Kitaibelia

In this paper, we report our floristic observations collected from gravel pits in the Sajó–Hernád Plain (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Northeast Hungary). We present a total of 101 occurrence data from 13 pits, belonging to 45 vascular plant species and one hybrid. Most of the observations come from abandoned mines, but we also describe occurrences from actively mined areas. Ten of the presented species are new to the flora of the micro-region (Cyperus flavescens, Dysphania botrys, Helminthotheca echioides, Hippophae rhamnoides, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Ranunculus circinatus, Solanum lycopersicum, Spergularia rubra, Thymelaea passerina, Zannichellia palustris). Some of the species listed in the enumeration are taxa for which data are scarce even at the national level (e.g., Bolboschoenus laticarpus, B. planiculmis, Utricularia ×neglecta). We report some recent occurrences of invasive alien species (Erechtites hieraciifolia, Symphyotrichum ciliatum, S. novi-belgii), we provide data on common or sporadic aquatic plant species for which available data are scarce (Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum spicatum, Nuphar lutea, Potamogeton spp.), and we describe some new localities of species for which previous data – concerning the micro-region – came exclusively from gravel pits (e.g., Carex secalina, Cyperus glomeratus, Gnaphalium luteoalbum, Najas minor, Typha laxmannii). We discuss our results in the concluding section of the paper, taking into account previous floristic data as well.

This paper reports floristic data collected between 2013 and 2025 on the occurrences of 45 weed species (including 13 red-listed species) in Transdanubia (Western Hungary). Most of the data originate from phacelia and annual legume crop fields. The article mainly focuses on rare arable weeds (e.g., Adonis flammea, Agrostemma githago, Bifora radians, Galium tricornutum, Herniaria hirsuta, Misopates orontium, Neslia paniculata, Nicandra physalodes, Papaver argemone, Scandix pecten-veneris, Thesium dollineri); however, current information about the spread of certain weed species (e.g., Erigeron bonariensis, Lepidium densiflorum, Plantago coronopus, Torilis nodosa) is also documented. One of the most remarkable findings is the occurrence of Medicago polymorpha in 15 Persian clover fields in the Little Hungarian Plain.

So far Parmelia submontane Hale, considered a Mediterranean species of humid montane for­ests, had only four collected specimens from Hungary. A recent revision of a misidentified specimen collected in 1974 proved its existence in the Mátra Mts and further four collections from years 2024 and 2025 confirmed presence of the species here. Our findings are in line with a spreading trend of the species across Europe in last decades and as well as with recent collections from a number of Hungari­an landscapes.

The article presents the most interesting data on 12 lichen species and 62 lichenicolous microfungi collected by the author in Hungary in recent years. Among the lichens, Absconditella trivialis and Vezdaea acicularis are reported first time in Hungary. Among the lichenicolous fungi, Dacampia cladoniicola, Libertiella malmedyensis, Lichenohendersonia varians, Microcera physciae, Polycoccum peltigerae, Pronectria dealbans, Pyrenidium actinellum, Stigmidium fuscatae, S. mycobilimbiae, S. squamarinicola, Trichonectria hirta, Xenonectriella physciacearum, and Zyzygomyces physconiae are also new to the country. Of particular significance is the discovery of four new populations of the basidiolichen Lichenomphalia meridionalis, which until now had only been recorded once in Central Europe, in the Transdanubian Mountains. Also noteworthy is the new occurrence of Gyalidea asteriscus, a steppe lichen species associated with open loess surfaces and loess walls, in Gerecse, as well as the discovery of the arctic-alpine to boreal-montane lichen Lecidea berengeriana at two locations in Bükk Mts.

