Age-related decline in balance, proprioception, and increased fatigue contribute to functional limitations and fall risk in older adults. Exercise-based interventions targeting sensory integration are commonly used; however, comparative evidence between different approaches remains limited. This randomised pilot study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary effects of weight-bearing exercises on a mini trampoline and multisensory exercises in the geriatric population. Thirty participants aged ≥65 years were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A (weight-bearing exercises on mini trampoline, n=15) and Group B (multisensory exercises, n=15). Both groups underwent supervised interventions for 4 weeks (5 sessions/week). Primary outcomes included functional mobility (Timed Up and Go test), proprioception (joint position error), and fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale). Feasibility outcomes included recruitment, adherence, and safety. Nonparametric analyses were performed, and effect sizes (r) with 95% confidence intervals were reported. Both groups demonstrated significant within-group improvements across all outcomes, with large effect sizes (r=0.81–0.91). Between-group comparisons showed moderate-to-large effect sizes favouring the weight-bearing exercises on the mini trampoline group (r=0.75–0.86). Feasibility outcomes were favourable, with an 88% recruitment rate, 100% adherence, and no adverse events reported. This pilot study suggests that both interventions are feasible and may improve balance, proprioception, and fatigue in older adults. While trends indicate greater improvements with weight-bearing exercises on a mini trampoline, these findings are preliminary and should not be interpreted as evidence of clinical superiority. Larger, adequately powered trials are required to confirm these observations and determine long-term effectiveness.
Mental health is influenced by genetic and psychological factors. While higher education supports personal and professional growth, it also poses challenges to student well-being. This research aimed to explore the influence of BDNF Val66Met gene polymorphisms and coping mechanisms on mental health among medical and allied health sciences undergraduates at Universiti Malaysia Sabah. A total of 109 undergraduates completed a series of questionnaires, including a demographic questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), the Brief-Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (Brief-COPE), and the World Health Organisation Quality of Life – BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). Participants then submitted their saliva samples for gene polymorphism analysis. Results showed that 20.2% of participants had severe to extremely severe symptoms of depression, 43.1% for anxiety, and 15.6% for stress. While homozygous Met allele carriers (Met/Met) had higher mean anxiety and stress scores than Val allele carriers (Val/Val and Val/Met), the differences were not statistically significant. For homozygous Met allele carriers, problem-focused coping showed a negative correlation, whereas emotion-focused coping showed a positive correlation with depression and stress. Avoidant-focused coping was positively predicted by depression among Val allele carriers. Importantly, the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) indicated that coping strategies exerted a stronger influence on mental health outcomes than BDNF genotype, even after controlling for demographic variables. Additionally, the psychological quality-of-life subscale significantly predicted mental health outcomes. These findings highlight the need for coping-based interventions to improve students' mental well-being, as well as further research into genetic influences.
The involvement of high-frequency brainwaves in the neural processing of rhythmic Quranic recitation remains unclear, compared to the low-frequency brainwaves. This study examined the synchronisation of high-frequency gamma brainwaves (30–80 Hz) during passive listening to Quranic recitation in three different rhythmic styles. This experimental, cross-sectional study involving 29 healthy adult participants (14 Muslim, 15 non-Muslim) was conducted at the MEG laboratory at Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia. The average gamma source estimation was calculated using minimum-norm imaging, and the whole-brain functional connectivity of magnetoencephalography-electroencephalography (M/EEG) data was quantified using phase-locking value. The results revealed that the gamma waves synchronised in a network of brain regions that included the supramarginal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, central region, temporal lobe, inferior frontal gyrus, Rolandic and frontal operculum, cerebellum, visual network regions, and superior parietal gyrus. The findings highlight brain-wide activation during Quranic recitation in Quran-naïve non-Muslim participants, comparable to that in Muslim participants familiar with the employed rhythmic recitation. Both groups also exhibited increased language perception of the Quranic recitation, although they did not understand Arabic (non-Arab natives). The high-frequency gamma activity in this study suggests that receptive listening to different styles of rhythmic Quranic recitation engages neural networks responsible for language and musical perception, emotional regulation, memory and attention, visual mental imagery, and multisensory processing.
