Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. SWOT–ISM analysis places Gili Matra MPA in a grow and build position with strong ecological–tourism potential. 2. Key drivers include regulation, zoning effectiveness, enforcement, institutional capacity, and infrastructure. 3. Linkage strategies focus on stakeholder collaboration, monitoring technologies, and local livelihood diversification. 4. EVIKA-based adaptive governance supports sustainable ecotourism and is transferable to similar MPAs. Abstract The Gili Matra Marine Conservation Area (Gili Matra MPA) in West Nusa Tenggara Province is under growing pressure from rapid marine tourism expansion, while internal governance constraints weaken management effectiveness, thereby increasing the vulnerability of coral reef and seagrass ecosystems to localized degradation. This study aims to optimize adaptive governance for sustainable ecotourism in the MPA through an integrated strategic analysis. Internal and external factors were assessed using analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT), while strategic hierarchies and key driving factors were identified using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM). The resulting strategies were aligned with the Conservation Area Management Effectiveness Evaluation (EVIKA) framework to formulate policy-relevant recommendations. The SWOT analysis placed the MPA in the "grow and build" quadrant, noting strong assets but highlighting infrastructure and enforcement gaps. The ISM analysis revealed a lack of "autonomous strategies," instead identifying foundational drivers (regulation, law enforcement, and institutional capacity) that enable linkage strategies (collaboration and monitoring technology). These ultimately support outcome-oriented results like conservation-based tourism products and Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes. In conclusion, implementing an adaptive governance roadmap aligned with the EVIKA framework is essential for sustainable management. Beyond its immediate application in Gili Matra, this model serves as a replicable framework for other marine conservation areas with comparable characteristics.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Selorejo Reservoir shows chronic ecological stress, with instability strongly amplified during the dry season 2. O2 balance remained persistently negative, indicating that TOD frequently exceeded O2 supply. 3. Phosphorus enrichment and P-limited stoichiometry (N:P > 20) promoted eutrophication risk and cyanobacteria dominance. 4. An integrated framework (WQI–nutrients–oxygen–biology) provides a policy-ready basis for seasonally adaptive reservoir aquaculture management. Abstract Selorejo Reservoir is a multipurpose tropical reservoir increasingly exposed to eutrophication and seasonal oxygen stress, which may undermine ecological stability and limit sustainable aquaculture. To assess the ecological status and quantify its seasonal ecological carrying capacity for aquaculture using integrated nutrient, oxygen, and biological indicators. Seasonal monitoring was conducted from 2022 to 2024 by measuring temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate. Ecological stress was evaluated using a water quality index (WQI), ecological balance index (EBI), biodegradability index, nutrient stoichiometry, plankton community structure, and phosphorus loading and O2 balance (TOD-based). WQI classified the reservoir as suitable to highly suitable; however, ecological indicators consistently revealed chronic stress. DO frequently approached low levels (4.3–6.7 mg/L) under high organic demand (BOD 5.53–7.48 mg/L; COD 23.08–26.80 mg/L), while phosphate enrichment (0.009–0.422 mg/L) indicated eutrophic to hypereutrophic conditions. N:P ratios were highly variable (10.4–543.3) but mostly >20, suggesting phosphorus-limited yet bloom-prone dynamics. O2 balance remained persistently negative (−2.97 to −6.74 mg/L), EBI was dominated by at risk to exceeded categories, and plankton composition shifted toward strong cyanobacteria dominance in midstream–downstream zones. Selorejo Reservoir has a narrow seasonal ecological tolerance, with the dry season representing the highest-risk period. Sustainable management requires seasonal regulation of cage culture, improved feed efficiency, and watershed phosphorus control; future studies should quantify external nutrient loading and test mitigation scenarios.
Graphical Abtsract Highlight Research 1. Integration of direct coral spawning observations with larval dispersal modeling at Tunda Island. 2. High local retention rates are predominantly driven by larval pre-competent periods. 3. Larval export patterns indicate significant connectivity toward existing Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Northern Java. 4. Emphasizes the critical need for integrated management of non-protected sites to sustain regional reef networks. Abstract Dispersal patterns varied significantly among the days of the spawning event. Event in 18 March showed particle distribution that favored local retention, whereas others event in 13 and 14 March showed a more export-oriented. Most particle remained within 50 km of the source reef, but a fraction dispersed up to 230 km and remained active, indicating potential for regional connectivity. Overall, most stranded particles occurring during the pre-competent phase, suggesting a temporal mismatch between biological settlement and reef contact. Spatial aggregation data show Tunda Island may function as larval source for multiple reef systems in Northern Java, such as Seribu Islands, Biawak Island, Ujung Kulon, even Karimunjawa Islands. These findings emphasize the importance of integrating empirical spawning observation with biophysical modeling to capture event-scale variability in connectivity and underscore the ecological significance of reef outside formally designated marine protected area in sustaining regional reef networks.