Before the nineteenth century, a substantial portion of the Hungarian Great Plain consisted of seasonally or permanently waterlogged habitats, which underwent radical transformation following large-scale water regulation interventions in the Tisza Valley. As a result, extensive wetlands were converted into arable land, causing a major loss of natural vegetation. We surveyed the Eastern (Ke­leti), Western (Nyugati), and Nagykunság Irrigation Main Canals and selected tributaries to map the distribution of six native wetland species (Carex pseudocyperus, Nymphaea alba, Nymphoides peltata, Trapa natans, Salvinia natans, and Stratiotes aloides). Field surveys were conducted in summer 2022 along the full length of the main canals using 50-m transects spaced ~300–900 m apart (depending on accessibility and vegetation visibility); all sampling locations were recorded in WGS84. To evaluate the potential contribution of water flow to dispersal, we (i) counted drifting individuals of three predomi­nantly free-floating species (S. natans, T. natans and S. aloides) during 60-min observation periods at 26 sites, and (ii) measured surface drift velocity at 24 bridges using 20-cm Phragmites stem fragments (10 replicates per site). All six target species occurred along the Western Main Canal, five along the Eastern Main Canal and three along the Nagykunság Canal. Salvinia natans was the most widespread species, whereas Nymphaea alba was recorded only rarely; Nymphoides peltata was detected exclusively along the Western Main Canal. Surface drift velocity differed markedly among canals, with the highest mean values in the Eastern Main Canal (0.34 ± 0.18 m/s) compared with the Western (0.17 ± 0.03 m/s) and Nagykunság (0.15 ± 0.03 m/s) canals. During drift counts, S. natans was observed at all sites (often >1,000 individuals per hour), T. natans at eight sites (118 individuals in total), and S. aloides as a single drifting specimen. Based on measured drift speeds, a small free-floating macrophyte could be trans­ported up to ~29 km per day in the Eastern Main Canal; order-of-magnitude extrapolations from hour­ly counts suggest that millions of individuals, particularly S. natans, may be dispersed downstream during the summer vegetation period. Our results indicate that irrigation canals can support native aquatic plant populations and may facilitate downstream dispersal in the Great Plain, highlighting their potential conservation value in an otherwise habitat-poor agricultural landscape.

The searush (Juncus maritimus Lam.) is a coastal halophyte of Eurasia, with a few isolated interior occurrences in Europe. In the Pannonian Basin, the species was found in the 1920s on the shores of Balaton and Fertő Lakes. In one of its distribution hotspots, the Balaton region, the rapid wetland deterioration calls for an up-to-date assessment of its existing populations. In this study, we document the coenological relations of J. maritimus stands based on recent relevés, assess the state of its popula­tions, and evaluate their vegetation changes between 2015 and 2024. We confirmed the occurrence of J. maritimus in eight localities. The majority of relevés with J. maritimus correspond with the Scorzonero parviflorae-Juncetum gerardii association, sporadically with the Astereto pannonici-Schoenetum nigri­canti. Our phytosociological survey repeated after a decade revealed a lower number of wetland and halophyt­ic specialists, together with J. maritimus, and an expansion of Cladium mariscus and Solidago gigantea. The fragmented salt marshes and fen meadows where searush occurs are more threatened than the species itself, thanks to its ability to establish on new sites. Nevertheless, the po­tential habitats are con­stantly diminishing by construction, massive tourism development and second­ary succession. Moreover, increasing droughts in recent years have even more accelerated the desicca­tion of wet habi­tats.

In this paper, we present plant occurrence data from ancient burial mounds, located in the Danube–Tisza Interfluve (Praematricum and Colocense) and in the Trans-Tisza region (Crisicum), Hungary. We report data on 45 vascular plant species and one fungus (Morchella steppicola) from a total of 109 mounds. Of the species presented, 13 taxa are protected in Hungary, some of which are not rare in the study region (e.g. Aster sedifolius, Astragalus asper, Linaria biebersteinii, and Ornithogalum brevistylum). We present new occurrence records of some spreading annual species (e.g. Aegilops cylindrica, Crepis pulchra, and Trifolium diffusum), as well as data on some species that have not been previously reported from mounds (e.g. Agrostemma githago, Chaerophyllum bulbosum, and Dryopteris filix-mas), and we also publish the occurrences of an alien species (Lolium multiflorum) on burial mounds. In terms of plant biogeography, the occurrence of Orobanche reticulata in Kengyel and Oxytro­pis pilosa in Tömörkény is considered an especially important data.

