The past year (2025) has marked the 10th anniversary of Asia-Pacific Language Variation (APLV), which started in 2015. This is a fitting time to examine how far we have come in the first ten years of APLV (2015-2024). In 2011, at the first NWAV Asia-Pacific conference, William Labov gave a plenary talk titled "Discovering the unexpected," which was published in 2015 in the first issue of APLV. Labov discussed the ongoing expansion of variationist sociolinguistics into the Asia-Pacific region, stating that "the investigation should be prepared for unexpected findings that respond to the wider range of social relations" (2015, p. 21). We anticipated gaining many important new perspectives through variationist sociolinguistic approaches in lesser studied language communities (Satyanath, Meyerhoff, & Abtahian, 2024). What have we found? Are we discovering the unexpected? Are we surprised yet? This paper examines the 77 articles published in the first ten years of APLV. <<(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)>>(sic)(sic)(APLV)(sic)(sic)2015(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(2025)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)APLV(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(2015-2024)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)2011(sic)(sic)(sic)NWAV-(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), William Labov(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)", (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)2015(sic)APLV(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)" (Labov 2015: 21).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(Satyanath, Meyerhoff & Abtahian 2024).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)?(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)?(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)?(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)77(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)APLV. [Mandarin Chinese translation by Shirley Yeh]
This article offers the first curated synthesis of sociolinguistic research on variation and change in Philippine languages. It pursues two interrelated aims: to map and evaluate the existing body of work, and to trace how the field has developed over time conceptually, methodologically, and institutionally. Drawing on a systematic review of 77 studies published up to May 2025, the analysis identifies persistent tensions between structure and meaning, production and perception, and documentation and critique, representing not just gaps in coverage but also arguably symptoms of deeper epistemological orientations. Four macro-level patterns are identified: the dominance of structuralist paradigms; a prevailing focus on intergroup rather than intraspeaker variation; and the relative neglect of perception-based methods and multilingual theory, despite their empirical relevance. From these, the article argues for a reorientation of the field, positioning Philippine cases as theoretically productive sites for rethinking language, inequality, and social meaning in postcolonial multilingual contexts. Inilalahad ng artikulong ito ang unang sintesis ng mga pag-aaral sa sosyolingguwistikong baryasyon at pagbabago sa mga wika ng Pilipinas. Mayroon itong dalawang magkaugnay na layunin: tukuyin at tasahin ang umiiral na pananaliksik, at sundan kung paano umunlad ang larangan sa paglipas ng panahon sa antas ng mga konsepto, metodo, at institusyon. Batay sa sistematikong pagsusuri sa 77 pag-aaral na nalathala hanggang Mayo 2025, tinutukoy dito ang matagal nang tensyon sa pagitan ng istruktura at kahulugan, produksiyon at persepsyon, at dokumentasyon at kritika: na hindi lamang nagpapakita ng mga puwang sa saklaw kundi maaari ring ituring na mga palatandaan ng mas malalalim na oryentasyong epistemolohikal. Apat na malalaking tema ang lumitaw: ang pag-igpaw ng mga paradigmang nakasentro sa istruktura; ang higit na pagtutok sa intergroup kaysa intraspeaker na baryasyon; at ang kapansin-pansing kakulangan sa mga metodong nakabatay sa persepsyon at sa teoryang multilingguwal, sa kabila ng malinaw na ambag ng mga ito sa empirikal na datos. Mula rito, inirerekomenda ng artikulo ang isang panibagong direksyon para sa larangan, na inilalagay ang mga kasong Pilipino bilang makabuluhang puwesto para muling pagnilayan ang wika, hindi pagkakapantay-pantay, at panlipunang kahulugan sa mga postkolonyal na multilingguwal na konteksto.
This study examines multimodal linguistic variation in the political discourse of Taiwanese legislator Pin-Yu Lai (PYL), focusing on her stylistic shifts during parliamentary interpellations. Employing both acoustic and gestural analysis, we explore her transition from a polite junior MP aligned with traditional party stances to a confrontational advocate for marginalized young voters. PYL's ascent reflects the emerging wave of "new politics," emphasizing youth engagement and transparent governance that prioritizes public interests. Our findings reveal a near-merger of alveolar-retroflex sibilant contrasts and a shift to assertive gestures, highlighting how PYL adeptly uses both linguistic and paralinguistic resources to navigate her self-positioning within the parliament, particularly regarding a controversy over the anime, comics and game (ACG) community. This research pioneers the integration of gestural analysis into studies of political linguistic variation and expands the geographic scope of field by incorporating an East Asian perspective. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(PYL)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)& ulcorner;(sic)(sic)(sic)& lrcorner;(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)& ulcorner;(sic)(sic)(sic)& lrcorner;(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)-(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(ACG)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).