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. This research provides initial and current information regarding seagrass on small islands right on the equator. 2. directly depicts the diversity, density and cover of seagrass in a unique region, namely a small island crossed by the equator. 3. The environmental conditions of marine waters in seagrass areas on islands crossed by the equator have been described. 4. The latest information specifically describing seagrass and the ecology of equatorial marine environments. Essential for the development of future knowledge and technology. 5. DNA barcoding was capable of resolving field identification challenges and providing taxonomic clarification based on DNA sequence data. Abstract The equator is a hypothetical line that separates the general region from the world. Complete information on coastal ecosystems has not been provided for seagrass in the equatorial latitudes. Seagrass is dynamically distributed throughout the equatorial latitudes. The area that the equatorial latitudes also traverse is known as the indotropic region. Eastern Indonesia's Kayoa Island is situated directly on the equator. A problem, namely how is the biodiversity of seagrass in the equatorial region. There are no published research on seagrass, particularly on biodiversity. The aim of this study is to reveal the diversity of seagrass in equatorial latitudes on the small islands. The methodology in this study was purposive sampling with a quadrant line transect was used to obtain the samples. In situ identification of seagrass species was done. Seagrass samples were taken from the leaves for DNA analysis purposes. Leaf samples were analyzed molecular in the laboratory. To determine the distribution of seagrass ecology and environmental were subjected to PCA analysis. The results found that six species of seagrass. It has been discovered that seagrass may grow and develop in the tropical region under typical environmental conditions. Despite the fact that six species were discovered, diversity was limited. In this region, seagrass cover is typically high and supports a healthy species density. In general concluded that diversity and density are low but cover is still quite good. DNA barcoding has revealed differences in morphological identification.This discovery represents preliminary data that can be investigated further in subsequent studies.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Dunaliella salina meal (7–9%) optimally enhanced skin carotenoid deposition in C. auratus. 2. Higher D. salina inclusion improved intestinal morphology and reduced inflammatory lesions. 3. Intestine somatic index stabilized at 7–9%, indicating better digestive efficiency. 4. Survival rates increased with D. salina supplementation due to antioxidant and immunoprotected effects. 5. Microalgal carotenoids show strong potential as functional additives for ornamental fish feed. Abstract Maintaining efficient and stable carotenoid-based pigmentation remains a challenge in aquaculture due to limited dietary carotenoid bioavailability and variable intestinal absorption. Comet goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used as a model species for aquaculture nutrition and digestive physiology to evaluate the effects of natural carotenoid supplementation from microalgae Dunaliela salina on skin pigmentation and intestinal health. This study aims to determine the effect of D. salina meal addition in formulated feed on the carotenoid content of fish skin, growth and survival as well as the intestinal condition of comet gold fish. Experimental diets were prepared by incorporating D. salina meal into a formulated feed at graded inclusion levels (0, 3, 5, 7, and 9%), where the microalgal meal was homogenized with other feed ingredients, pelleted, and oven-dried before use. The initial weight of experimental fish was 4 ± 1 g. The fishes were maintained in aquarium measuring of 40 × 35 × 35 (l × w × h) cm for 30 days and fed until satiation with 5 treatments of formulated feed added microalgae meal at 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 %. Commercial feed was used as control feed and all treatments were in triplicates. The highest final carotenoid content in skin of comet fish at 14.82 mg. g-1 was obtained with addition of 7 % microalgae meal. The highest weight gain was obtained with addition of 5 % microalgae meal at 5.5 g. Normal comet fish intestinal morphology was found in those feds on 9 % microalgae meal. Intestinal inflammation was observed in those feds with the addition of 3, 5 and 7 % microalgae meal and control feed. The intestinal somatic index (ISI) value obtained was 1.08-3.06 %. The survival was 100 % in fish fed with the addition of microalgae meal at high percentage from 5-9%. The findings provide practical guidance for developing natural, microalgae-based functional feeds that improve pigmentation efficiency, support intestinal health, and enhance survival, thereby contributing to more sustainable and economically valuable aquaculture production. We recommend to use 7-9 % of D. salina meal for use in aqua feed to maintain optimal color, growth and survival of ornamental fish or cultured finfish in general.