relevées sur d’autres types d’occupation. L’analyse comparative des deux approches montre un taux de concordance de 42,7 %, soulignant la robustesse de l’approche mixte ainsi que certaines limites liées à l’échelle d’analyse et à la variabilité des facteurs anthropiques. L’étude insiste sur le rôle des actions humaines dans l’exacerbation de l’érosion et appelle à une meilleure intégration des pratiques agricoles dans les politiques d’aménagement du territoire, assortie de mesures de conservation et de sensibilisation adaptées. Elle fournit une base solide pour la gestion durable des ressources en sols et peut être mobilisée comme référentiel dans d’autres bassins versants à risque.
En contextos rurales, la participación cultural comunitaria es clave para la sostenibilidad social y la preservación identitaria. Sin embargo, la evidencia empírica sobre el papel de factores psicosociales en territorios con baja infraestructura cultural es escasa. Este estudio examina la influencia de la cohesión social, el sentido de pertenencia y la identidad local en la participación cultural comunitaria en Santa Lucía, Ecuador. A partir de una encuesta estructurada a 160 residentes y un análisis cuantitativo correlacional, se evaluó la fiabilidad de las escalas (α = 0,86–0,98) y se aplicaron regresiones y modelos de moderación. Aunque el modelo general no mostró asociaciones estadísticamente significativas (R² = 0,017; p > 0,05). No obstante, el análisis por subgrupos reveló patrones diferenciados según edad y nivel educativo. Estos resultados evidencian que la participación cultural no responde de manera homogénea, sino segmentada. En conjunto, los hallazgos muestran la necesidad de considerar factores psicosociales y barreras estructurales para comprender la dinámica cultural en contextos rurales. El estudio aporta evidencia que cuestiona la universalidad de los modelos clásicos de capital social y destaca la importancia de diseñar estrategias culturales adaptadas a perfiles sociodemográficos específicos y a las condiciones del territorio
Las herramientas SIG de lógica difusa permiten valorar el paisaje en su conjunto, más allá de la rígida conectividad propia del análisis de redes, para seleccionar rutas discriminando flexiblemente temáticas y niveles de esfuerzo o confort climático estacional deseados. Este artículo propone un método de selección de rutas acordes a las preferencias temáticas de los usuarios utilizando indicadores cualitativos del carácter predominante de las rutas, naturalistas o culturales; y parámetros cuantitativos para seleccionar las pendientes y temperaturas medias estacionales deseadas. Esta información reduce la incertidumbre de los usuarios y, con ella, la vulnerabilidad de territorios con componente turística. El análisis de los datos generados por los usuarios abre la posibilidad de implementar un SIG participativo susceptible de sustentar la construcción social del paisaje cultural.
Le terme ’’arbovirus’’ est une contraction abrégée de ‘’ arthropod – borne - virus’’ signifiant littéralement un virus engendré ou transmis à un vertébré par un vecteur arthropode en l’occurrence un moustique femelle hématophage du genre Aedes aegypti et albopictus. Et un vecteur désigne un organisme biologique actif, généralement un arthropode capable d’acquérir et de transférer un parasite pathogène d’un hôte infecté vers un hôte naïf. Le gîte larvaire est un réservoir naturel ou artificiel, temporel ou permanent susceptible de contenir une masse d’eau assez longtemps et est propice au développement des larves des moustiques issus de l’éclosion. Enfin, l’arbovirose est une affection causée par un arbovirus. Actuellement, la lutte anti vectorielle reste cruciale pour la prévention des arbovirus, sans thérapie spécifique ni vaccin à large spectre. Son efficacité passe par la maîtrise de la spatialisation urbaine des vecteurs et des mécanismes de leurs proliférations en gîtes larvaires artificiels. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer les facteurs environnementaux associés à la persistance des Aedes spp, vecteurs d’arbovirus en gîtes larvaires prolifiques à Mont Ngafula. Les prospections des gîtes larvaires ont été réalisées dans 4 quartiers du site d’étude, en période pluviale et sèche au cours de l’année 2024.