The Bahnar language, a member of the Northern Bahnaric branch of the Mon-Khmer family, shows distinctive register contrasts that provide important insights into the process of registrogenesis. This paper studies register variation across three major dialects of Bahnar (spoken in B & igrave;nh & Dstrok;inh, Gia Lai and Kon Tum provinces of Vietnam) based on production acoustic data collected from 48 native speakers. The authors analyze several phonetic parameters, including fundamental frequency (F0), vowel quality, voice quality, voice onset time (VOT) and vowel duration and focus on the correlation between initial consonants and the following vowels. The findings show clear dialectal differences: B & igrave;nh & Dstrok;inh displays a particularly lower register and complex devoicing patterns in initial consonants, while Gia Lai and Kon Tum rely more on spectral and temporal cues. These patterns suggest that Bahnar is experiencing transphonologization, with registers compensating for the weakening of initial consonant voicing. Beyond collecting regional variation data, the paper also explores sociophonetic variation. It contributes to the understanding of the phonetic mechanisms that drive registrogenesis in Austroasiatic languages and highlights the role of social factors in influencing Bahnar phonology.
This paper presents a sociophonetic investigation of a contested aspect of Assamese vowel phonology, focusing on the mid front vowel space. Drawing on data from the newly developed COCAS corpus, the study investigates whether there is empirical evidence for the proposed two-way phonemic contrast (/e/ and /epsilon/), or whether mid front vowels are better understood as variable realizations of a single phoneme, and if so, whether such realizations are consistent across all contexts. Findings suggest that Assamese has a single mid front vowel phoneme /epsilon/, with systematic phonetic variation shaped by lexical history, speech style (spontaneous vs. controlled speech), and sociolinguistic ecology. These results challenge standard-based and ahistorical descriptions in earlier analyses, and underscore the importance of sociolinguistically grounded approach, with implications for sociolinguistic accounts of vowel variation in contact ecology.
This study examines path encoding in motion event expression in Cantonese spoken in Toronto and Hong Kong using a comparative variationist methodology informed by motion event typology. It investigates the linguistic and social factors relevant to variation in directional self-motion event expression in Cantonese as spoken by two generations of speakers in Toronto and homeland speakers in Hong Kong. All relevant examples of self-motion event descriptions found in the spontaneous speech of 23 speakers in sociolinguistic interviews from the Heritage Language Documentation Corpus are compared intergenerationally and diatopically. The results suggest stable variation in Hong Kong but change in Toronto. Changes in Toronto are best explained as language-internal change following universal principles rather than simplification or contact with English. This study contributes to literature on the effect of language contact on motion event expression in multilinguals, while also highlighting the importance of considering first-generation immigrants as the baseline for second-generation speakers in addition to homeland speakers. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)& ulcorner;(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)& lrcorner;(Heritage Language Documentation Corpus) 23(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic);(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).
This paper calls for rethinking not only studies in the Philippines but also, from them, the premises of variationist sociolinguistics. Through a grounded-theoretic thematic analysis of 77 sociolinguistic studies, it identifies seven patterns shaped by postcolonialism. Key findings show that degree of language contact does not automatically determine the social salience of differences and that most studies depart from “canonical” methodologies, prioritizing multilingualism and (post-) colonial histories/ideologies over “variable-rule” analyses. These findings motivate a dual framing: rethinking variation in the islands , which revisits Philippine sociolinguistic research as a collective, relational body of work that transcends disciplinary boundaries; and rethinking variation from the islands , which uses these insights to refine variationist theory to better account for postcolonial ecologies. While latter-wave variationism advances post-structural insights (e.g., emic perspectives, indexicality), Philippine sociolinguistics extends these by embedding them in multilingual, postcolonial contexts, advancing alternative epistemologies that position these settings as generative sites for theorizing variation itself.