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Comperhensive assessment of microplastic accumulation and oxidative stress-mediated immune responses in Barbonymus gonionotus from the Bengawan Solo River. 2. Gills showed the highest microplastic loads, with evidence of systemic translocation to muscle tissue. 3. Elevated leukocyte counts, MDA, and TNF-α indicate immune activation and oxidative stress from microplastic. 4. Combining particle characteristics with biological endpoints provides a sensitive biomonitoring framework. Abstract Microplastics (MPs) contamination is an emerging threat in freshwater ecosystems; however, field-basesd evidence of organ-specific accumulation and physiological stress in wild Barbonymus gonionotus remains limited. This study investigated MPs accumulation, oxidative stress, and immune responses in B. gonionotus collected from three downstream sites (BD, DD, UPD) of the Bengawan Solo River, East Java, Indonesia (July–August 2024). Thirty adult fish (n = 10 per site) were analyzed for MPs in gill, intestine, and muscle tissues using KOH digestion, visual classification of particle type, color, and size, and hot-needle testing, without chemical polymer confirmation. Total leukocyte counts, TNF-α, and MDA were measured to assess immune and oxidative stress responses. MPs were most abundant in gills and surface water, dominated by fragments and pellets sized 100–300 µm, with black and brown particles prevailing. The highest MPs concentrations in water and fish tissues were observed at UPD, where muscle tissues also showed MPs accumulation, suggesting systemic translocation of smaller particles. Fish from this site exhibited elevated leukocyte counts, increased TNF-α, and higher MDA levels, reflecting immune activation and oxidative stress associated with MPs exposure. These findings indicate chronic MPs exposure in downstream fish populations, evidenced by hematological and oxidative responses. Integrating organ-specific MPs assessment with leukocyte, TNF-α, and MDA profiling provides a sensitive biomonitoring approach for tropical freshwater ecosystems.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Morphological profile and morphological variation of Channa striata and Channa micropeltes. 2. Morphometric and Meristic study of Channa striata and Channa micropeltes. 3. Anatomical profile of Channa striata and Channa micropeltes. 4. Physiological profile of Channa striata and Channa micropeltes. Abstract Kalimantan has two typical types of snakehead fish, namely the Haruan Fish (C. striata) and the Toman Fish (C. micropeltes). This study aims to examine the morphological, anatomical, and physiological profiles of two types of snakehead fish commonly found in Kalimantan. A total of 50 fish samples of each were obtained from local markets in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. The methods used included sampling and selection, handling, observation, and dissection of C. striata and C. micropeltes, which included observations of biosystematic, anatomical, and physiological profiles. Biosystematic parameters include observations of morphological variations, morphometric, and meristic profiles, and analysis was carried out using the PCA, calculating the length-weight relationship, and condition factors. For anatomical parameters, dissection was carried out to observe and identify the organs. Organ profiles were analyzed for the relationship between organ weight and total fish weight. T-test was also performed to analyze any significant differences between the two fish species. For physiological parameters, blood was taken to analyze the profile thoroughly, and analyzed using the microhematocrit, Sahli, and Giemsa methods. The results of the biosystematic analysis highlight morphological variation and the relationship between total body length and body weight. There are uniform data range between C. striata and C. micropeltes with the eigenvalue ranges of 84-86%, and the growth pattern is negative allometry. Anatomical parameters revealed a tri-branched gut structure. For the t-test, there is a significant relationship between total organ weight and total body weight in the fish, with the R value was greater than R table value. The hematological profiles highlighted abnormalities due to internal and external factors. Detailed research is needed on the biological profiles of C. striata and C. micropeltes, particularly regarding differences in their profiles based on sex, complete physiological data, and in-depth, comprehensive ecological profile data.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research Liquid smoke improved growth and biomass of Kappaphycus striatus. A concentration of 2.67 mL L⁻¹ yielded the highest specific growth rate and weight gain. All treatments maintained 100% survival throughout the culture period. Liquid smoke reduced ice-ice disease incidence, indicating biostimulant potential. Abstract Liquid smoke (LS) is an organic product derived from the condensation of natural wood smoke and is widely applied in agriculture as a fertilizer, growth enhancer, and disease-control agent. However, its potential application in seaweed farming, particularly for improving growth performance and mitigating ice-ice disease, remains poorly explored. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different liquid smoke concentrations on the growth performance, weight gain, survival rate, and ice-ice disease occurrence in the cultured macroalga Kappaphycus striatus. A 45-day culture experiment was conducted under controlled conditions using a Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments in triplicate: a control without liquid smoke (T1) and four liquid smoke concentrations, 0.67 mL L⁻¹ (T2), 1.33 mL L⁻¹ (T3), 2.00 mL L⁻¹ (T4), and 2.67 mL L⁻¹ (T5). Liquid smoke treatments were prepared by dissolving the required volume in seawater, and seaweed seedlings were soaked in the respective solutions for 10 minutes and covered overnight before deployment. Higher liquid smoke concentrations significantly enhanced seaweed performance. The highest concentration (2.67 mL L⁻¹) resulted in the greatest specific growth rate (5.70 ± 0.04% day⁻¹), which was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control (3.41 ± 0.16% day⁻¹), and produced the highest weight gain (207.94 ± 1.96 g). Survival remained at 100% across all treatments, while ice-ice disease incidence was markedly reduced in higher liquid smoke treatments, decreasing from 28.00 ± 0.00% in the control to 6.00 ± 0.00% at the highest liquid smoke concentration, with improvements observed as early as day 15. Liquid smoke, particularly at a concentration of 2.67 mL L⁻¹, effectively enhances growth performance, biomass production, and disease resistance in Kappaphycus striatus. Further studies under field conditions are recommended to validate its long-term effectiveness and practical application in commercial seaweed farming.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. UAE at 45°C for 30 min produced the highest crude extract yield (19.90%). 2. Ethyl acetate:n-butanol (8:2) yielded the highest fucoxanthin fraction (1.31 mg/g). 3. Fucoxanthin fractions showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ 86.18±5.06 µg/mL). 4. Purified fractions exhibited strong tyrosinase inhibition (IC₅₀ 76.04±3.24 µg/mL). Abstract Fucoxanthin is the major carotenoid present in brown seaweeds and exhibits strong biological activities, particularly as an antioxidant and anti-aging agent. However, efficient extraction and purification conditions for fucoxanthin from Sargassum hystrix, along with its functional evaluation, remain limited. This research aimed to establish the most effective extraction conditions for obtaining fucoxanthin from S. hystrix using Ultrasound‑Assisted Extraction (UAE), determine the optimal solvent system for purification, and evaluate the antioxidant and anti-aging activities of both the extracted and purified fucoxanthin. Extraction was carried out using UAE with 96% ethanol at temperatures of 35–45°C and durations of 20–30 min. Purification was conducted through column chromatography using three solvent systems: n‑hexane:acetone (6:4 v/v), methanol:chloroform (7:3 v/v), and ethyl acetate:n‑butanol (8:2 v/v). Fucoxanthin was identified by thin-layer chromatography and fucoxanthin was quantified using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a C18 column, while antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH method and anti-aging activity was assessed via tyrosinase inhibition. The results showed that optimal extraction occurred at 40–45°C for 25–30 min, yielding 18.33–19.9% crude extract, and the ethyl acetate:n‑butanol (8:2 v/v) system produced the highest fucoxanthin fraction yield (8.26–9.54%), with fraction F22 containing the highest fucoxanthin level at 1.31 mg/g. The fucoxanthin fraction displayed markedly enhanced activity, with strong antioxidant capacity (IC₅₀ = 86.18±5.06 μg/mL, an 83.8% improvement over the crude extract) and strong tyrosinase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 76.04±3.24 μg/mL). Overall, fucoxanthin derived from S. hystrix demonstrates substantial promise as an active antioxidant and anti-aging compound for nutraceutical and cosmetic applications, suggesting that future studies should focus on scaling up the extraction and purification process and further elucidating its mechanisms of action and stability in formulated products.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research Financial Well-being is the result of the interaction between cognitive factors (literacy), psychological factors (attitude, self-efficacy), and behavior, but, it is closely associated with the psychological domain. Strengthening financial literacy programs by combining practical (skills and behavior) and attitudinal (attitude toward money) components to improve FSE, which in turn enhances the FWB of fishermen in Karanggongso Coast. This research expands the financial adaptation paradox to coastal fishing communities, highlighting the unique determinants, such as cognitive, psychological, and behavioral factors that shape their financial outcomes in their pursuit of FWB. Future studies should incorporate non-financial behavior mediating variables and use financial well-being measurements that consider psychological and financial aspects to test direct and indirect pathways. Abstract Karanggongso Coast is one of the significant hubs for capture fisheries, which serves as a buffer zone in Trenggalek, Indonesia. There is more small-scale fishing, focusing on a dual livelihood system created by its location as a favorite tourist destination. Nevertheless, the community contends with persistent financial instability, characterized by income-expenditure imbalances and vulnerability to external shocks. The study aims to analyze the relationships between financial literacy, financial self-efficacy, and financial attitude on financial well-being, with financial behavior as a mediating variable among fishers in Trenggalek Regency, East Java, Indonesia. This study used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) – Partialy Least Square (PLS) to test the relationships between financial literacy, financial