This study aimed to adapt the Parental Support for Children’s Sports Training Scale to the Turkish context, examine its psychometric properties, and evaluate parents’ support for their children’s sports training in relation to demographic, sports-related, and environmental variables. The research consisted of two studies. In Study 1, the scale was adapted to the Turkish context, and its psychometric properties were examined through confirmatory factor analysis with the WLSMV estimator, based on data from a final sample of 286 parents. In Study 2, data from a final sample of 194 parents were used to examine differences in parental support across demographic, sports-related, and environmental variables using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). In Study 1, the ten-factor first-order structure demonstrated acceptable model fit, whereas the hierarchical structure proposed in the original study was not supported in the sample from Türkiye. Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity and internal consistency was generally satisfactory, although psychometric concerns were identified for Sports Development and Training Quality Support. In Study 2, no statistically significant multivariate difference was found by parental gender, whereas significant multivariate differences were observed by parental education level, previous sports experience, frequency of participation in sports/exercise, availability of sports/exercise facilities in the local area, number of children, type of school attended by the child, and the child’s participation in sports. The findings support interpreting the Turkish version of the Parental Support for Children’s Sports Training Scale in terms of ten distinct dimensions rather than a total score. Parental support also varied across several sports-related, demographic, and environmental characteristics. Assessing these dimensions separately may provide a more differentiated understanding of the family, school, community, and broader contextual influences on parental support for children’s sports training.
Chronic β-alanine supplementation increases skeletal muscle carnosine and may enhance high-intensity exercise performance. However, evidence regarding its effects in untrained individuals, particularly females, and in combination with multicomponent training remains limited. This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of β-alanine supplementation combined with training on physical performance and plasma carnosine-related metabolites in untrained young adults. In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial with double-blind supplement allocation, 46 healthy untrained young adults were randomized, and 43 commenced and completed the six-week intervention (β-alanine [BA], n = 23; placebo [PL], n = 20; age: 22.3 ± 1.7 years). Participants received β-alanine (50 mg/kg/day) or placebo during progressive multicomponent circuit training. Anthropometry, shuttle-run performance, estimated VO₂max, maximal voluntary isometric knee-extension torque, forced vital capacity (FVC), blood lactate responses, and plasma β-alanine, histidine, and carnosine concentrations were assessed before and after the intervention. Outcomes were analysed using 2 × 2 mixed-model ANOVA. Complete outcome data were available for 43 participants, except for shuttle-run performance and estimated VO₂max, which were analysed in 41 participants (BA, n = 21; PL, n = 20). No significant time × treatment interactions were observed for maximal voluntary isometric knee-extension torque, estimated VO₂max, body composition, blood lactate accumulation, or FVC. Training significantly improved shuttle-run performance and estimated VO₂max over time (both p < 0.001), without additional effects of β-alanine supplementation (interaction p = 0.125 and p = 0.073, respectively). Significant time × treatment interactions were observed for plasma histidine and post-exercise plasma carnosine concentrations (p < 0.05), while plasma β-alanine concentrations were affected by both training and supplementation. In untrained young adults, six weeks of multicomponent circuit training resulted in improvements in selected physical and physiological outcomes, whereas β-alanine supplementation increased post-exercise plasma carnosine concentrations without providing additional performance benefits beyond training alone. These findings highlight the importance of training-related adaptations and suggest that changes in plasma carnosine should not necessarily be interpreted as evidence of functional improvement. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07404540; retrospectively registered on 29 January 2026 (first publicly posted on 11 February 2026).
To propose a discriminant-function-based mathematical model to classify youth male football players according to the similarity of their physical fitness profiles to those observed in professional players. In this cross-sectional study, 171 Brazilian male outfield players (90 youth; 81 professionals) completed anthropometric assessment and performance tests (vertical jumps, 20-m sprint, 20-m change of direction, and Yo-Yo IRL1). Group differences were tested, and Fisher’s linear discriminant function analysis was used to derive a classification model (α < 0.05). Professionals were older, presented higher body mass, and showed better squat jump, countermovement jump, drop jump, and COD 20-m performance than youth players (all p < 0.05), while 20-m sprint and Yo-Yo IRL1 did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05). The final discriminant model retained body mass, countermovement jump, and COD 20-m, showing a canonical correlation of 0.419, with group membership accounting for 17.6
Tennis is a high-intensity intermittent sport that demands a combination of aerobic endurance, anaerobic power, repeated sprint ability, and technical proficiency under conditions of fatigue. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a time-efficient training strategy to enhance these capacities; however, its effectiveness across different domains of tennis performance remains unclear. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of HIIT and its variations on aerobic, anaerobic, and tennis-specific performance adaptations in trained tennis players. A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases only PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection to identify reports examining high-intensity interval training and related training programmes in tennis players. Studies involving trained tennis players undertaking structured HIIT interventions (≥ 85
Studies that previously looked at the impacts of amino acids are now focusing on the effects of dietary amino acid patterns on people’s health. Since there is little information available about the connection between serum cardiac troponin I (CTNI) levels, cardiovascular and metabolic parameters, and dietary amino acid patterns, we used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in this study to examine the associations between these variables in young, active people. This cross-sectional study included 220 physically active young adults aged 18–35 years. A Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was employed to measure dietary consumption. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) established standardized sizes, which were used to calculate the portion sizes of the items consumed. The subjects’ biochemical, anthropometric, and demographic characteristics were assessed. Dietary amino acid patterns and other variables were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLM) with the first tertile of each pattern as the reference category. Unstandardized beta coefficients (β) and 95