Based on the data collected between 2015 and 2023, we present a detailed account of the occurrences and current distribution of Viscum album subsp. austriacum in Hungary. We present its fre­quency and abundance, and also examine the factors influencing its distribution and prevalence. The taxon is generally widespread in the western half of Western Transdanubia, where it is a characteristic (and partially native) element of the mixed pine forests of the Vendvidék, Felső-Őrség, Kőszeg Hills, and the Pinka Plain. Its occurrence has been confirmed in almost all (older) Scots pine and black pine stands of the Sopron Hills, where it has become a mass pest in several locations. Based on our studies, the current distri­bution of the taxon in Southwestern Transdanubia follows the border of the native distribution of Scots pine, but in the Kemeneshát and the Sopron–Vas Plain, the regional boundary extends 10–25 km beyond it. The frequency of pine mistletoe within the subcompartments was highest in mixed coniferous stands. We also recorded a mass infection that played a significant role in the degradation of the stands. The notable increase in the number of occurrences can be explained by the significant under-mapping of the taxon to date, as well as its documented spread throughout Europe. It is also assumed to be linked to the increasing­ly unfavorable health status of coniferous forests in Hungary. This process may be facilitat­ed by the fact that the resistance of Scots pine forests in both hilly and lowland regions has significantly declined due to the increasing length and frequency of drought periods. Compared to previous years, forest stands in weakened condition are more susceptible to infections by pathogenic organisms, such as mistletoe.

The western border region of Hungary, including Kőszeg and its surroundings, is a poorly documented region from an algal point of view. The first reason for this is that the major standing water bodies found here are all artificial and relatively young in age. However, in the absence of other natural water bodies, they are important as potential wetland habitats, as is the information needed to conserve them. The present paper is the first to describe the algal flora of Téglagyári-tó in Kőszeg in the context of the planned process of processing lakes and reservoirs in the area. Despite its small size and the distur­bance caused by its recreational use, Téglagyári-tó is a species-rich, highly diverse habitat in terms of algal diversity. The Chlorophyta division accounts for the majority of the species recorded, but the Charopyta, Euglenophyta and Heterocontophyta divisions also make a significant contribution. Its value is particu­larly enhanced by rare species (e.g. Stauridium privum, Cosmarium sinostegos var. obtusius), not to ment­ion the red-listed endangered species (Cosmarium anceps, Cylindrocystis brebissonii, Euastrum bidentatum, Euastrum denticulatum, Penium spirostriolatum, Staurastrum oxyacanthum, Staurastrum tetracerum). A special feature is the presence of desmids (Euastrum biverrucosum, Euastrum minimum, Staurastrum levanderi var. hollandicum), which are not yet recorded in the region, and which colonise the slightly alka­line mesotrophic environment of the lake, otherwise known from a more acidic eutrophic environment. As a curiosity, Entomoneis ornata should be mentioned, which was identified in an environment associa­ted with higher salinity waters and only moderately loaded with inorganic nutrients.

The present study discusses the community relations of the oak-ash-elm woodlands (Fraxino pannonicae-Ulmetum Soó in Aszód 1935 corr. Soó 1963) of the Middle-Tisza region based on 20 coenological recordings. This is an azonal association moderately influenced by groundwater. Its stands represent an impoverished form compared with the woodlands of the Upper-Tisza region. How­ever, its noteworthy species include the following: Acer platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, A. tataricum, Aegopodium podagraria, Arum orientale, Carduus crispus, Carex remota, C. sylvatica, Carpinus betulus, Cephalanthera longifolia, Cerasus avium, Corydalis cava, Dryopteris carthusiana, D. filix-mas, Elymus caninus, Epipactis helleborine agg., Fagus sylvatica, Gagea lutea, Hedera helix, Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. danubialis, Melica altissima, Moehringia trinervia, Myosotis sparsiflora, Neottia nidus-avis, Ornithogalum brevistylum, Padus avium, Platanthera bifolia, Ranunculus auricomus, Ribes rubrum, Stachys sylvatica, Tilia platyphyllos, T. tomentosa, Ulmus laevis, Viburnum opulus, Viola reichenbachiana stb.