self-efficacy, and financial attitude on financial well-being, with financial behavior as a mediating variable. This research was conducted from August to December 2024. The results indicate that directly the variables FL and FSE have a significant positive effect on FWB; but FSE and FA have a significant negative effect on FB, and FL has no effect on FB. Meanwhile, the variable FB has a significant negative effect on FWB. Then it is known that FB does not mediate the relationship between these factors on FWB. Thus, this study recommends strengthening financial literacy programs by combining practical and attitudinal (attitude toward financial) components to improve financial self-efficacy, which in turn enhances financial well-being. Future research should include non-financial behavioral intervening variables, such as socio-cultural, and use of financial well-being measures that consider both psychological and financial aspects.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. A natural functional seasoning was successfully developed from Ulva lactuca without synthetic additives. 2. The seasoning demonstrated high nutritional value, including 8.67% protein, 20.78% dietary fiber, and 59.21% carbohydrates. 3. Amino acid profiling revealed exceptionally high levels of L-glutamic acid and L-aspartic acid, enhancing natural umami flavor. 4. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of antioxidant-rich compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and alkaloids. 5. Heavy metal, microbiological, and color analyses demonstrated compliance with food safety standards and strong pigment stability. 6. Shelf-life testing showed product stability up to 9.23 months in metallocene packaging, with high sensory acceptability on potato-based snacks. Abstract Seaweeds have gained increasing attention as natural food ingredients due to their nutritional value, potential to replace synthetic additives, and environmental sustainability. However, the utilization of Ulva lactuca as a natural functional seasoning remains limited, particularly regarding safety assurance, sensory acceptance, and product shelf stability. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of U. lactuca as a natural functional seasoning by assessing its nutritional composition, safety, sensory properties, and storage stability. Samples were collected from Pangandaran, Yogyakarta, and Lombok, Indonesia. Analyses included proximate composition, amino acid profiling, phytochemical screening, heavy metal contamination, microbiological quality, color stability, sensory evaluation, and shelf-life estimation. A seaweed-based seasoning was formulated using Lombok samples without synthetic flavor enhancers. The formulated product demonstrated a favorable nutritional composition, containing 8.67 % protein, 20.78 % dietary fiber, and 59.21 % carbohydrates. High concentrations of L-glutamic acid (53,109.10 mg/kg) and L-aspartic acid (5,772.20 mg/kg) contributed to its umami taste. Phytochemicals, including flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and alkaloids, were detected. Hg, Pb, As and microbiological parameters met food safety standards, Cd exceeded the limit in some raw samples. The product exhibited strong green (a* = –10.96) and yellow (b* = 9.99) color attributes and an estimated shelf life of 9.23 months when packaged in metallocene film. Sensory evaluation indicated high consumer acceptability, particularly when applied to potato- and Chitato Lite-based snacks. Overall, U. lactuca shows strong potential as a safe, sustainable, and nutrient-rich functional seasoning. Further research should focus on scale-up processing and the exploration of broader food applications.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Ecotourism development in the Gili Matra Marine Protected Area was classified as moderately sustainable, but sustainability performance remained uneven across dimensions. 2. The institutional dimension showed the highest sustainability score, whereas the ecological dimension emerged as the principal limiting factor. 3. Leverage analysis identified coastal degradation, waste and pollution pressure, stakeholder coordination, and social conflict as the main priority attributes affecting sustainability. 4. Spatial conformity analysis revealed continued tourism and fisheries activities in zones intended for stronger protection, indicating incomplete zoning implementation. 5. Integrating RAPFISH-MDS with GIS-based zoning conformity analysis provided an operational framework for defining management priorities in small-island marine protected areas. Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) in small-island settings are expected to balance conservation objectives with tourism-based economic development. However, tourism growth within protected coastal systems may intensify ecological degradation, spatial-use competition, and social inequality when governance capacity, zoning compliance, and supporting infrastructure fail to keep pace with increasing visitor pressure. This study evaluated the sustainability of ecotourism development in the Gili Matra Marine Protected Area (MPA), Indonesia, by integrating multidimensional sustainability assessment with spatial conformity analysis. An integrated mixed-methods approach was applied using RAPFISH–Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) across five dimensions: ecological, economic, social, institutional, and infrastructure. The analysis was supported by leverage analysis, Monte Carlo validation, and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based overlay