Disasters require timely and informed responses, and social media platforms like Twitter (now X) have become vital sources of real-time information. Unimodal methods rely on a single data source that leverages either text or visual modalities, resulting in incomplete situational awareness. However, tweets often contain noisy, brief, and embedded image information, making classification a challenging task. To effectively harness textual and visual modalities, we propose a cascaded attention-based multimodal framework that improves the precision and relevance of disaster-related insights. The model employs a dual-stream architecture that separately encodes textual and visual features, followed by a cascaded attention mechanism that dynamically refines and fuses modality-specific information. Our approach leverages both intra-modal attention to highlight informative features within each modality and inter-modal attention to align and fuse complementary semantics across text and visuals. Experiments conducted on the benchmark disaster tweet dataset demonstrate that the proposed framework significantly outperforms existing unimodal and multimodal baselines in terms of accuracy and robustness. The proposed framework primarily contributes to research in multimodal disaster analysis. It can be integrated into social media monitoring and decision-support systems used by humanitarian organizations, emergency management agencies, and public safety authorities to enhance situational awareness and support faster, more informed crisis response.
Waterlogged farmers struggle with multiple issues, including unstable income sources, difficulty fulfilling family needs, and social insecurity. These Pressures can erode social ties and reduce participation in community life, with implications for social health. This study explores the influence of farmers’ yard waterlogging and displacement from their houses on their social health, operationalized through social participation and social support. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted with 480 randomly selected waterlogged farmers between February and May 2023. Social participation and social support were measured using 4-point scales, non-parametric and regression techniques. Most respondents reported waterlogging, while a smaller proportion had been displaced from their houses. Overall, social participation during waterlogging was low, especially for activities such as volunteering and solving social problems, whereas perceived social support from family members was consistently high. Yard waterlogging was associated with slightly higher support but only modest differences in participation, while displacement from houses was associated with lower levels of social participation and no corresponding gains in support, highlighting contrasting effects on farmers’ social health. Local, community, and national disaster management committees can strengthen farmers’ social health by supporting opportunities for meaningful social participation, ensuring targeted assistance for displaced households, and enhancing early warning and waterlogging mitigation measures.
Human activities and climate change increasingly affect the dynamics of rivers and reservoirs, heightening the risks of floods and water shortages. Ensuring that water systems remain functional during extreme floods and shortages is central to risk reduction and water security. In the Bogotá River Basin, the performance of hydric infrastructure and operating rules under severe droughts and floods remains insufficiently understood. Here, we assessed the robustness and resilience of the Bogotá River Basin’s hydric infrastructure under extreme climate scenarios. Focusing on minimizing flood areas and meeting water demand, we developed a multi-objective linear programming model that integrates the operation of reservoirs, sub-basins, and monitoring stations. Using metrics such as average flood duration, reservoir utilization and water-supply reliability, we quantified system performance and identified hydrological units and stations where risks concentrate. The analysis reveals trade-offs between reducing flooded areas and maintaining water demand fulfillment and shows how targeted changes in operating rules and transfer capacity could enhance robustness and resilience. The evidence supports local environmental and water management institutions in designing operational protocols and contingency plans. It also illustrates how robustness and resilience metrics derived from optimization models can support decision making for climate adaptation and water security planning in similar basins.
Disaster-prone areas are geographically, environmentally, or climatically vulnerable to natural disasters and require strong preparedness and adaptation. Collaboration, indigenous knowledge, and resource mobilization help communities recover and rebuild after crises, reducing vulnerability. This study investigates the catastrophic landslide in Wayanad, Kerala, in July 2024, to analyze governmental inadequacies in disaster preparedness and the notable resilience strategies exhibited by the local community. The landslide, intensified by unregulated development in ecologically vulnerable areas, underscores the failure to execute essential environmental recommendations, including those specified in the Madhav Gadgil and Kasturirangan reports. Notwithstanding these challenges, the community’s swift response via local organization, resource mobilization, and local leadership was instrumental in alleviating additional losses and facilitating recovery. The research highlights the relationship among crisis management, community empowerment, and environmental sustainability in areas susceptible to disasters. This research analyzes the Wayanad disaster and proposes a model that integrates proactive policy measures with community-driven strategies to bolster resilience and diminish vulnerability in ecologically sensitive areas. The RESTORE Model Framework is a comprehensive methodology for disaster management, highlighting Resilience, Early Warning, Sustainability, and Strategic Collaboration as fundamental components. The results underscore the imperative for collaborative frameworks that incorporate government entities, local stakeholders, and environmental specialists to enhance disaster management systems.