This paper explores the evaluation process within the Cultural Routes of the Council of Europe, through the case of the Via Romea Germanica, assessing how certified routes navigate assessment criteria and governance challenges. The analysis assesses the Via Romea Germanica’s compliance with the Council of Europe standards, focussing on the evaluation cycle’s role in ensuring thematic coherence, transnational cooperation, and sustainable development. Methodologically, the study combines document analysis, field visits, and stakeholder interviews to critically evaluate the impact of certification requirements on the transnational network that spans Germany, Austria, and Italy. Findings highlight broader structural issues, including governance fragmentation, uneven institutional engagement, and the gap between evaluation objectives and local implementation capacities. These insights contribute to a broader reflection on the effectiveness of the Council of Europe’s evaluation framework in fostering long-term cultural, social, and economic sustainability across diverse certified networks.
This article analyzes the recent transformations in CiudadJardin Lomas del Palomar, in the municipality of Tres de Febrero, following its declaration as an Urban Protection Area. It examines the tensions between heritage preservation policies and the implementation of open-air shopping centers, promoted as strategies for local economic revitalization. The article draws on theoretical insights into pro-business urban planning, consumption, and neighborhood identity to interpret how these policies, while promoting preservation, can also act as mechanisms for real estate valuation. It concludes that heritage, far from being a neutral category, is contested, and its commodification strains the goals of sustainability, preservation, and local quality of life.
The transformation of Donostia/San Sebasti & aacute;n into a Smart Tourist Destination (STD) follows SEGITTUR's roadmap, yet questions remain about the interconnection of its strategic axes. This study analyzes the perception of residents and tourism professionals regarding the five pillars of the STD model: Sustainability, Accessibility, Technology, Innovation, and Governance. Using a PLS-SEM analysis based on 210 surveys, the findings highlight sustainability as the backbone of the model, driven by technology, innovation, accessibility, and governance. The results emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to tourism planning and management, providing key insights for strategic decision-making in the transition toward more sustainable and competitive destinations.
In rural contexts, community cultural participation is more than a recreational activity-it serves as a catalyst for social cohesion, identity formation, and a strengthened sense of belonging. Yet, empirical evidence on how these factors interact in territories with limited cultural infrastructure remains scarce. This study employs a quantitative and correlational approach to examine the influence of social cohesion, sense of belonging, and local identity on community cultural participation in Santa Lucia, Ecuador. A structured survey was administered to 160 residents selected through non-probabilistic sampling, with composite indices demonstrating high internal consistency (alpha = 0.86-0.98). Regression and moderation analyses revealed that the psychosocial variables showed limited predictive power regarding cultural participation (R-2 = 0.017; p > 0.05). However, subgroup analysis revealed different patterns according to age and educational level. These results show that cultural participation is not homogeneous, but segmented. Overall, the findings show the need to consider psychosocial factors and structural barriers in order to understand cultural dynamics in rural contexts. The study provides evidence that questions the universality of classic models of social capital and highlights the importance of designing cultural strategies tailored to specific sociodemographic profiles and local conditions.
The utilization of fuzzy logic GIS tools facilitates a comprehensive evaluation of the landscape, transcending the rigid connectivity inherent in network analysis and enabling the selection of routes through the flexible differentiation of themes and levels of effort, or desired seasonal climate comfort. We propose a route selection method based on users' thematic preferences, using qualitative indicators of the route predominant nature (naturalistic or cultural) and quantitative parameters to select desired gradients and average seasonal temperatures. This information serves to reduce both user uncertainty and the vulnerability of areas with tourism components, Furthermore, the analysis of user-generated data has the potential to facilitate the implementation of a participatory GIS, which could support the social construction of the cultural landscape.