Since 1988, open stands of Menyanthes trifoliata have disappeared, communities of Carex rostrata have declined, and the Sphagnum-dominated willow carr has expanded. The mire’s central asso­ciations include Caricetum rostratae, Salici cinereae–Sphagnetum recurvi sphagnetosum squar­rosi, and Calamagrosti–Salicetum cinereae. In the mainly nudum lagg zone, the following communities occur: Biden­ti–Polygonetum hydropiperis, Bidenti–Polygonetum hydropiperis urticetosum dioicae, Cari­cetum acutifor­mis, Juncetum effusi, Glycerietum maximae, and a community dominated by Poa nemora­lis. We recorded 77 vascular plant species, 62 of which were new to the site. Rare species have declined in number: Menyant­hes trifoliata and Cicuta virosa are now absent, and of the former eight Sphagnum species, only Sphagnum squarrosum remains. The original Salici cinereae–Sphagnetum recurvi sphagne­tosum recurvi subassociati­on transitioned into Salici cinereae–Sphagnetum recurvi sphagnetosum squar­rosi after the mire remained completely dry and peat-moss-free for several years around 2000. Central communities reflect a cool, moderately acidic, oligotrophic environment with low pH and conductivity. In contrast, lagg vegetation indicates warmer, nutrient-rich, less acidic conditions. The mire’s most valuable zone is its central, Sphag­num-rich area, whose preservation depends on a natural water supply maintained by continuous forest cover in the catchment and stable or reduced large game populations.

The study reports 26 new occurrences of Dryopteris borreri (Newman) Oberh. & Tavel, a member of the Dryopteris affinis group, from the Southern Nyírség region (eastern Hungary) and a few additional records from other regions. Some morphological characteristics are also discussed that facilitate field identification. Most of the specimens were found in pine plantations, but they also occurred in oak, poplar, and black locust stands. The species was frequently associated with D. filix-mas and often grew on anthropogenically disturbed soils. In addition, new chorological records are provided for several other fern species, including Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Polystichum aculeatum, P. setiferum, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, and Cystopteris fragilis.

The paper discusses the bryophyte flora of 77 sites in the Mecsek Mountains, mainly in deeper valleys. It includes species that are new to the area’s flora and/or endangered in Hungary, as well as mosses that have become more widespread or locally abundant compared to data from 1968 and 1983. The names of the locations, their geographical centers (centroids), and the grid unit IDs of the Hungarian Flora Mapping Programme (HFMP), where the sites are located, are listed and refer­enced according to their number in the list. Some of the species are national rarities, such as Scleropo­dium touretii, newly recorded in the Mecsek in 2023. Its second known occurrence in Hungary is re­ported in the Enumeration. We detail the occurrences of several species new to South Transdanubia, including Dicranum spurium, Diplophyllum albicans, Hypnum jutlandicum, Isothecium myosuroides, Kindbergia praelonga, Rhynchostegiella curviseta, Riccardia palmata, and Sciuro-hypnum plumosum. Additionally, species newly recorded from the Mecsek Mountains include Fontinalis antipyretica, Lepto­don smithii, Plagiomnium ellipticum, Pseudocampylium radicale, and Tortula brevissima. For two taxa, we present data of importance not only for the Mecsek, but also for the North-Hungarian Mts: Riccardia palmata, new for the Tornai-karszt, and Dicranum spurium, for which we confirm a very old record in the Zemplén Mts. We also note the widespread, sometimes massive occurrence of some aquatic and subaquatic mosses, e.g. Rhynchostegiella teneriffae, Hygrohypnum luridum, which have been recorded only once in the mountains in the last 50 years. The taxonomically uncertain Hygroamblystegium fluvia­tile with similar habitat requirements can now be found widely throughout the mountains. New popu­lations of Palustriella commutata, considered endangered and declining in the country, have been found in the Mecsek. The expansion of (sub-)aquatic species is particularly surprising in the light of recent hydroecological studies indicating that the streams in the Mecsek are drying up. The situation is similar regarding Rhynchostegium rotundifolium, previously thought to be a Tilio-Acerion (slope and ravine forest) species, which is legally protected in Hungary and only had one record from the Mecsek in the last century. This forest species is now found in peri-urban, sub-urban, slightly to moderately disturbed and secondary habitats throughout the mountains. Similar to its preference in Germany, outside of semi-natural habitats it occurs mainly on built structures in forest edges, ruins, abandoned mine sites, often in stands mixed with black locust and contaminated with litter. Microeurhynchium pumilum, which prefers sub-Mediterranean and sub-Atlantic climate, shady and humid habitats, has become one of the most widespread and abundant forest bryophytes in the Mecsek, in contrast to its few records 60 years ago. Half (50%) of the new mosses in the flora of the Mecsek can be connected to the cooler bore­al biome, while 21% is associated with the milder Mediterranean-Atlantic biome. The average of MAT (mean annual daily mean air temperatures averaged over one year) and MAP (accumulated precipita­tion amount over one year) of the 14 new species according to BET (Bryophytes of Europe Traits) indi­cates areas with much lower temperatures (7.7°C) than in Hungary, but with precipitation conditions (749 mm) similar to those in the Mecsek. The vast majority of the new species are extremely rare in Hungary, and are inconsistent with current climate warming trends. In contrast to the mosses with striking increase in records, the detection of new species is likely due to chance, in addition to system­atic research at finer spatial scales, rather than to local expansion of the species. However, in the case of expanding and abundant species, it is still an open question whether their dynamics compared to 40-60 year old references are apparent or real: the result of sampling bias in previous surveys or a conse­quence of climate change. In any case, the abundance of the above mentioned bryophytes in the Mecsek is not consistent with their current Hungarian Red List threat classification, and this cannot be attribut­ed to changes in definitions since 2010. The detected distribution and abundance, as well as the in­crease in the number of new species in the country within a decade, highlights the need for an updated Red List of Hungarian bryophytes.