The persistent air pollution problem in Delhi presents a major risk to people’s health, urban infrastructure, and the overall quality of life. This study critically evaluates the government’s policies and initiatives to manage and mitigate air pollution disasters in the city. Delhi and its surrounding areas suffer from severe air pollution, mainly caused by hazardous pollutants produced by transportation, traffic congestion, polluting industries, construction activities and burning of crop residues. Delhi had 209 days with good to moderate air quality (AQI 200 and below) and 157 days with poor to severe air quality (AQI 201-400 and above) in 2024. In contrast, 2023 saw 159 days fall into the poor to severe category, which was slightly higher than in 2024 (MoEFCC, 2024, December 31). Many programs have been started by the government to reduce air pollution, such as National Air Quality Index (AQI) under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. This study aims to examine the causes of air pollution and its associated health problems and to review government initiatives to control air pollution and its effects. To achieve objectives, secondary information has been collected from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), and Press Information Bureau (PIB), which have been used to analyse the Air Quality Index (AQI) data. Despite several government initiatives, air pollution in Delhi remains a serious problem for our wellbeing of living environment. The government has implemented many mitigation plans. The objectives of greening cities, along with the adoption of other sustainable practices, can substantially contribute to controlling air pollution. This study underlines the need for citizens and policymakers to take action to prevent air pollution and associated health problems and creates a healthy environment.
Climate change appears as the main threat to all dimensions of sustainable development, namely environment, economy, and society. Policy actions, in this respect, need to be undertaken to target both mitigating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, but also implementing adaptation measures. The focus of the present paper is to explore the impact of mitigation and adaptation policies, already undertaken, at various levels, in the urban context. Along this reasoning, a policy-making framework is proposed, in support of decision-making centers, in order to promote an effective resolution of the emerging conflicts between adaptation and mitigation policies, promoting at the same time, social dialogue and citizen interaction. In the first part of the paper, a short introduction on the concepts of ‘mitigation’ and ‘adaptation’ is presented, while in the second, a range of indicative synergies and conflicts of ‘adaptation’ and ‘mitigation’ policies are identified. A short description of mitigation and adaptation targets together with their respective policy measures in two Nordic cities follows in the third part. This is accompanied by an identification of the synergies and conflicts between adaptation and mitigation, taking place in the respective urban contexts. Finally, an integrated model is proposed for the selection of an optimal combination of mitigation and adaptation strategies enabling conflict resolution in similar contexts.
Disaster resilience starts where preparedness and awareness converge, giving students the skills to respond effectively to crises. This research investigates the gaps in student disaster awareness and preparedness, identifying challenges and seeking solutions to improve disaster resilience through the creation of the Integrated Student Disaster Resilience Framework (ISDRF). This qualitative research study utilizes a perspective approach drawn from a combination of literature reviews, expert analyses, and case studies to comprehensively examine resilience-building measures. Analyses show that although students are aware of disaster risks, they tend to lack hands-on response capabilities, institutional support mechanisms, collaborative partnerships for disaster preparedness, and access to localized preparedness planning. Addressing these shortcomings necessitates an integrative approach focusing on disaster education enhancement, the development of community partnerships, and the inclusion of technology-driven solutions within preparedness initiatives. This research contributes to establishing a sustainable and resilient culture, ensuring increased awareness and empowering students as responders in disaster situations.