In the Moroccan Rif, water erosion plays a significant role in the degradation of land and infrastructure. The susceptibility of natural environments, along with inappropriate human activities, amplifiesthis phenomenon. In this study, we focused our investigation on evaluating the erosive potential and monitoring the dynamics of gullies in the Boumlal watershed (Upper Ouergha) by applying the PAP/CAR approach and field measurements. The obtained findings reveal that this basin experiences intense water erosion, highlighting itsvulnerability, which can lead to the production of a large quantity of sediments. The analysis of erosive states indicates that areas severely affected by different forms of erosion cover approximately 31% of the total watershed area. The intersection of erosion types with causal factors allowed us to assess the influence of each parameter on soil degradation. Through this overlay analysis, we estimated the surface area impacted by each form of erosion based on lithological formations, slopes, slope exposure, and land use. Moreover, we conducted a monitoring study of gully dynamics in the research area to understand their morphological evolution and the mechanisms involved. The results from field measurement campaigns indicate that the morphological characteristics of gullies vary depending on human interventions and environmental conditions. Thus, gully morphodynamics in the study area is governed by several processes, including regressive erosion, deepening and scouring of the gully bed, widening due to bank undercutting, and complete infilling caused by landslides.
Water erosion is the main threat to soil degradation in Morocco, particularly in the Rif. This study assesses erosion risk in the Oued Aghrouz catchment using a dual approach: spatial modelling with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and in situ rainfall simulation. Modelling results indicate an average soil loss of 30.6 t/ha/yr, with local maxima up to 150 t/ha/yr. Most areas are affected by moderate to very severe losses, especially agricultural land on steep slopes with limited cover. Rainfall simulation trials highlight the decisive role of farming practices on runoff, infiltration and sediment yield. Ploughed plots, especially on vertisols, are the most erosive, with turbidity levels reaching 140 g/L in autumn compared to other land uses. The comparative analysis of both methods shows a 42.7% concordance, underscoring the robustness of a mixed approach while revealing scale-related limits and the influence of anthropogenic factors. The findings stress the role of human activities in accelerating erosion and call for better integration of agricultural practices into land-use policies, alongside targeted soil conservation measures and local awareness programs. This work provides a solid basis for the sustainable management of soil resources and offers a methodological framework transferable to other at-risk catchments.
The study of temperatures from "M & aacute;laga Aeropuerto" weather station shows a linear increase from 1971 to 2024. This effect is observed in both minimum and maximum temperatures, and in every month of the year. This increase is also more pronounced in the summer months than in the winter months, and greater in the minimum temperatures than in the maximum temperatures. Thus, the mean annual temperature has increased 2.6oC since 1971, at a rate of 0.049 oC/year, the annual average of minimum temperatures has increased 2.9 oC, at a rate of 0.055 oC/year, the annual average of maximum temperatures 2.2 oC, at a rate of 0.042 oC/year. The largest increase has been observed in August's minimum temperatures, by 3.9 oC at 0.074 oC/year, while the smallest increase has been found in February's maximum temperatures, by 1.3 oC at 0.024 oC/year. Based on these trends, the expected values for 2024 in Malaga city indicate a mean annual temperature of 19.9 oC, with an average minimum temperature of 15.3 oC, an average maximum temperature of 24.5 oC, an average temperature of 13.2oC in the coldest month (January), and an average temperature of 28oC in the hottest month (August).
North Bengal, a region in the Indian state of West Bengal, possesses abundant water resources and a growing pond-based fishery sector that plays a vital role in rural livelihoods and food security. Despite its potential, disparities in production performance and limited adoption of scientific practices have raised concerns about efficiency. In this study, the technical efficiency of pond fisheries in two districts of North Bengal has been assessed using the Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes (CCR) and Banker-Charnes-Cooper (BCC) DEA models. Findings reveal that the average technical efficiency of the sampled ponds is 74% under the BCC model, indicating a potential 27% improvement in technical efficiency if fish farming operates under variable returns to scale (VRS). Furthermore, over one-third (35.38%) of pond fishery farmers are classified as fullytechnically efficient within the BCC model, underscoring that a significant portion already operates at optimal efficiency. To validate the robustness of these findings, advanced machine learning techniques, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), have also been employed, confirming the consistency and reliability of the results. This suggests a pressing need for governmental intervention, particularly from the Department of Fisheries, to implement targeted measures aimed at enhancing productivity and boosting technical efficiency among pond fishery farmers.
