This paper presents the results obtained from scanning electron microscopy analyses of sulfide minerals and other phases from ore vein No. 12 at the Zletovo lead-zinc deposit, North Macedonia. The vein contains galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, siderite and tennantite-tetrahedrite. Data obtained from analyses of the chemical composition of sulfide minerals from the Zletovo lead-zinc deposit indicate that these minerals possess a uniform and consistent chemical composition.
The upper part of the Nova Varoš Formation (Late Longobardian) and the Zlošnica Formation (Late Longobardian to Early Carnian) are exposed in the valley of the Zlošnica River (Zlatar Mt. area) as a radiolarite‐carbonate succession more than 50 m thick. The lower part of the section (uppermost part of the Nova Varoš Formation) is characterized by a radiolarian assemblage containing Muelleritortis cochleata (NAKASEKO & NISHIMURA) and Tritortis kretaensis (KOZUR & KRAHL). Their co‐occurence indicates the upper part of the Muelleritortis cochleata Zone (Latest Ladinian). The upper part of section (Zlošnica Formation) is characterized by an assemblage belonging to the Early Carnian Tritortis kretaensis Zone. The Early Carnian succession of the Zlošnica section was deposited in a basin situated between the Wetterstein Carbonate Platform of the Drina–Ivanjica Unit to the east and the Wetterstein Carbonate Platform of the East–Bosnian Durmitor Megaunit to the west. This succession records a short‐lived, newly formed intraplatform basin that developed between rapidly prograding carbonate platforms during the Early Carnian.
The topic of the field trip will be the Triassic–Jurassic depositional history of the Dinarides with special focus on the relations between areas with shallow‐water carbonate production (ramps, plaforms) and related deepwater sedimentary successions. To understand the Mesozoic (mainly Triassic– Jurassic) geodynamic evolution of the Western Tethys Realm this is essential, with the Dinarides as a very important and crucial orogen in that region. In fact, the Dinarides are the only mountain range in the Western Tethys Realm which allows insights in the Mesozoic evolution along a relative complete east‐west cross‐section below the Middle to early Late Jurassic obducted ophiolites, which derive from the Neo‐Tethys (or Vardar Ocean in different nomenclature) to the east. Meanwhile it is in general accepted that all ophiolites have their provenance east of today’s Dinarides and are not part of small independent and long persistent (~70‐80 Ma) oceanic basins between microcontinents (terranes). The Triassic(–Jurassic) central shelf arrangement, that is the area between the tectonic units of the Drina–Ivanjica unit in the east and the Pre‐Karst/High Karst units to the west is supposed to consist of a series of shallow‐water carbonate production areas (“platforms”) with intermediate long‐lasting deep‐water basins between these platforms. This scenario of long persisting deep‐water basins between “platforms” has also to be restricted to the time span Middle to Late Triassic (Late Pelsonian to Rhaetian; ~40 million years). Only in some areas shallow‐water carbonate production prevailed until the Early Jurassic, but carbonate platforms could not be formed in the Early Jurassic after the mass extinction at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. This area comprises today the East Bosnian–Durmitor megaunit, a unit which experienced during the history of geological studies various interpretations and modifications. We will discuss the Middle Triassic to Jurassic various deep‐water successions in the light of supposed deep‐water (intraplatform) basins between timeequivalent carbonate platforms in relation to facts regarding: A) Carbonate production under tropical shallow‐water conditions forming carbonate platforms, B) Carbonate platform models with respect to sea‐level fluctuations, C) Carbonate production during times of environmental crises and perturbations, D) Facies models of carbonate platforms, and E) The principles of carbonate sequence stratigraphy and highstand shedding. The field trip will focus on the various deep‐water sedimentary rocks during the Triassic–Jurassic geodynamic history deposited in different basins: rift‐basins, shelf areas, oceanic domains, trench‐like basins, foreland basins. To understand the complex Triassic to Jurassic sedimentological and geodynamic evolution we will visit and study: • The Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic passive margin evolution: all depositional realms from the continental slope to the central shelf. • The Middle Triassic continental break‐up: Anisian demise of shallow‐water carbonate production (ramp geometry), horst‐and‐graben formation (breakup unconformity), and deposition of deep‐marine sediments elsewhere (drowning succession). • Restart of shallow‐water carbonate production in the Middle and Late Triassic: the sedimentary sequences in the deep‐water depositional realm as mirror of platform progradation (sequence stratigraphy, highstand shedding, and carbonate production potential). • Reasons for the demise of the Triassic shallow‐water platforms and the expression of these events in deep‐water settings. • Condensed Early–Middle Jurassic deep‐water sedimentary rocks. • Active continental margin evolution: Middle to Late Jurassic trench‐like basin formation and nappe stacking