of actual marine space use and official zoning plans. The results showed that ecotourism development in the Gili Matra MPA was moderately sustainable but uneven across dimensions. Institutional sustainability recorded the highest value (63.83), followed by infrastructure (58.32) and economy (56.53), whereas ecological (44.91) and social (45.26) dimensions were less sustainable. Stress values ranged from 10.21% to 17.21%, while R² values ranged from 97.04% to 98.96%, indicating acceptable model performance. Leverage analysis identified the main priority attributes as coastal degradation, waste and pollution pressure, waste and emission treatment infrastructure, harmful products, stakeholder coordination, and social conflict related to tourism and marine resource use. Spatial conformity analysis revealed continued tourism and fisheries activities in zones intended for stronger protection. Sustainable ecotourism development in small-island MPAs requires an integrated and adaptive social–ecological governance approach. Strengthening ecosystem protection, enhancing community participation, improving compliance with zoning regulations, and promoting green infrastructure development are essential prerequisites for long-term sustainability. Further research and integrated interventions should focus on ecological protection and on enhancing community-based monitoring to resolve spatial-use conflicts.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. The first population genetic assessment of the Berau Archipelago (DKB and DKK) jellyfish populations. 2. Two lakes populations within Berau Archipelago exhibited low-to-moderate population genetic diversity level. 3. Retained connectivity yet distinct evolutionary history between DKB and DKK lakes population have been observed. 4. This research underscore vulnerability of the stingless jellyfish populations within Berau Archipelago that warrant effective conservation strategies. Abstract Kakaban Lake in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, is characterized by unique hydrographic conditions that support distinctive biodiversity. The stingless jellyfish Mastigias sp., one of the lake’s endemic faunas, is hypothesized to have evolved a loss of stinging capability due to prolonged isolation and adaptation within this enclosed ecosystem. Despite its uniqueness, there is no population genetic baseline data available for this species in Kakaban and nearby Lakes, which could threaten their survivability. This study aimed to provide baseline population genetic diversity and differentiation data for Mastigias sp. population in Berau Archipelago. Samples from individual jellyfish were collected from Kakaban Lake (DKB, N=20) and Kuku Lake, Maratua Island (DKK, N=19). Based on partial fragment of mtDNA 16S rRNA sequences, genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and demographic history were estimated between two populations. Genetic analysis revealed moderate diversity across both populations (H=10; h=0.487 ± 0.099; π=0.00127 ± 0.00035). Weak and non-significant population differentiation (FST= 0.0012, p>0.05) was observed, alongside a high frequency of shared haplotypes, indicating retained connectivity between the two lakes. However, the presence of population-specific haplotypes in both DKB (6 haplotypes) and DKK (2 haplotypes) suggests evolutionary uniqueness, despite the overall weak genetic structure. Neutrality test consistent with pattern of demographic expansion following past bottleneck (Tajima’s D = -2.039, p<0.05). This study highlights evolutionary uniqueness of these populations, emphasizing the need for effective conservation strategies to ensure the long-term viability of this flagship species.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Production of Haematococcus microalgae using optimum Walne fertilizer media in snakehead fish farming waste. 2. Utilization of UV and/or ethanol to increase lipid production in Haematococcus. 3. Changes in the fatty acid composition of Haematococcus microalgae after UV and/or ethanol treatment. 4. Haematococcus protein levels decrease when treated with UV and/or ethanol. Abstract Haematococcus pluvialis is a single-celled green microalga that is a possible source of bioactive compound. H. pluvialis cultivation mostly employs pro-analysis media, with organic components frequently limited. The use of wastewater from snakehead fish rearing to cultivate H. pluvialis to produce necessary fatty acids and amino acids has never been investigated. Environmental stress-induced physical treatment is likely to boost lipid production. There have been very few investigations on fatty acid composition in lipid synthesis from H. pluvialis cultivated in fish-rearing effluent. The purpose of this work was to assess the potential of snakehead fish wastewater (SFWW) as a culture medium for H. pluvialis, as well as to examine the fatty acid and amino acid properties of the microalga after exposure to UV and ethanol stress during the stationary phase. The study consisted of two sequential experiments: optimizing growth to determine the optimal Walne medium supplementation for H. pluvialis growth in SFWW, and inducing stress to assess the effects of ethanol and UV irradiation on H. pluvialis biochemical. The results showed that the SFWW medium supports the growth of H. pluvialis, with addition of 0.75 ml L-1 Walne medium achieving the highest densities (28.13±0.38 ×106 cells mL−1). Ethanol and UV are excellent at inducing stress in H. pluvialis. The maximum lipid percentage was seen in the Ethanol-UV treatment, but this stress also reduced H. pluvialis protein content. SFWW can be used to cultivate H. pluvialis by supplementing Walne. Further research is needed on treatments that can increase long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Integration of multi-variable oceanographic parameters for mapping fishing areas. 