Community empowerment plays a critical role in disaster mitigation by strengthening local knowledge, skills, and collective capacity to manage disaster risks beyond reliance on government assistance. This study aims to examine how community empowerment activities function as urban disaster mitigation practices, using Panjang Sub-district, Bandar Lampung City, as an empirical case. Specifically, the research addresses two guiding hypotheses: (1) that post-disaster community empowerment activities enhance community awareness and preparedness, and (2) that post-disaster conditions stimulate stronger participation from communities and institutions in mitigation efforts. Panjang Sub-district was selected due to its recurrent exposure to floods and landslides. Data were collected through in-depth interviews (n = 10), non-participatory field observations, and analysis of official documents, all conducted between March and June 2023 following a series of flood events in late 2022 and early 2023. Interview data were obtained from purposively selected informants representing the Regional Disaster Management Agency, local government, community leaders, and affected residents. Findings demonstrate that community empowerment in Panjang operates as a staged and conditional process, implemented through enabling, strengthening, protection, support, maintenance, and evaluation mechanisms. The study’s novelty lies in empirically showing that economic vulnerability and post-disaster livelihood insecurity shape the sequencing of empowerment, where material support and leadership legitimacy become prerequisites for effective disaster preparedness engagement. By grounding disaster mitigation analysis in clearly specified qualitative data sources, this study contributes original insights into how urban communities in disaster-prone areas co-produce preparedness through socially mediated empowerment processes.
The increasing severity of natural disasters, combined with aging and depopulation in rural Japan, has revealed critical shortcomings in current recovery frameworks. Focusing on the built environment and architectural dimensions of post-disaster recovery, this paper examines the structural, institutional, and social conditions affecting disaster recovery in Suzu City following the 2024 Noto Peninsula Earthquake. Drawing on ten days of qualitative field research conducted in March 2025, including site surveys, spatial observations, policy analysis, and semi-structured interviews with 30 residents and local stakeholders, this study investigates how temporary housing programs, geographic isolation, demographic decline, and administrative rigidity shape recovery trajectories in aging rural communities. While temporary shelter initiatives prioritize rapid deployment and uniformity, they often neglect the psychosocial needs, spatial habits, and autonomy of elderly residents. Many residents are facing layered challenges rooted in architectural deficiencies: inadequate thermal insulation, poor soundproofing, spatial inefficiencies, and a lack of secure, functional areas for daily tasks. These limitations disrupt routines, erode dignity, and delay emotional recovery, leading to prolonged displacement and deepened vulnerability. The findings reveal that administrative inflexibility, labour shortages, and logistical constraints further delayed reconstruction and reinforce patterns of social exclusion, particularly for elderly women and low-income households. In response, the study also examines grassroots recovery initiatives and assesses the viability of alternative architectural solutions, such as 3D-printed housing. Though not yet used as formal shelters, these customizable, cost-effective, and scalable models demonstrate potential for supporting localized reconstruction and economic revitalization. By centering the lived experiences of older individuals and the spatial realities of post-disaster shelter, this study redefines recovery as a socially embedded process and calls for site-sensitive, demographically responsive, and design-integrated recovery strategies.
Sustainable organizational performance is heavily reliant on employee health and safety, particularly in high-risk sectors like the mining industry, where unsafe practices can lead to catastrophic accidents and significant long-term productivity losses. Although research on psychosocial safety climate (PSC) is expanding, its underlying mechanisms remain underexplored in underrepresented contexts such as Morocco’s phosphate mining industry. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between PSC and miners’ safety behavior, specifically examining the mediating roles of learning opportunities and role ambiguity. Using a cross-sectional design, we collected data from 524 employees across three mining companies operating within the OCP Group through a structured survey. The hypothesized relationships were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The findings revealed a significant positive effect of PSC on safety behavior. Role ambiguity was negatively associated with both PSC and safety behavior, whereas learning opportunities were positively related to both PSC and safety behavior. Moreover, both learning opportunities and role ambiguity were identified as significant partial mediators in the PSC-safety behavior relationship. These results indicate that organizations can enhance safety outcomes and support sustainable safety performance by fostering a strong psychosocial safety climate characterized by clear role definitions, effective safety training, and supportive leadership.