This paper presents significant floristic records from recent years in the northern part of Pest County and the western part of Nógrád County. The 100 occurrences represent 54 species, of which three are pteridophytes and 51 are flowering plants. The occurrences are new at least at the microre­gional level or, in some cases, confirm old or uncertain records. Fifteen species are newly recorded or have significant new data for the North Hungarian Mountains. Most of the species are aliens or native plants showing secondary spread along roads. For several of them, a northward expansion of their distribution in Hungary has been identified.

Previously unknown occurrences of Buglossoides rochelii (Friv.) Stoyanov, Mátis & Sennikov (≡ Lithospermum rochelii Friv.) have been identified in the Pannonian Plain, based on field investigations and a critical revision of the genus Buglossoides in the major herbarium collections of Hungary and Serbia. In both its eastern range and the Pannonian Basin, the species predominantly occurs as a psammophyte. This paper summarizes its historical distribution in Hungary and Serbia, and provides new data on the current status of its habitats and populations in Serbia.

In the second part of our series providing data on alien plant species in Hungary, we add­ress taxa belonging to the families Cabombaceae, Brassicaceae, Rubiaceae, Buxaceae, Violaceae and Compositae. We present new records of the distribution of Cabomba caroliniana on the Körös Plain: along the Élővíz Canal between the towns of Békés and Békéscsaba the species was found at 17 sites, covering a total area of more than 630 m² in slightly alkaline, low-conductivity water that remains unfrozen in winter. In Szentendre, we document a transient escape of Isatis tinctoria and several popu­lations of Rubia tinctorum, some of which can be traced back to former cultivation. We report the first extra-garden, woodland occurrence of Pachysandra terminalis in Hungary and relate it to the dumping of green waste. We clarify the status of Viola prionantha in the Hungarian flora and list numerous oc­currences mainly associated with urban pavements, parks and cemeteries. We detected a new occurrence of the Atlantic halophyte Cochlearia danica on the Great Hungarian Plain, near Karcag, along the Main Road 4. Finally, we describe the first Hungarian record of Symphyotrichum squamatum from pioneer silt surfaces along a canal near Szeged, highlighting its potential invasive role.

In this compilation we present the first occurrences of 22 vascular plant species not previ­ously documented from the territory of Hungary. Fifteen of the species are casuals, while seven of them are already naturalised, at least locally. We report the mass appearance and naturalization of Sagina maritima and the emergence of Carduus pycnocephalus along roadsides, single sites of Chaenorhinum litorale and Solanum elaeagnifolium near railway lines, and the localities of Lepidium latifolium and Sisymbrium volgense in various disturbed habitats, and some occurrences of Acalypha virginica in ur­ban environments. The first record of Bacopa rotundifolia is from a rice field, while that of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides is from an urban lawn, and Senna tora occurred on construction debris. Among the spe­cies that appeared spontaneously as a result of earlier planting, Celastrus orbiculatus forms a natural­ized population in a tree plantation, Hygrophila triflora and Pontederia cordata are present in artificial canals and lakes, and Cenchus longisetus has become naturalised and is spreading along the banks of the Danube in Szentendre. Most other species are associated with trampled or heavily disturbed habi­tats in built-up areas (pavement edges, fences, ruderal areas). Alnus cordata, Eryobotria japonica, Euon­ymus alatus, Paxistima canbyi, Pistacia terebinthus and Solanum pseudocapsicum are present as casuals, while Viola palmata has become naturalised in built-up environments. The naturalisation process of Allium aflatunense on a private property has also been documented.