Consequences of chronic ethanol exposure on cognitive and motor functions are widely studied due to the neurodegeneration that ethanol produces in the cerebellum and other brain areas, including some corticolimbic regions. However, there is scarce information about the structural neuroplasticity effects of chronic ethanol exposure that ultimately lead to characteristic neurodegenerative consequences. For this purpose, we evaluated the effects of chronic ethanol exposure in adult male rats on exploratory behavior (locomotor activity induced by a novel environment) and structural neuroplasticity in corticolimbic and cerebellar neurons. After 90 days of ad libitum ethanol (10%) exposure, the locomotor behavior of the animals did not differ from that of the control group (exposed to water). Structural neuroplasticity was assessed using the Golgi-Cox technique in neurons from corticolimbic areas and the cerebellum. The findings revealed that ethanol exposure induced basilar dendritic atrophy without modifying the dendritic spine density in pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex layers 3 and 5, the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus, and the basolateral amygdala. In contrast, ethanol exposure hypotrophied the dendritic arbor of Purkinje cells and reduced the density of dendritic spines in these cells. These data contribute to the knowledge of the neuroplasticity-related mechanisms underlying the neurodegenerative consequences of chronic ethanol exposure and its cognitive implications.
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by an accumulation of amyloid beta peptide and hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein, as well as alterations in lipids that are important components of cell membranes. However, the mechanism of phospholipids in AD is not yet fully understood. This mini-review aims to explore the role of phospholipid biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and progression of the disease. A search was performed in several databases, including PubMed, PubMed Central, and ScienceDirect, with keywords such as "phospholipid biomarkers," "Alzheimer," and "non-sporadic diagnosis." A total of 30 articles were found, in which we discovered that phospholipid species such as ceramides, sphingomyelins, phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, ethanolamine plasmalogens, phosphatidylethanolamines, and 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate were altered, showing that plasma lipids can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD, as well as to predict the prognosis and classify the severity of the disease. Nevertheless, although the findings are promising, further clinical validation through larger, more extensive studies is still required to consolidate their diagnostic and prognostic applications.
Broca’s agrammatism, a hallmark of non-fluent aphasia, presents with characteristic syntactic deficits that disrupt sentence comprehension and production. This proposed study aims to explore how the theoretical framework of Relativized Minimality (RM) might account for these impairments, especially within a Malaysian clinical context. We outline a comparative analysis that would evaluate RM-based explanations against competing models such as the Trace Deletion Hypothesis, the Mapping Hypothesis, and processing-based theories. By examining planned cross-linguistic data and experimental paradigms involving Malay and English sentence structures, we anticipate that RM, especially in its featural variant, may offer critical insights into intervention effects. The study would further explore the applicability of RM to production deficits, neurological substrates, and individual variability. Findings are expected to inform future empirical work and aid in developing diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for Malaysian aphasia patients.
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) are standardized self-report tools for screening depressive and anxiety disorders, respectively. While they have been validated in various cultural contexts, their psychometric properties have not been thoroughly evaluated in Mongolia. This study aimed to validate the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 among young adults in Mongolia, ensuring their reliability and efficacy in assessing mental health. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,391 young adults (aged 17-29 years). Tests for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity were performed, including exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity and cut-off scores were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: Both the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.913 and 0.895, respectively) and good test-retest reliability over time (ICC=0.637 for PHQ-9; ICC=0.782 for GAD-7). Factor analyses confirmed their unidimensional structures, explaining 59.1% and 61.5% of variance, respectively. Unidimensional models showed acceptable goodness-of-fit indices, with RMSEA values of 0.051 for PHQ-9 and 0.047 for GAD-7, indicating a close-to-good fit for both models. Strong correlations were observed between PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores with HADS scores (p<0.001), indicating good convergent validity. Observed cut-off scores yielded high sensitivity and specificity in this sample population. The final Mongolian versions of the questionnaires exhibited robust psychometric properties. The PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were validated as reliable instruments for screening depression and anxiety among medical students in Mongolia. These findings improve the capacity for early identification and intervention in mental health among this population. However, further research should address limitations related to gender representation and the need for assessment in diverse settings.