The term "arbovirus" is a shortened contraction of "arthropod-borne-virus", literally meaning a virus generated or transmitted to a vertebrate by an arthropod vector, in this case a hematophagous female mosquito of the genus Aedes aegypti and albopictus. A vector is a biologically active organism, generally an arthropod, capable of acquiring and transferring a pathogenic parasite from an infected host to a na & iuml;ve one. A breeding ground is a natural or artificial, temporary or permanent reservoir capable of containing a body of water long enough to support the development of mosquito larvae. Finally, arbovirosis is a disease caused by an arbovirus. At present, vector control remains crucial for the prevention of arboviruses, without any specific therapy or broad-spectrum vaccine. Its effectiveness depends on mastering the urban spatialization of vectors and the mechanisms of their proliferation in artificial breeding grounds. The aim of this study is to determine the environmental factors associated with the persistence of Aedes sp, vectors of arboviruses in prolific breeding sites at Mont Ngafula. Surveys of breeding siteswere carried out in 4 areas of the study site, during the rainy and dry seasons of 2024. The larvae collected were placed in DCD/Atlanta cages in the ecotoxicology laboratory of the Environment Department of the University of Kinshasa for 21 days awaiting final emergence. Adults affiliated with their breeding sites were captured and identified with an entomological magnifier. The physico-chemical parameters of 385 discriminated breeding sites were grouped together and measured. There was a significant relationship between the larval density of Aedes sp and the ecological factors of the breeding sites: Dissolved O2 (chi-square = 3.91; p-value = 0.038), Temperature (chi-square = 4.845; p-value = 0.01), Conductivity(chi-square = 15.7; p-value < 0.001), TDS (chi-square = 16.62; p-value < 0.001) Turbidity (chi-square = 14.97; p-value = < 0.0001). Association analysis showed a non-significant relationship between the type of bed and the level of larval population density: chi-square = 5.93; ddl = 4; p-value = 0.204, suggesting that the type of bed does not influence larval density within it. The persistent proliferation of Aedes sp vectors of arboviruses at Mont Ngafula is associated with an ecological culture that disregards the risks associated withlinked to the human activities that create and maintain them. This alert could help strengthen control strategies.
Coastal cliffs are complex, intrinsically erosive, and dynamic environments that are never in equilibrium. Their evolution, both irreversible and rapid, results from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The study of these formations has become a major concern for understanding coastal dynamics and improving the management of coastal areas. This research presents the results of an assessment of coastal cliff retreat along the Moroccan Atlantic coastline, focusing on the southern coast of Agadir as a case study. The evaluation was conducted using a GIS environment and high-resolution spatial data, including aerial photographs and orthophotos from the Pl & eacute;iades satellite. A diachronic analysis of cliff evolution was carried out over a 32-year period (1986-2018), employing both the surface method and the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) tool. Two sites particularly affected by erosion were selected to quantify cliff retreat: Tifnit and Sidi Toual. The results indicate an average retreat of 0.37 m/year at Tifnit, with a total lost surface area of 25,455 m2, and 0.22 m/year at Sidi Toual, with a total lost surface area of 5,088 m2. However, the spatial variability analysis reveals areas highly exposed to erosion, while others are less affected. This variability is explained by the interaction of multiple factors: marine (wave exposure), lithological (physical properties of the rock mass), subaerial (meteorological conditions), and anthropogenic (human interventions). This study could serve as a valuable resource for planners, particularly in a global context marked by rising sea levels.