The sociolinguistic realities of multilingualism raise questions about the linguistic outcomes of language contact. The present study addresses this issue in the context of heritage languages. It investigates whether the relative backness of /u/ in Heritage Tagalog exhibits crosslinguistic influence from English. Over 1600 tokens of Tagalog /u/ were extracted from spontaneous speech of two generations of heritage speakers in Toronto and two groups of age-matched homeland speakers in Manila. A multivariate analysis of linguistic and social factors shows lack of an apparent time change in Toronto and in Manila: /u/ is realized in the back periphery of the vowel space; though some degree of fronting in both varieties is evident, this is attributable to coarticulation and speech rate. The study demonstrates that Tagalog /u/ in Toronto shares the same variable system as in Manila, and properties of the linguistic system can remain stable in the face of contact.
Discourse Markers (DMs) are particularly susceptible to borrowing between languages and several approaches can provide a framework to analyse speech in multilingual contexts. This paper examines a structural and a pragmatic-functional perspective: Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model and Matras’ Pragmatic-Functional (PF) perspective. It considers how DMs fit into these approaches and how they deal with code-switching in Kreol Morisien-French multilingual conversations. As it is rare to consider the same linguistic data from these different linguistic perspectives, this paper explores whether they are competing models or may offer complementary perspectives. MLF sees languages as distinct entities which are switched between, while PF involves context-appropriate selection of components from a complex repertoire. Matras’ pragmatic-dominance hypothesis is also explored through correlations with language use. Although the approaches emphasise different aspects of multilingual speech, it is concluded that together they can offer complementary perspectives on Mauritian discourse, despite being conceptually difficult to reconcile.
This study reports on variation in final [-a] similar to [-e] in Jakarta Indonesian (JI), a new urban variety of Indonesian that emerged from contact between Standard Indonesian (SI) and Betawi, a variety of Malay spoken in the capital of Indonesia. The study incorporates both apparent- and real-time approaches to examining change in this variable, using two large-scale naturalistic speech corpora from three generations of speakers. In the examination of this variable over time, we find that the standard SI form is now predominant in colloquial JI, a change that was led by women and speakers with higher educational backgrounds. The study provides insight into the development of a new language variety within a multilingual environment.
In this study, we investigate an apparent discourse-based alternation between monosyllabic and disyllabic word-forms in Moklen, an Austronesian language spoken in Thailand. We explore whether factors of information structure condition the variable elision of the first syllable of certain disyllabic lexemes. Data was obtained through the implementation of a picture-based field stimulus to elicit a range of lexical material within narrow discourse contexts. Our results reveal that no single information status category (e.g., “given” or “new”) accounted for use of monosyllabic alternants overall. Applying a “bottom-up” approach to the study of information structure ( Matić, 2022 ; Ozerov, 2018 ), we propose a shift to “topics” — information conveyed as mutual knowledge ( Masia, 2022 ) — as one possible account for the observed changes in Moklen word-form. More generally, our study shows how information structure processes have the potential to contribute to contextual alternation between monosyllabic and disyllabic word-forms, a matter with implications for broader historical changes in word-form.
Sociolinguists have grappled with how speakers of different genders use linguistic variables differentially to constitute their identities. Two seemingly-conflicting generalisations have emerged, referred to as the gender paradox. Women at once maintain standard forms which are overtly-discussed and positively-evaluated; yet lead change in non-standard forms which are below the level of consciousness. These trends are relatively robust in cases of language-internal change in Western societies but less so in non-Western societies and situations of language contact. This paper examines the role of gender in a north Australian Indigenous community where there is a shift underway from Gurindji to Kriol. The dataset consists of 185 variables used by 78 speakers across three generations. Here we examine the results of the application of the BayesVarbrul to the dataset which suggest that women tend to be more conservative than men in retaining Gurindji variants, despite a more general shift to Kriol.
This study reports on variation in final [‑a] ~ [‑e] in Jakarta Indonesian (JI), a new urban variety of Indonesian that emerged from contact between Standard Indonesian (SI) and Betawi, a variety of Malay spoken in the capital of Indonesia. The study incorporates both apparent- and real-time approaches to examining change in this variable, using two large-scale naturalistic speech corpora from three generations of speakers. In the examination of this variable over time, we find that the standard SI form is now predominant in colloquial JI, a change that was led by women and speakers with higher educational backgrounds. The study provides insight into the development of a new language variety within a multilingual environment.