Dichotic listening (DL) is a test where auditory stimuli are presented simultaneously to each ear. It is sensitive to hemisphere differences and has been used to study language lateralisation. Recently, dichotic tests have been widely used to study the influence of attention on speech laterality in various disordered populations. The study aims to examine the effect of phonemic relevance on dichotic perception in Kannada. This study was carried out in two phases. Phase 1 aimed to develop and validate a Dichotic word list in Kannada, and Phase 2 involved data collection. Two lists of dichotic pairs were developed and tested with 25 adults across three conditions (free recall, forced right, and forced left). Results showed significant differences in ear responses during the free recall condition, indicating a right-ear advantage. Further, the results showed reduced dichotic performance for phonemically relevant pairs compared to the irrelevant pairs. The findings demonstrated that the right ear advantage can be precisely obtained by increasing the linguistic complexity of dichotic pairs. The addition of phonemic relevance would enhance the clinical utility of dichotic testing for assessing linguistic deficits across various disordered populations.
Rauvolfia vomitoria (RV) is recognised for its anti-seizure properties, largely due to its rich alkaloid content. In this study, we evaluated the effect of an aqueous extract of Rauvolfia vomitoria on PTZ-induced seizures in male Wistar rats and used in-silico methods to identify the most promising alkaloid compound for predictive analysis. Male Wistar rats (average weight: 160 g) were divided into four groups (n = 5): saline (control), 25 mg/kg PTZ i.p., 200 mg/kg oral RV pretreatment + 25 mg/kg PTZ i.p., and 40 mg/kg oral carbamazepine pretreatment + 25 mg/kg PTZ i.p. Following treatment, we assessed behaviour via the novel object recognition test (NORT) and evaluated antioxidant enzyme levels, brain electrolyte concentrations, and histomorphology changes. Additionally, we employed molecular docking and pharmacokinetic profiling to assess the drug-like properties of the compounds. NORT results revealed increased exploratory time and a non-significant discrimination index. Antioxidant defences were enhanced, while lipid peroxidation indices showed a non-significant reduction. Major electrolyte concentrations were preserved. Molecular docking identified serpentinine as a high-affinity NMDA receptor ligand, with several other Rauvolfia vomitoria alkaloids exhibiting favourable drug-like properties. Oral pretreatment with Rauvolfia vomitoria mitigates PTZ-induced seizure, potentially through antioxidant modulation and a slight trend towards recognition memory. In-silico analyses highlight Rauvolfia vomitoria alkaloids as promising candidates for further experimental validation.
The neurological disorder known as Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, or PSP, is characterized by severe difficulties in movement and balance, which frequently result in falls and a decrease in function. Sensory cueing techniques such as Auditory Stimulation and visual stimulation that utilizes external cues to enhance motor coordination and gait performance in movement disorders. Sixty people with a diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) were chosen by convenience sampling and split up into two groups: thirty in the experimental group received balance exercises and rhythmic auditory stimulation, while thirty in the control group received balance training and visual cueing. Over a six-week period, both therapies were given for 40 minutes, five days a week. Before and after the intervention, gait performance was evaluated using the 10-Meter Walk Test and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test and the 10-Meter Walk Test showed statistically significant improvements in the Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation (RAS) group as compared to the visual cueing group (P-value <0.0001). By encouraging better health outcomes through non-invasive rehabilitation, this research supports good health and well-being. It also reduces inequality by ensuring that people with neurodegenerative illnesses have fair access to effective rehabilitation. In conclusion, rhythmic auditory stimulation significantly improves gait speed and motility in individuals with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) when paired with balance training.