2. Spatial-temporal dynamics based on changes in oceanographic parameters. 3. Development of upwelling index-based fishing area detection methods. 4. Optimization of fishermen's operations through the prediction of potential locations. Abstract Sustainable management of scad stocks (Decapterus sp.) in FMA 573 necessitates integrating satellite-based oceanographic monitoring to identify distribution zones amid complex aquatic dynamics. This study integrates satellite imagery, descriptive analysis, and spatial modeling to map oceanographic parameters and identify fish distribution zones, aimed at enhancing the monitoring and sustainable management of scad stocks in FMA 573. The research combines satellite-based oceanographic monitoring with CPUE analysis and spatial modeling to determine fish distribution based on environmental suitability. Results indicate that oceanographic conditions fluctuate seasonally, with warm waters dominating the West Monsoon and Transition-1, while higher salinity and Chl-a concentrations characterize the later seasons. Habitat suitability modeling reveals that scad potential is primarily concentrated in coastal areas during the West Monsoon and Transition-1. The spatial distribution of the scad in FMA 573 shows a preference for coastal areas with a strong dependence on oceanographic dynamics. This spatial shift between coastal and offshore zones is primarily driven by the seasonal expansion of optimal SST and Chl-a concentrations, which alter the boundaries of suitable habitats. However, a spatial-temporal discrepancy exists: while environmental suitability peaks early in the year, industrial landing data shows fishing activity concentrated offshore, peak during Transition-2. This mismatch suggests that existing catch data reflects industrial operational habits rather than the full biological potential of nearshore areas, highlighting the need for supplementary data from small-scale fishers to validate coastal PFZs. These findings provide a baseline for predictive catch modeling and seasonal spatial recommendations. Identifying the shift from coastal zones in the West Monsoon to offshore waters in Transition-1 allows for optimized fishing efforts, improved fuel efficiency, and more precise monitoring of fishing pressure.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. This study demonstrates the successful use of a self-developed Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) to acquire underwater imagery for monitoring floating net cage conditions without the need for manual diving. 2. The integration of ROV-based image acquisition with deep learning classification using the YOLOv8 model achieved high accuracy in identifying different levels of net fouling under real aquaculture field conditions. 3. The results show that classification performance decreases as the number of fouling classes increases, influenced by visual similarity between classes, environmental variability, and limited image distribution. 4. The proposed approach provides an effective, non-invasive, and practical monitoring solution that supports timely maintenance decisions and contributes to more sustainable management of floating net cage aquaculture systems. Abstract Monitoring the condition of floating net cages (FNC) is essential for maintaining water circulation, dissolved oxygen availability, and overall fish health in aquaculture systems. However, FNC-based aquaculture commonly faces the problem of biofouling accumulation, including barnacles, algae, sediment, dirt, and solid waste, which gradually obstruct water flow and reduce cage performance. This study aimed to develop an automated method for classifying floating net cage fouling conditions by integrating a self-developed remotely operated vehicle (ROV) with deep learning–based underwater image classification. Underwater monitoring produced 7,156 extracted image frames, which were processed through image selection and white balance color correction. A total of 741 images were used to train a YOLOv8 model under three classification schemes, namely 2-class, 3-class, and 6-class classifications. The results demonstrated high classification performance across all schemes, with accuracy values of 100% for the 2-class model, 99% for the 3-class model, and 98% for the 6-class model. These findings indicate that integrating ROV-based image acquisition with deep learning classification provides an effective approach for assessing floating net cage conditions, enabling timely maintenance, improving monitoring efficiency, and supporting better environmental management in aquaculture systems. Future studies are encouraged to expand the dataset size and environmental variability to further enhance model robustness.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Assessment of aquifer potential around vannamei shrimp ponds on the coast of Banyuwangi Regency. 2. Lithology along the coast of Banyuwangi Regency. 3. Estimation of groundwater potential around vannamei shrimp ponds on the coast of Banyuwangi Regency. 