In the second part of this article series, which provides data contributing to the knowledge of native plant species of the Pannonian Ecoregion, we address rare species – mostly legally protected in Hungary – belonging to the families Cephaloziaceae, Athyriaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Cystopteridaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Elatinaceae, Apiaceae, Orobanchaceae, Liliaceae, and Orchi­da­ceae. We report the current occurrence of Nowellia curvifolia in the Sub-Pannonian region of Slove­nia. We present an exceptionally species-rich habitat for ferns (Athyrium filix-femina, Dryopteris carthu­siana, D. dilatata, D. filix-mas, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Polystichum aculeatum) from the ‘Borsodi ártér’ micro­region. We provide data on the stands of Thelypteris palustris observed along the main irrigation canals of ‘Tiszántúl’ region. We publish new occurrence records contributing to the Hungari­an distribution of Aethionema saxatile, Crataegus nigra, Elatine hungarica, Sium sisarum, Orobanche hederae, Himantoglos­sum adriaticum, Epipactis placentina, E. exilis, E. pseudopurpurata, and E. micro­phylla, as well as to the appearance of Helosciadium repens in urbanized environment. Gagea spathacea and G. bohemica are newly recorded for the Zemplén Mts; Epipactis nordeniorum and Epipogium aphyl­lum are new for the flora of the Mátra Mts; and Himantoglossum calcaratum is newly recorded for Hun­gary. We also present spontaneous establishment of several orchid species in the courtyard of a sec­ondary school in Veszprém. Additionally, we report on the pollinating insects observed on the flowers of Sternbergia colchiciflora. Two previously misreported records are also corrected.

This article summarizes the recent occurrences of taxa of the C. brutia complex in Hungary. Formerly, C. hamulata was known from Hungary based on a specimen of uncertain origin from Vas County. The first confirmed record of the species date back to 2014, since then it has been found from from a total of 4 localities in streams in Western Transdanubia and along the Danube. The first detec­tion of C. brutia subsp. brutia was in 2016 in the Kunkápolnás marsh of the Hortobágy region, and since then the subspecies has been spreading in the area. The subsp. naftolsky was found in 2024 in a terres­trial form in a saltwater marsh in the Dél-Tiszántúl region. While C. hamulata is probably a native member of the Hungarian flora, the two subspecies of C. brutia may have colonised more recently, probably introduced by birds. Their colonisation may be related to the ongoing climate change, which has resulted in the introduction of plants from the Mediterranean region, often by natural means.

In this paper, we present the new occurrence of two grass species previously unknown in the flora of Hungary and one grass species for which we have only one historical record. Panicum schinzii Hack. is an annual species from South Africa, Paspalum dilatatum Poir. is a perennial species originating from South America, and Phalaris aquatica L. is also a perennial taxon native to the Mediterranean. The only well-developed individual of Panicum schinzii was found on a gravel reef of the Rába river in Western Hungary, while the two newly observed perennial grass species appeared in the Great Hungarian Plain: a single individual of Paspalum dilatatum was observed in a suburban environment on the southern edge of the town of Soltvadkert, while a small population of Phalaris aquatica occurs along a highway near Szeged. In this paper, we describe the European dis­tribution and habitat preference of these three species, we assess their invasion potential and we fit them into the Hungarian dichotomous key of vascular plants. Although we cannot state with certainty that the specimens of Panicum schinzii, Paspalum dilatatum and Phalaris aquatica we report here are the first ones that have ever appeared in Hungary, but their localities and the numbers of individuals suggest that they have entered the country very recently. The annual Panicum schinzii certainly arrived to Hungary naturally by the river Rába, while the perennial Paspalum dilatatum and Phalaris aquatica are more likely to have been introduced by human activities, but both inadvertently. Paspalum dilata­tum arrived to its site near Soltvadkert by accident, in the form of propagules in some intentionally sown seed mixture. The fact that all three species are considered in some countries to be invasive or at least problematic species is a cause for concern.