Stroke remains a significant global cause of death and long-term disability, categorized into hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attack. Recovery outcomes can vary greatly, often influenced by genetic factors. This review highlights key genes involved in stroke recovery, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3). These genes play important roles in neurotrophic support and neuronal survival, angiogenesis, inflammation and immune modulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling after stroke. Insights from both human and animal studies underscore the potential of these genetic markers as prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets for stroke recovery. Understanding these factors may lead to more personalized rehabilitation strategies, and future research is needed to explore gene-environment interactions and translate genetic findings into effective stroke recovery therapies.
Tuberculous radiculomyelitis (TBRM) is a rare complication of tuberculosis which affects the nervous system. Common symptoms associated with TBRM include paraparesis or quadriparesis, urinary retention or constipation, and paraesthesia in the lower extremities. The ascending symptoms are often described as similar to Guillain Barre syndrome. A 21-year-old woman experienced progressive weakness from her lower to upper extremities, which eventually led to complete immobility within two days and was accompanied by autonomic dysfunction. Lumbar puncture demonstrated yellow and clear cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with pleocytosis (214 cells/uL), neutrophil predominance (81%), increased protein (429mg/dL), and decreased CSF/serum glucose ratio (7 mg/dL vs. 159.3 mg/dL). Cervicothoracic MRI examination revealed multifocal hyperintense lesions with indistinct borders at the T5-T12 level and central predominance. These results indicate tuberculosis as the aetiology. This case illustrates the atypical manifestations of TB within the nervous system. In highly endemic countries like Indonesia, TB should be considered as one of the potential causes in the differential diagnosis of any progressive weakness involving the nervous system. The limited availability of high-sensitivity diagnostic tests for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the central nervous system remains a significant challenge.
Eye-tracking technology is one of the fundamental tools in scientific research. Eye-tracking data can provide detailed insights into visual attention, perception, and other cognitive processes. This bibliometric analysis aims to systematically review the state-of-the-art of eye-tracking studies in the behavioural sciences, identify emerging research trends and thematic areas, and uncover future research directions. A comprehensive analysis was conducted using the SCOPUS database. The search strategy included keywords related to eye-tracking. The retrieved articles were analysed for publication trends, co-authorship networks, keyword co-occurrences, and thematic evolution over time. The analysis identified 5,825 relevant articles published between 2015 and 2024. The state-of-the-art of this area of study in behavioural sciences reveals a substantial increase in publications over the past decade. Research trends and thematic analysis highlight seven key areas of study, in particular: (1) driving behaviour; (2) social cognition; (3) cognitive ageing; (4) language processing; (5) visual cognition; (6) cognitive processes; and (7) electroencephalography (EEG). For future work, the analysis suggests promising research avenues, including the application of eye-tracking in virtual reality environments, longitudinal studies of attentional development, and interdisciplinary approaches combining eye-tracking with machine learning techniques. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of eye-tracking research in behavioural sciences. The findings emphasise the versatility of eye-tracking as a methodological tool and highlight key areas for future investigation. By identifying emerging trends and suggesting new research directions, this study contributes to the ongoing development of eye-tracking methodologies in behavioural research.
Functional Cognitive Disorder (FCD) is a subtype of Functional Neurological Disorder (FND), with diagnostic criteria that have only recently been established in a major disease classification system. Although objective neuropsychological measures are not required for diagnosing FCD, they can provide valuable insights into discrepancies between subjective cognitive complaints, functionality, and objective neuropsychological performance. We present the case of a 51-year-old Malay female with a history of Major Depressive Disorder who developed neurocognitive complaints affecting her occupational and social functioning following the sudden death of her husband. A comprehensive assessment, including neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and laboratory investigations, was conducted. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed significant impairments across multiple neurocognitive domains. However, the presence of situational and mood-related variability in memory performance, along with an inconsistency between the severity of her objective cognitive impairments and her largely preserved ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), supported a diagnosis of FCD. The diagnosis and management of FCD require a multidisciplinary approach. Clinical neuropsychology plays a crucial role in both diagnosing and understanding FCD by assessing neurocognitive functioning and intrapsychic processes. The use of various psychological instruments can help elucidate the neurocognitive profile of FCD to inform a more comprehensive and individualized management plan.