in front of obducting ophiolites, large‐scale mass movements (radiolaritic/argillaceous matrix), mélange formation. The field trip area, that are the main parts of the East Bosnian–Durmitor megaunit, provides well preserved insights in the whole Mesozoic geological/sedimentological/ geodynamic evolution of the Dinarides as part of the mountain ranges in the Western Tethys Realm with an identical history and tectonostratigraphy. The sedimentary sequences of the East Bosnian–Durmitor megaunit, that is the lowermost tectonic unit in that part of the cross‐section allows a detailed reconstruction of the latest Permian to Middle/early Late Jurassic history of the central shelf area. In Middle Jurassic times in the area of the East Bosnian–Durmitor megaunit new trench‐like deep‐water basins were formed in the frame of ophiolite obduction, and in front of the west‐ward propagating nappe stack. These newly formed deep‐water basins in front of advancing nappes received material from the nappe stack bulldozed by the west‐direct obducting ophiolites onto the foreland of the wider Adriatic plate, with the Dinarides as part of it. These trench‐like foreland basins were later incorporated into the nappe stack of the Dinarides forming today various mélanges, originally mainly sedimentary mélanges, that are chaotic basin‐fills with a general coarsening‐upward trend. These mélanges in the various basins formed in sequence from east to west contain as reworked material (from cm‐sized components to km‐sized blocks in a deep‐water radiolaritic/ argillaceous matrix) all facies zones from the Triassic to Middle Jurassic outer to central passive margin configuration to the oceanic realm, but predominantly from the continental slope and outer (deep‐water) shelf environment. We will visit sequences originally deposited on the continental slope, the outer shelf region (Hallstatt facies), and the basinal sequences near to the reef rim, the reef‐basin transition, and the open lagoonal area. Furthermore, in cases complete sequences are also preserved in far‐travelled nappes bulldozed in front of the obducting ophiolites onto the foreland. These nappes rest above the various sedimentary mélanges and below the obducted ophiolites with their ophiolitic mélanges at the base. The whole story is very well visible and preserved in our field trip area, with some special highlights of rather practically nowhere in the Western Tethys Realm preserved sequences, but well exposed in northern Montenegro. The question “Are there Triassic–Jurassic intraplatform basins in the Dinarides?” will be answered during the field trip by the various sedimentary rocks and the depositional history through time and space. The history from deposition in a rift setting to a passive continental margin evolution and finally to an active margin setting, in combination with the rules of facies and sedimentology, the principles of carbonate production, basin formation and evolution, beside other conformities with natural laws, is preserved in the different sedimentary succession like in a book. We will try to read that book, and try to understand why scientists in different times had read this book in a different way and gave us a different translation, i.e. interpretation. The Mihajlovići section from East Bosnian–Durmitor megaunit at northern Montenegro is the type‐locality of the newly defined Early Jurassic (?Middle/Late Hettangian to Late Pliensbachian) Mihajlovići Formation.
Sedimentary basins that develop in convergent tectonic settings are excellent archives for evidence of the tectonic processes active during orogen formation. A representative example of this basin type occurs in the Internal Dinarides, at the boundary between the two most distal tectonic units of Adria – the Jadar–Kopaonik and Drina–Ivanjica units. This sedimentary basin possesses unique characteristics not described elsewhere in the Dinarides: it contains an “olistostrome mélange” formation, which Milorad Dimitrijević (1973) interpreted as a mélange produced by subduction and/or underthrusting of the Drina–Ivanjica element beneath the Jadar block. The type locality where this unit was first described is in the vicinity of town Zvornik, while the tectonic structure along which subduction was postulated was subsequently named the “Zvornik suture”. In this study we focus on another locality where the Upper Cretaceous “olistostrome mélange” has been mapped – the Jelica Mts. near the town of Čačak. By applying structural‐geological mapping and detailed study of magmatic rocks and sedimentary successions across the broader Jelica Mts. area, we aimed to determine the principal properties of the tectonic structures related to activity along the Zvornik Fault, and to assess the potential geodynamic significance of this Upper Cretaceous “mélange”. Our results suggest that the volcano– sedimentary series of the Jelica Mts. represents deposition within a wedge‐top basin that developed due to the oblique thrust of the Jadar–Kopaonik Unit. The pronounced dextral horizontal component along this thrust could have created transtensional domains in which partial melting of the upper mantle produced basalts which in this study are determined at 87.4 ± 0.96 Ma. Based on our findings, we conclude that the Zvornik Fault represents the front of the Jadar–Kopaonik thrust, which in recent stress field accommodate a significant dextral strike‐slip component.