Abstract This paper explores an emerging Brazilian Portuguese koiné spoken among Brazilian-dominant Latin American immigrants in Japan’s Greater Tokyo Area. It examines Strong-R (onset /r/) realizations by 79 speakers in the context of dialect and language contact within the diasporic setting. The results highlight (a) levelling and focussing towards [h] as a result of koineization and (b) early stages of the adoption of [ɸ], a xenolectal feature, resulting from contact with Japanese. The external and internal motivations for change towards [h] are identified as local and supralocal levelling and drift. The transition to [ɸ], and its linguistic and social embedding, are discussed in terms of acquisition order, the structure of the Japanese kana syllabary, and speakers’ social networks. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for koiné genesis of input dialects, ongoing language change in the homeland, the social meaning of variants in both pre- and post-contact societies, and speakers’ social networks and mobilities.
How are honorifics, which are socially meaningful and socially conditioned, acquired, when their appearance in child-directed speech cannot replicate their use in adult-directed speech? In this paper, we conduct corpus and experimental studies aimed at characterizing the use of honorifics in child-directed speech in Korean. We find that the addressee honorific -yo is present at notable rates in child-directed speech, although the use of -yo in child-directed utterances is rated less natural than its absence. We further find that while -yo is given lower ratings for the presence of relevant social meanings when in child-directed speech compared to adult-directed speech, the use of -yo in child-directed speech is still significantly associated with these meanings. This suggests that while the presence of honorifics in child-directed speech is somewhat unexpected, such uses of honorifics nonetheless carry relevant information about the social meaning of honorifics. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)? (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic). (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) '(sic)'(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) '(sic)'(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic), '(sic)'(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) '(sic)' (sic)(sic) (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).
Within sociolinguistic research on English variation, Asian and Pacific Islander North Americans (APINAs) are frequently described as an "understudied population" due to the relative lack of published studies that analyze these speakers or communities. This structured literature review systematically characterizes the state of the field from a variationist perspective. We find that while studies on APINAs have become more common in the last decade, different groups are represented unevenly in the existing literature; for example, East Asian groups are commonly represented in the literature in contrast to South Asian groups. Furthermore, the vast majority of variationist studies analyze phonetic and phonological variation, with a theoretical focus on identifying participation in race-based varieties (ethnolects/raciolects) or in sound changes of the "majority" population, rather than using the inherent diversity of APINA groups to bring attention to how race and ethnicity are being used in Sociolinguistics. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)APINAs(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) "(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)", (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic) APINA (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic); (sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)ethnolects/raciolects(sic)"(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)APINA(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)
This paper explores an emerging Brazilian Portuguese koin & eacute; spoken among Brazilian-dominant Latin American immigrants in Japan's Greater Tokyo Area. It examines Strong-R (onset /r/) realizations by 79 speakers in the context of dialect and language contact within the diasporic setting. The results highlight (a) levelling and focussing towards [h] as a result of koineization and (b) early stages of the adoption of [phi], a xenolectal feature, resulting from contact with Japanese. The external and internal motivations for change towards [h] are identified as local and supralocal levelling and drift. The transition to [phi], and its linguistic and social embedding, are discussed in terms of acquisition order, the structure of the Japanese kana syllabary, and speakers' social networks. The conclusion emphasizes the importance for koin & eacute; genesis of input dialects, ongoing language change in the homeland, the social meaning of variants in both pre- and post-contact societies, and speakers' social networks and mobilities.
Abstract The term aegyo refers to a cute style of speech in Korean with numerous reported phonetic correlates. One of these is obstruent fortition (OF). The present study examines the gender and age effects of OF across 21 romantic couples and across eight mock situations (date, workplace, family, comfort, date-planning, request, expression of love). Results revealed a significant interaction between performance of aegyo and age, such that younger participants exhibited higher rates of OF when performing aegyo than when not performing aegyo, whereas older participants did not. Results also revealed a gender effect such that women employed more OF than men, and a situation effect such that OF was more likely to occur in romantic situations, suggesting its indexicality of romantic intimacy.