This study aimed to examine the neuroprotective effect of Piper cubeba on cognitive impairment models using two induction methods: electroconvulsive shock (ECS) and scopolamine (SCO). For each model, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: P. cubeba 96% ethanol extract (PCE), P. cubeba lignan-rich fraction (LRF), citicoline (C; positive control), ECS/SCO control, and normal control (NO). The test substances were administered p.o. for 14 days, after which the rats except those in the NO group, were treated with ECS or SCO, depending on the model. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM). Biochemical examinations were performed on the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, including lipid peroxidase inhibition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, and levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The results showed that pretreatment with PCE and LRF improved cognitive function in ECS- and SCO-treated rats, with significantly lower escape latencies than those of the control groups (p<0.05). Moreover, PCE and LRF significantly increased hippocampal CAT and SOD activity compared with the ECS or SCO groups (p<0.05). PCE and LRF also significantly suppressed inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-1β) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, with levels significantly lower than those in the control groups (p<0.05). Overall, the extract and lignan fraction of P. cubeba improved cognitive function in both models, potentially through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
Primary Parkinsonism is one of the most prevalent movement disorders characterized by hypokinesia, rigidity, and tremor. The number of Parkinson disease (PD) cases is anticipated to rise globally, making finding effective and affordable interventions crucial. Physiotherapy interventions have shown promise in managing tremors, but high-quality systematic reviews are limited. This systematic review aims to evaluate the benefits of physiotherapy treatments in managing tremors in PD. The study followed the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search was conducted using multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, AMED, and PsycINFO. Keywords related to PD, physiotherapy, and tremors were used. The eligibility of studies was assessed independently by two reviewers, and the quality of included studies was evaluated using the JBI risk of bias tool. Data extraction focused on study characteristics, participant demographics, intervention details, and outcome measures. A total of seven studies met the inclusion criteria. The sample sizes ranged from 10 to 79 participants, and the interventions varied from standard exercises to technological interventions. The findings from the included studies demonstrated positive effects of physiotherapy interventions on tremor reduction and motor function improvement. However, due to the heterogeneity among the studies in terms of the classification of PD, outcomes measured, and intervention duration, it was challenging to draw definitive conclusions. In conclusion, while limited evidence exists, physiotherapy interventions have shown temporary benefits in reducing tremors and improving motor function in patients with PD.
Peripheral neuropathy is a common but frequently underdiagnosed condition, especially in community settings. The diagnostic performance of four simple screening tests (vibration perception, temperature sensation, ankle reflex, and pinprick sensation) was examined against the biothesiometer as the reference standard for detecting peripheral neuropathy. This was a cross-sectional study conducted on those aged ≥18 years who visited retail pharmacies in Malaysia (March 2021 - May 2022). Four clinical examination tests, including the biothesiometer, were used to detect peripheral neuropathy. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value were computed in SPSS. The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy was 22.7% among 1,283 participants. Sensitivity was highest for ankle reflex (34.12%), followed by vibration testing (31.76%), pinprick (24.41%) and temperature sensation (6.76%). The specificity of all the tests was high (95.02 – 97.78%). The PPV was highest for vibration testing (83.72%). In non-clinical settings with limited time and equipment, vibration testing, together with ankle reflex, may serve as a reliable screening tool, given its high PPV and specificity. Given its low cost and ease of use, community health policy should consider early use of vibration and ankle tests to screen for peripheral neuropathy among at-risk groups, particularly among patients with diabetes and those over 50 years old.