An analysis of the extensive geoscientific legacy of the late Professors Milorad Dimitrijević (“Kvaks”) and Stevan Karamata, a century after their birth, shows that both authors published numerous studies on the Neo‐Tethys, primarily focused on the Mesozoic Vardar Ocean. The term “Vardar Ocean”, in its modern sense, was introduced by Prof. Dimitrijević, whose work also addressed the geology of western Serbia and the Inner Dinaride Ophiolite Belt. Similarly, Prof. Stevan Karamata concentrated on the westernmost and central parts of the Vardar Zone (East Vardar Zone). Despite their detailed investigations of the exposed ophiolite belts across the western Balkan Peninsula, both authors made only a few, though highly significant, observations regarding the largely overlooked western Paleotethys Ocean, interpreted as a precursor oceanic domain. Despite these contributions, the role of the Paleotethys Ocean in the evolution of the Neotethys Vardar Ocean remains poorly understood. Terms such as “Early Cimmerian” (a post‐Variscan suturing event related to Paleotethys closure) and “Neocimmerian” (a suturing event related to the Neotethys and Innerdinaric oceans) have been omitted from many published studies. Importantly, both the Early Cimmerian and Neocimmerian events are characterized by weak accretion or “docking”. By examining the role of the Paleotethys Ocean, and whether its subduction and closure influenced the opening and development of the Neotethys Vardar Ocean, this study provides an initial insight into the overlapping early Alpine and Eocimmerian tectonic stages.
Thalassiosira rugulosa (Hajós) Ognjanova‐Rumenova is described and typified as a new fossil diatom combination belonging to the plicated group of the genus Thalassiosira Cl. Until now, these specimens had been identified in a series of biostratigraphic studies conducted in Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, and Romania under the name Coscinodiscus rugulosus Hajós. The presence of loculate areolae ‐ open to the outside by foramina and internally occluded by slightly raised cribrum, as well as two types of processes, both rimoportula and fultoportulae, confirms its assignment to the genus Thalassiosira Cl.
Fruška Gora, a prominent inselberg within the southern margin of the Pannonian Basin, preserves a complex geological record of both orogenic and post‐orogenic processes in the central Balkans. This one‐day field excursion highlights key outcrops of the Vardar Zone ophiolitic belt, including Serbia’s only documented blueschist‐facies rocks, as well as serpentinites, diabases, and pillow lavas, which collectively record subduction‐related metamorphism and the emplacement of oceanic lithosphere during the closure of the Neotethys ocean. Additional stops include Upper Cretaceous flysch successions intruded by Oligocene latites (≈35 Ma), whose tectonic evolution has been constrained by paleomagnetic studies documenting postcollisional rotations and extensional tectonics. Together, these localities provide valuable insights into the interplay of subduction, magmatism, and basin evolution, establishing Fruška Gora as a key site for understanding the geodynamic history of the southern Pannonian Basin.
The Serbian Carpathians, a segment of the Carpatho–Balkanides orogen, preserve a tectonic record of Jurassic to Miocene evolution related to the opening and closure of the Ceahlău–Severin ocean. The Danube River Gorge provides an exceptional field transect through this orogenic system, exposing the main tectonic units, their lithostratigraphic architecture, and the superposed deformation phases that define the present‐day structure of the orogen. This contribution synthesizes field observations from ten key localities distributed along the Danube River Gorge between Golubac and Donji Milanovac. The transect directly documents the relationships among the Supragetic– Getic unit, the Ceahlău–Severin unit, and the Danubian unit, as well as their associated sedimentary successions, contractional structures, and post‐orogenic fault systems. The field profile includes deep‐water Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sedimentary successions deposited along the passive continental margin of the Ceahlău–Severin ocean, tectonic contacts within the Dacia megaunit, east‐vergent folds and thrusts related to the emplacement of the Danubian nappes, and younger strike‐slip and extensional structures linked to Cenozoic strain partitioning. The transect demonstrates that the first‐order architecture of the Serbian Carpathians is primarily controlled by latest Cretaceous east‐vergent nappe emplacement, during which Dacia‐derived units were thrust over the Danubian domain. Earlier Jurassic–Early Cretaceous extension established the paleogeographic and structural template of the system, whereas late Early Cretaceous deformation records internal nappe stacking within the Dacia mega‐unit. Oligocene–Miocene strike‐slip and extensional deformation subsequently segmented the nappe stack without fundamentally modifying its overall geometry. The Danube River Gorge, therefore, provides a unique field‐based framework for understanding the tectonic evolution and orogenic architecture of the Serbian Carpathians.
