Sea level rise and coastal abrasion increase the vulnerability of Indonesia's outermost small islands and have the potential to disrupt the stability of archipelagic baselines, thereby increasing legal uncertainty in cross-border maritime zones and weakening marine biodiversity governance. This research develops an integrative framework for designing equitable benefitsharing strategies in climate-sensitive maritime areas at risk of overlapping or prone to dispute. The research method combines doctrinal legal analysis and GIS-based spatial analysis in a comparative case study of six vulnerable islands: Berhala, Nipa, Sekatung, Marore, Fanildo, and Sebatik. The doctrinal analysis confirms the distinction between the legal basis, objectives, and beneficiaries of (i) ABS in the CBD and the Nagoya Protocol, (ii) benefit-sharing in the BBNJ Agreement for areas outside national jurisdiction, and (iii) the temporary arrangement of JDA types according to UNCLOS Article 74 paragraph (3) and Article 83 paragraph (3) in areas that have not been delimited. GIS analysis is used to show the context of geographic vulnerability and governance risks without forming new binding delimitations. Resource-Based Theory is applied in a limited way as an analytical framework to profile the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services to select the most appropriate cooperation instruments. At the same time, equity is interpreted substantively and procedurally as a normative standard. The findings show that benefit-sharing design needs to be contextual, including payment for ecosystem (Marore), regulation of access and sharing of marine genetic data (Fanildo), communitybased fisheries governance (Sebatik), and JDA-inspired joint arrangements as cooperative
This paper examines how Web 2.0-driven digital diplomacy manifests itself within the emerging diplomatic ecosystem surrounding the Trans-Caspian International Transport Route, a decentralized connectivity initiative linking Europe and Asia. Approaching the corridor through a constructivist framework complemented by strategic narrative theory and network diplomacy, the study explores whether broader transformations identified in contemporary digital diplomacy are also observable within this multi-actor connectivity structure. The analysis demonstrates that Web 2.0 tools have transformed the corridor into not only a logistical project, but also a digitally mediated arena of strategic communication, visibility-building, narrative competition, and decentralized coordination. The findings suggest that real-time interaction, digitally amplified strategic narratives, and new forms of horizontal accountability increasingly function as integral components of connectivity governance. At the same time, the paper highlights vulnerabilities linked to disinformation, cyber risks, and platform dependency. The study concludes that the corridor represents a particularly illustrative example of how contemporary diplomacy increasingly unfolds through intertwined online-offline communicative networks in the digital age.
The increasing deployment of autonomous ships is challenging the traditional foundations of maritime liability, historically centred on human fault and the central role of the shipowner. This shift is reinforced by Directive (EU) 2024/2853 on liability for defective products, which extends the notion of “product” to include software and digital components. In the maritime context, this development is likely to intensify claims based on product defects, particularly where failures in autonomous navigation systems cause damage. Against this background, this article examines the interaction between the liability regime established by Directive (EU) 2024/2853 and international conventions on the limitation of maritime liability, with particular focus on the Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC). While the LLMC allows shipowners to limit their liability for certain maritime claims, the Directive introduces a strict liability regime and, under Article 15, excludes the possibility of limitation in cases involving defective products. In specific circumstances, shipowners may qualify as economic operators within the meaning of the Directive, thereby falling within its scope. The article analyses whether shipowners facing product liability claims may rely on the LLMC, or whether the application of EU law constrains the operation of limitation regimes. Drawing on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), it explores how situations of regulatory overlap between EU law and international maritime regimes should be addressed. The analysis shows that the relationship between the LLMC and Directive (EU) 2024/2853 is best understood as a situation of regulatory overlap. While both regimes may formally coexist, their concurrent application may generate tensions, particularly where limitation mechanisms are invoked. In such cases, the principles of primacy and effectiveness of EU law may require national courts to ensure that the rights conferred by the Directive are not undermined. The article concludes that, while the LLMC is not automatically displaced, its operation may be significantly constrained in cases involving defective products, with important implications for the structure of maritime liability in the context of autonomous shipping.
The Black Sea case during the Russo-Ukrainian conflict shows that digital diplomacy is increasingly vital for maintaining freedom of navigation amidst traditional and hybrid conflicts. Although freedom of navigation is firmly rooted in the law of the sea, its practical enforcement increasingly relies on narrative authority, transparency, and quick international cooperation. The article argues that digital diplomacy serves as a supplementary layer to traditional mechanisms for protecting merchant shipping. It does so by shaping legal frameworks, documenting violations, rallying international support, and reinforcing adherence to maritime regimes. Using an interdisciplinary approach that combines maritime law, security studies, and digital communication analysis, the research shows how Ukraine has used digital tools to internationalize maritime security threats, fight disinformation, and legitimize efforts such as humanitarian corridors and alternative shipping routes. The findings suggest that digital diplomacy needs to be integrated into the operations of state maritime agencies and multilateral coordination efforts as a key part of modern maritime security and governance.
Children are the future of a nation, but data shows that there is still a high prevalence of child labour in Indonesia’s fisheries sector. Child laborers often did not receive the rights which guaranteed by both National Law (Child Protection Law and Labour Law) and International Law. Indonesian law has expressly prohibited the employment of a child. The problem of child labour is still a problem for the Indonesian fisheries sector and several other countries. By using normative research methods and a statute approach, this study examines two things. First, how is the legal protection for child labour in the fisheries sector in Indonesia. Second, legal efforts that can be taken by Indonesia to eradicate child labour in the fisheries sector. The results of the study show that Indonesian Law (Child Protection Law and Labour Law) prohibits anyone from employing children. Legal protection that can be carried out against child labour in the fisheries sector is by eradicating child labour in Indonesia with several legal efforts such as regulating administrative sanctions in the form of revocation of business permits including fishing permits for vessels employing child labour; establishing criminal sanctions for parents who allow or order their children to work; criminal sanctions for vessel captains; increasing supervision of the implementation of related regulations; and establishing international cooperation with other countries such as countries importing Indonesian fishery products, flag countries of vessels where Indonesian fishing crews work, or with countries that also have child labour problems.
