High-temperature chlorine-induced corrosion represents a major threat to material service life in key industrial sectors, including power generation and aerospace. This critical review systematically explores the mechanisms and mitigation approaches to corrosion in chlorine-containing environments. It provides a detailed analysis of the thermodynamic and kinetic principles governing chloride-induced degradation across diverse conditions—gaseous (Cl2/HCl), salt-deposited (KCl/NaCl), and molten salt systems—with particular emphasis on the synergistic effects of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, water vapor, and mechanical stress. Significant attention is given to materials design through alloying and advanced coating technologies that enhance corrosion resistance by generating stable, dense barrier layers. The discussion highlights how coating architecture, stoichiometry, and microstructure govern protective performance by serving as both physical and chemical barriers. Emerging trends, such as smart coating systems and the integration of machine learning for accelerated material discovery and service-life prediction, are examined as transformative directions in the field. Finally, the review outlines persistent challenges and proposes future research pathways, highlighting the need for in situ studies under multi-field coupling conditions, self-healing coatings, and multiscale predictive models to enable the rational design of materials for extreme environments.
Manganese sulfide (MnS) is regarded as a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium-ion capacitors (SICs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and excellent redox reversibility. However, it suffers from sluggish reaction kinetics, poor intrinsic conductivity, and structural degradation during the charging and discharging processes, which collectively lead to unsatisfactory rate performance and long-term lifespan. Designing unique hybrid nanostructures combined with heteroatom doping to enhance ionic conductivity and further boost charge-transport kinetics is an effective strategy to address these challenges. Herein, via the in situ sulfurization of bimetallic organic frameworks, different metal-doped MnS@C (M-MnS@C, M = Co, Ni, Cu) octahedra were successfully synthesized with a more stable structure and higher conductivity. The doping of 3d metal ions (Co, Ni, and Cu) can accelerate Na+ diffusion kinetics and provide abundant active sites for Na+ storage. At the same time, carbon encapsulation improves the electronic conductivity and structural integrity of MnS. Benefiting from this synergistic strategy, the Co-MnS@C sample exhibited the most prominent electrochemical behavior, with a high specific capacity of 531.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, an excellent rate capability of 327.8 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1, and remarkable cyclability with 84.5
CO2 sensors play a critical role in various application scenarios, including air quality monitoring, chemical production safety, human respiratory health assessment, greenhouse cultivation, and high-energy physics. These sensors also contribute significantly to mitigating global warming, underscoring their immense market potential. In recent years, the expansion of application scenarios has driven demand for CO2 sensors with the capacity to operate under increasingly stringent conditions, particularly in environments with extra-low CO2 concentrations. Consequently, the development of sensors with ultra-low limit of detection (LoD) has emerged as a key research priority. However, previous studies on CO2 sensors were mainly classified and discussed in terms of material type, synthesis method, and sensing mechanism, which hindered in-depth understanding and the rational design of sensor sensing performance (especially LoD) adjustments. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the latest advances in low LoD chemiresistive CO2 sensors, which categorize sensors according to materials, elucidate sensing mechanisms, and explore sensitization strategies aimed at further reducing LoDs. These strategies include structural modulation, doping, noble-metal sensitization, and exploitation of interfacial effects. The impact of these approaches on lowering the CO2 sensors’ LoD is described in detail. Finally, the review discusses the remaining challenges in designing low LoD CO2 sensors and outlines their future application prospects. By exploring the mechanisms of various nanostructured materials combined with different sensitization effects to regulate LoDs, this review aims to deepen the understanding of how these sensitization effects reduce LoDs, thereby advancing research on CO2 sensing materials with low LoDs.
Conventional synthesis of atomically precise metal nanoclusters typically relies on solution impregnation. Although this approach is facile, it often results in low cluster loading and an inhomogeneous size distribution. In addition, electron transfer across the cluster-support interface plays a critical role in regulating catalytic performance. In this study, Ag nanoclusters (AgNCs) were directly anchored on Co(OH)2 nanosheets via a one-pot synthesis strategy. The AgNCs accept electrons donated by Co(OH)2, leading to the formation of Co3+ with high spin. The modulated Co 3d orbitals enhance the adsorption of oxygen-containing intermediates, thereby significantly improving oxygen evolution reaction activity. As a result, the AgNCs-modified Co(OH)2 electrode exhibits a low overpotential of 308 mV at 10 mA cm−2, comparable to that of commercial RuO2. Furthermore, charge transfer efficiency and reaction kinetics of the material are notably accelerated. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals that the introduction of AgNCs effectively promotes the surface reconstruction of Co(OH)2 to yield active CoOOH phases. This study not only presents a facile strategy for immobilizing atomically precise metal nanoclusters but also provides valuable insight for developing efficient electrocatalysts.