Sedimentary archives preserve records of prevalent tectonic, climatic, depositional, and diagenetic conditions, which can be deciphered through integrated analyses of facies, mineralogy, and geochemistry. These records can also be correlated with local-to global-scale equivalents when reliable stratigraphic age constraints are available. This study documents a fluvial-lacustrine-colluvial sedimentary sequence deposited during the Middle Pleistocene-Holocene in northwestern Borneo, recording the prevailing tectono-climatic and geomorphic dynamics of the region. The inferred environmental conditions and landscape evolution indicate the presence of a low-gradient river channel controlled by seasonal flow variations, which underwent episodic changes in stream course under the combined influences of tectonics and climate. Facies characteristics, geochemical discriminant diagrams, and stratigraphic variations in mineralogy and geochemistry suggest alternating hot-arid and wet-humid conditions, presumably corresponding to the H1 and H2 events. Available age data from the present and previous studies in the region indicate that the sedimentary sequence and the interpreted tectono-climatic-geomorphic evolutionary events likely occurred between 37,900 BP and the present. The findings of this study provide an important basis for constraining regional to global tectono-climatic models.
This paper describes a fragment of the left lower jaw of Prognatho?don sp. (CSECh 00.2004.1-64) found in the Lisiy Ovrag locality (Lisiy Ravine) near Shirokiy Karamysh village, Lysogorsky District, Saratov Region, Russian Federation (Late Cretaceous, Middle Campanian, Rybushka Formation). The discovered specimen differs from many known representatives of the Mosasauridae family in its unique morphological elements of the tooth crowns (bicarinate, robust morphology, smooth enamel), allowing it to be classified as a member of the genus Prognathodon. The specimen described in this paper is of great importance for understanding the stratigraphic aspects of the genus Prognathodon.
In this contribution, we present the field guide that accompanies the post‐meeting excursion FT4 of the 17th EGU Émile Argand Conference on Alpine Geological Studies. Tectonic maps of Serbia are dominated by broad, chiefly NNW–SSE belts of ophiolitic and ophiolite‐related units ‐ East Vardar, West Vardar, and Dinaric ophiolites ‐ representing dismembered fragments of Mesozoic oceanic lithosphere. These assemblages include serpentinized peridotites, gabbros, and basalts, associated with a deep‐marine sediments and exotic blocks (olistoliths and olistoplaques) set within a silty‐sandy matrix. Although strongly deformed following obduction, the ophiolite complexes constitute the key archive for reconstructing Phanerozoic interactions between the southern Eurasian margin and terranes derived from northern Gondwana across the Mesozoic Tethys. The excursion stops span this spectrum – from kilometer‐scale obducted peridotite massifs and their metamorphic soles, through gabbro–diabase complexes and granitoid intrusions, to small basaltic and radiolarian chert olistoliths in mélange, offering direct field evidence of the Tethyan lithosphere and its tectonic evolution.
This field guide accompanies the pre‐conference field trip of the 17th EGU Émile Argand Conference on Alpine Geological Studies and presents key exposures of the Rudnik volcano–intrusive complex and the associated Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag skarn deposit in central Serbia. The excursion focuses on the relationships between Oligocene–Miocene post‐collisional magmatism, hydrothermal activity, contact metamorphism, and polymetallic ore formation within the Serbo–Macedonian Cenozoic magmatic–metallogenic province. The principal field stops are located within the Rudnik volcano–intrusive complex and encompass quartz–latite volcanic and subvolcanic facies, diatreme breccias, contact‐metamorphic rocks, and underground exposures of skarnhosted sulfide mineralization. To place the Rudnik system within a broader volcanological context, the field trip also includes the nearby Borač volcanic complex, which preserves a more complete record of volcanic and pyroclastic facies associated with Oligocene–Miocene post‐collisional magmatism in central Serbia. The selected localities provide complementary insights into the volcanic, subvolcanic, and hydrothermal processes that governed the evolution of magmatic–hydrothermal systems and associated Pb–Zn–Cu–Ag mineralization within the Serbo–Macedonian Cenozoic magmatic–metallogenic province.