The 11th annual meeting of the Mongolian Neuroscience Society (MNS), themed "Multidisciplinary Brain Science 2024", served as a significant international platform for fostering interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in neuroscience and mental health. It was held on 2 and 3 August 2024, at the Ministry of Health and Ramada Hotel in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The conference was organized under the auspices of MNS, in partnership with the International Brain Research Organization (IBRO), the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH), the Institute of Biomedicine at the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS), and the Mongolian Yoga Association. The conference brought together diverse professionals, including neuroscientists, psychologists, medical professionals, researchers, and policymakers from the United States, China, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Mongolia. Participants shared their expertise, discussed cutting-edge research, and explored new avenues for collaboration in neuroscience and mental health. A pivotal focus of the event was the exploration of holistic mental health strategies, integrating modern neuroscience methodologies with traditional therapeutic practices such as yoga therapy. The conference further emphasised the importance of establishing a robust research infrastructure and fostering international collaborations to advance the fields of neuroscience and mental health research in Mongolia.
Visual mental imagery, the subjective experience of “seeing” in the absence of sensory input, has long been studied in relation to perception. While considerable evidence points to shared neural mechanisms, the precise nature of their overlap and divergence remains an area of active investigation. The present fMRI study examined brain activation patterns and functional roles of distinct regions during the perception and imagery of animals, utilising a sparse temporal sampling paradigm to control for auditory interference. Seven participants (2 males, 5 females; mean age=22.57, SD=0.48) participated in the study. Perception and imagery tasks were conducted separately within a single session to minimise fatigue and motion artefacts. BOLD signals were preprocessed and analysed using SPM12, employing paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA. The analysis utilised an uncorrected threshold of p<0.001 at the voxel level, combined with cluster-level family-wise error correction at p<0.05. Results revealed substantial overlap in neural substrates, with perception uniquely engaged in the right medial superior frontal gyrus, suggesting heightened top-down attentional control. In contrast, imagery preferentially activated the left supplementary motor area and right opercular inferior frontal gyrus, implying a greater demand for internal representation and cognitive control. The imagery phase further demonstrated widespread activation across the frontoparietal network and temporal lobe, with image generation eliciting the strongest engagement of auditory and attentional regions. Self-reported vividness during imagery correlated positively with pre-scan vividness scores (p<0.05), validating the ecological relevance of the task. These findings suggest that while perception and imagery share a common neural foundation, they diverge in the specific cognitive processes they recruit, with imagery placing greater emphasis on internal generation and manipulation of mental representations. The study highlights the dynamic interplay of brain regions supporting visual imagery and its multifaceted nature, offering potential implications for interventions targeting cognitive enhancement and addressing deficits in perception or imagery.
The Bayesian Brain Behavioural Mapping framework examines how multisensory stimuli affect worker perception and the mitigation of fatigue within workspace environments, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. TPDK Disdukcapil Semarang was selected as a case study due to its notable digital service innovation during the pandemic, which enabled remote access to essential public administration services. This innovation ensured continuity of service, improved public accessibility, and received national recognition for its effectiveness. This study employed an observational case study approach combined with real-time electroencephalogram monitoring to examine how a fatigued worker experienced their workspace. A portable EEG device recorded the participant's brainwave activity as they performed routine administrative tasks. The EEG data captured cognitive and emotional responses to multisensory environmental stimuli, including visual (lighting and colours), auditory (coughing and sneezing), and olfactory (disinfectant smells) inputs that were prevalent during the pandemic. The researchers assessed worker fatigue using a triangulated method that combined self-reported data and behavioural observation. The Fatigue Assessment Scale was used to evaluate physical and mental fatigue. Observable indicators such as reduced focus, slower movements, and facial expressions helped validate the subjective reports. This research applies Bayes' Theorem to model how seven environmental factors, such as contrast, atmosphere, context, dimensions, space density, emotional tone, and spatial originality, can influence perceived comfort and the likelihood of spatial persistence. The findings highlight that neurocognitive elements, such as density, atmosphere, contextual fit, and emotional stability, are critical in shaping the spatial experience. For instance, lower density and emotional stability were associated with greater comfort in administrative spaces, while a sense of originality was essential in archive areas. By integrating Bayesian analysis with spatial design, this study provides a framework for architects to create work environments that align with human cognitive and emotional responses, promoting resilience and well-being, particularly in response to pandemic-related challenges.