4. Aquifer depth, which is related to seawater intrusion based on aquifer layer color. Abstract The coast of Banyuwangi Regency is an area with high human activity involving the use of groundwater in aquifers, including activities related to vannamei shrimp farming. Therefore, seawater intrusion is suspected to occur, given that this area is adjacent to the sea. To assess the potential (distribution and depth) of the aquifer and the suspected seawater intrusion around the vannamei shrimp farming area. This approach is new because the aquifer assessment is conducted around the vannamei shrimp farming area as a basis for sustainability, especially in relation to the estimated seawater intrusion around the area. Data was collected through surveys and direct observation, by dividing the measurement area vertically and horizontally. Detection was carried out using AIDU Golden Rod (AGR), including data analysis using AIDU Prospecting software. The results of the study indicate that the productivity of aquifers around vannamei shrimp ponds in Banyuwangi Regency, for water discharge between < 5 L/second - > 10 L/second, and aquifer depths ranging from 5 to 155 m, shows indications of seawater intrusion around vannamei shrimp farms. The aquifer zone includes moderate to high productivity stretching along the geological structure, where seawater intrusion has occurred around the shrimp ponds indicated in blue. Therefore, further research is needed on the analysis of seawater intrusion values as a basis for sustainable groundwater management policies.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Aeromonas hydrophila PTF3 was identified and analysed as a causative agent of a previously identified hemorrhagic syndrome in Tor tambroides. 2. Lactococcus garvieae JAL37 supplementation in feed can enhance the growth of Tor tambroides fingerlings. 3. Lactococcus garvieae JAL37 can increase the resistance of Tor tambroides fingerlings to Aeromonas hydrophilla PTF3. 4. Relative mRNA levels of ghrelin, GH, and I-FABP genes were increased after 90 days of tor cultivation with Lactococcus garvieae JAL37 supplementation. Abstract Mahseer, or tor fish, an indigenous Asian fish of great socio-economic value, is gaining attention as it faces threats to its survival. However, slow growth rates and disease susceptibility remain significant challenges in mahseer cultivation. Feed supplemented with probiotic Lactococcus garvieae JAL37 at a concentration of 1.0 × 10⁸ CFU/g feed, twice weekly, was used in this study to evaluate its effects compared with a control. Triplicate groups of Tor tambroides fingerlings (average weight 1.86 ± 0.09 g) were cultivated for 90 days. Parameters such as growth, intestinal histology, and mRNA expression levels of growth-related genes (ghrelin and I-FABP from the intestine; GH and IGF-1 from the liver) were assessed. Day 90 post-cultivation, mahseer were challenged with an oral infection of Aeromonas hydrophila at 5.0 × 105 CFU/g fish to assess survival rate and mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine-related genes (TNF-α and IL-1β). Weight gain, specific growth rate, and villus length in Tor tambroides fingerlings treated with probiotics showed significant increases (P<0.05). Real-time PCR results indicated upregulated mRNA expression of ghrelin, I-FABP, and GH genes in the probiotic group, whereas IGF-1 gene expression was similar to that in the control group. Probiotic treatment significantly improves the survival rate of T. tambroides after A. hydrophila challenge, while suppressing mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β genes post-challenge. These findings suggest that Lactococcus garvieae JAL37 supplementation can promote growth in Tor tambroides fingerlings and enhance disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila.
Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Combining DNA barcoding with morphological variation analysis can enhance the accuracy of Pufferfish species identification. 2. This is the first study to examine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships pufferfish from Madura, East Java, using partial COI sequences. 3. DNA barcoding confirms the morphological identification of this group (96%-100%) 4. The reliability using targeted DNA barcoding and phenetic taxonomy to study genetic variation and identify species differences in pufferfish. Abstract Pufferfish are one of the most common fish species in the ocean particularly in Camplong Beach, Madura. Despite the abundant nature, there isn’t much information on this species in East Java, showing the need for identification. Therefore, this study sought to identify pufferfish species in Sampang Regency through morphological and molecular characterization utilizing DNA barcoding of the COI gene. Fins were kept in 96% absolute ethanol, and DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequence analysis were performed using bioinformatics tools, including the BOLD system and the web-based Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) tool. To strengthen genetic study, phenetic taxonomy was again applied using Ntysc. Morphological identification revealed five distinct species of pufferfish, namely Chelonodontops patoca, Lagocephalus spadiceus, Arothron reticularis, Otracion rhinorhynchos, and Cyclichthys orbicularis. The high haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.9 and nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.2 indicated substantial genetic variation. There were 11 polymorphic sites, and the overall ts/tv ratio was 2.2. The frequency of parsimonious informative sites was 21.6%. The phylogenetic tree displayed distinct branching patterns among species. Morphological and molecular identification data supported these results, demonstrating that five distinct pufferfish species occur at Camplong Beach in the Sampang District of Madura.