Lake Miocene deposits located east of Belgrade in the Danube bend, around Veliko Selo and Slanci, are rich in zeolitic tuffs of the heulandite type. This paper presents mineralogical and structural investigations of zeolitic tuffs in which the dominant phase is Ca-heulandite with a Si/Al ratio of 3.78. Volcanic glass and biogenic amorphous silica are present as accompanying components. Quantitative X‐ray powder analysis determined the following mineral composition: heulandite (85.1%), quartz (1.9%), muscovite (5.9%), albite (6.6%), orthoclase (0.6%) and calcite (0.21%). The structure was refined in the space group C2/m, with a disordered distribution of Al and Si within the tetrahedral framework. The following methods were applied: powder X-ray diffraction on a polycrystalline sample (XRPD), scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/DTG/TG).
This study investigates the biostratigraphy and depositional environment of a carbonate unit located in the upper part of the Tanjero Formation, exposed in Khanaqa Village within the Imbrication Zone of northeastern Iraq. The unit comprises approximately three meters of massive and thick-bedded, sandy, yellowish-grey, fossiliferous limestone, with thin intercalations of marly bioclastic limestone in its lower section. Petrographic analysis, based on 18 thin sections, reveals a diverse assemblage of shallow-marine macrofossils and microfossils, including corals, rudists, various benthic foraminifera, and algae. Microfacies analysis identified three dominant microfacies, further subdivided into eight types, all characteristic of reefal environments. The benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate a Maastrichtian age for the studied deposits. Based on lithological, petrographic, and paleontological evidence, the overall characteristics of the carbonate unit are more consistent with those of the Maastrichtian Aqra Formation. The occurrence of the Aqra Formation within the upper part of the Tanjero Formation in the studied area reflects a significant sea-level change, concurrent with tectonic activity in the Tanjero Basin during the latest Cretaceous period in the Kurdistan Region of northern Iraq.
Three-dimensional (3D) modeling has become a preferred approach for acquiring high-accuracy spatial data efficiently. While terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) delivers high-quality point clouds, its cost often motivates the search for affordable alternatives. In structural geology, robust rock‐mass characterization requires geometric information from both intact rock and its discontinuities; point-cloud–based surface analysis enables estimation of key parameters such as dip and dip direction. Recent smartphones equipped with LiDAR sensors offer a low-cost means to obtain 3D point clouds suitable for such analyses. This study evaluates the capability of an iPhone Pro LiDAR scanner to acquire structural data from planar features inside a cave in southern part of Macedonia and compares the results with conventional compass measurements. It represents the next step in verification of this methodology, previously performed on various outcrops in Macedonia. The 3D point clouds were processed in CloudCompare software, and structural orientations were derived using its Virtual Compass tool. The smartphone-based measurements on a 3D point cloud using Virtual Compass, show a highly promising agreement with the geological compass data, indicating that mobile LiDAR can provide a reliable and efficient complement to traditional field methods for cave environments and similarly constrained settings.
The Sava Zone (SZ) forms a key tectonic boundary between Europe-derived and Adria-derived continental units in the central Balkans and hosts a discontinuous belt of Late Cretaceous volcanic and plutonic rocks whose geo-dynamic significance remains strongly debated. Traditional interpretations viewed this belt as the youngest remnant of the Neotethyan Ocean, implying an oceanic environment and ophiolitic affinities. However, recent studies challenge this interpretation suggesting that much of the SZ magmatism has intracontinental origins. This revised perspective indicates that these magmatic rocks may not be associated with oceanic subduction, as previously thought, but rather with the tectono‐magmatic evolution of the European (Tisza-Dacia) and Adria plates. In this review we synthesize available petrological, geochemical, and geo-chronological data from all major localities where Upper Cretaceous magmatic rocks occur along the broader area of Sava Zone. Magmatic activity, constrained to ca. 87-76 Ma, spans tholeiitic to alkaline basalts and compositionally diverse felsic rocks. Two contrasting magmatic domains are evident. Adria‐side localities host tholeiitic to transitional basalts with N- to E-MORB–like signatures derived from a relatively depleted spinel-bearing mantle. European-side occurrences contain enriched within-plate basalts and lamprophyres approaching OIB-like characteristics, requiring melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle extending into the garnet–spinel transition field. In our view, this asymmetry reflects lateral mantle heterogeneity rather than fundamentally different tectonic environments. The acidic rocks occurring within the European-affinity blocks display considerably greater diversity, including A1, A2, and S-type granitoid compositions, whereas the acidic rocks in the Dinarides (Adriatic plate) are predominantly restricted to the A2 subtype. Regionally, Sava Zone magmatism was coeval with - but genetically distinct from - the Apuseni-Banat-Timok-Sredna Gora magmatic and metallogenic belt. Whereas the latter may have formed with or without invoking an actively subducting oceanic domain (e.g., the proposed “Sava Ocean”), the Sava Zone magmas in our view reflect lithospheric thinning, transtension, and mantle upwelling driven by slab rollback. These findings indicate that the Sava Zone records the transition from subduction-driven to post-collisional tectonics during the final reorganization of the Neotethyan margin. We therefore propose redefining this system as part of the Central Balkan Late Cretaceous Magmatic Province - an intracontinental belt marking the waning stages of Tethyan closure.
Corrigendum to: The Bulog Formation in the type area (Sarajevo) and related Middle and Late Triassic open‐marine sedimentary successions in the Dinarides of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Authors: MILAN SUDAR, HANS‐JÜRGEN GAWLICK & FERID SKOPLJAK Published in: Geološki anali Balkanskoga poluostrva, VOL. 86, NO. 1 (2025), pp. 1–67 https://doi.org/10.2298/GABP241216002S For unknown reasons an old version of Figure 23 was published. An emended version of Figure 23 is provided below. There is no change in the caption of this figure. References cited are printed in the published version, Vol. 86, No. 1 (2025), pp. 1-67. Link to the corrected article 10.2298/GABP241216002S
A field structural study was performed in the Late Cretaceous Timok Magmatic Complex (TMC) basin and the underlying Lower Getic unit to improve understanding of post?Eocene tectonic evolution of the Serbian Carpathians. Our study demonstrates that Oligocene - Middle Miocene deformation is recorded in the TMC Basin, and it is characterized by strain partitioning between normal faults accommodating N-S to NW-SE extension and two distinct groups of strike-slip faults. In the central parts of the TMC basin, these structures controlled the opening of several Miocene intra-montane pullapart basins. Southwards, the fault system change to a right lateral fault with a horse-tail geometry. Our observations indicate that Oligocene - Middle Miocene structures from the TMC and neighbouring units are an integral part of the previously defined Circum-Moesian Fault System that accommodated along-strike changes in the collisional mechanics of the Carpathians.
The management of water resources is a major challenge for most of the dry land areas, as the demand for water are increasing and the quality are being compromised due to a number of natural and economic factors. Rural, periurban and urban should focus in future for decentralised wastewater treatment systems. The cluster of decentralised treatment system provide best management of wastewater in summer and winter seasons. The investment, operation and maintenance of decentralised treatment plants will provide a higher level of environment. In the selected study area Upper Ponnaiyar, water pollution issue has gotten worse recently, in order to solve the water pollution issue, building a wastewater treatment plant is a good way to treat polluted water. If the proper location for the treatment plant is not selected, then it may lead to soil degradation and groundwater pollution. This study was conducted by using GIS techniques for selecting suitable wastewater treatment plant zonation. There are seven parameters considered in the analysis consists of land use/land cover, elevation, road proximity, a slope of the ground, drainage density, geology, and soil. The weighted index overlay analyses of the final map with final weighted factor map were integrated and produced the final suitable wastewater treatment plant site map using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst tools. As a result, 73.88 km2 (6.90%), 359.55 km2 (33.59%), 441.08 km2 (41.21%), 180.71 km2 (16.88%), 15.05 km2 (1.41%) of the total study area was found to be unsuitable, low suitable, moderate suitable, high suitable and very high suitable respectively. The area of very high suitable is preferable for wastewater treatment plant sites, because of their minimum effect on the environment, public health and cost effective than other parts of the study area. Therefore, the study will help the concerned authorities to formulate their development strategies according to the selected suitable wastewater treatment plant site available to the area.