This study investigates the current flood status in the core urban area of Can Tho City, located in the Mekong Delta (Vietnam), through the application of integrated one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic modeling. Utilizing detailed topographic data derived from LiDAR, alongside hydrological and hydraulic data including precipitation, land use, and drainage infrastructure. The research developed a comprehensive model to simulate flood inundation under various scenarios. The 1D MIKE 11 HD model was employed for the Mekong Delta region and provided boundary conditions for the more detailed 2D model of the Can Tho urban core. The 2D model, incorporated the city’s flood protection system, was calibrated and validated using historical flood data including the significant 2018 flood event. The validated model was then used to simulate flood scenarios with recurrence intervals of 5, 20, 50, and 100 years, resulting in detailed flood inundation maps. The findings provide one of the first assessments of residual flood risk following the 2023 operational launch of the Can Tho Tide Wall System. Results demonstrate that while the system mitigates tidal flooding in the protected core, significant areas, particularly in the North-West, remain highly vulnerable to deep inundation (>1.0 m) during extreme events. The study provides spatially explicit data crucial for prioritizing secondary flood defense investments and revising land-use zoning in newly identified high-risk zones.
Cyclone Idai, one of Southern Africa’s most destructive tropical storms, struck Zimbabwe’s Chimanimani region in March 2019, resulting in widespread devastation, displacement, and long-term socio-economic challenges. This study explores the challenges of post-disaster resettlement and reconstruction efforts, focusing on shelter provision, infrastructure rehabilitation, and socio-economic recovery. A qualitative ethnographic research design, incorporating field surveys, stakeholder interviews, and secondary data analysis, was employed to evaluate the effectiveness of response initiatives. The findings reveal a disconnect between emergency housing provisions and the cultural, economic, and environmental contexts of displaced communities and the associated risks. Phase 1 transitional shelters, constructed primarily from timber and corrugated metal, deteriorated rapidly due to poor thermal insulation and exposure to high humidity, necessitating reconsideration of material choices and design strategies. Phase 2 masonry-based permanent housing, while structurally sound, faced significant delays and limited community involvement, further exacerbating the vulnerabilities of the affected populations. The study also assesses the feasibility of prefabricated shelters, which, while offering rapid deployment, present financial and logistical challenges in low-income rural areas where access to industrialized materials is limited. The research highlights the importance of integrating disaster risk reduction principles with culturally appropriate and environmentally sustainable housing solutions to improve resilience and support long-term recovery. Recommendations include enhanced stakeholder collaboration, increased use of prefabricated housing, and the adoption of participatory planning frameworks that empower displaced communities in post-disaster rehabilitation. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective policies for sustainable disaster recovery in vulnerable regions.
Eastern Visayas continues to face recurring natural threats, typhoons, floods, earthquakes and landslides that disrupts schooling and place learners and educators at risk. Although the Department of Education has long introduced the School Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) program to address these hazards, many schools still struggle with its day-to-day implementation. This study takes a closer look at how hazard-prone schools in Region VIII deal with these risks by exploring the challenges they encounter, the practices they have adopted, and the strategies that appear to work in their context. Using a multiple case study design, the research involved 12 schools across the region. Participants included school heads, DRRM coordinators and several teachers who were directly involved in or familiar with DRRM activities. Data were gathered through interviews, questionnaires, and a review of school documents to capture both policy and practice. The findings indicated that while schools are making efforts to prepare for and respond to disasters, several recurring concerns impede progress. Budget limitations, uneven access to training and minimal engagement from teachers are common issues. In some cases, students and community stakeholders are present but not consistently involved in planning or drills. Despite these challenges, many schools have begun to develop localized and creative approaches that show promise in building resilience. In response to the identified gaps, the study introduces the Localized Spiral DRRM model. This framework is grounded in the experiences of the participating schools and is intended to be practical rather than theoretical. It provides a step-by-step, community -informed approach to integrating DRRM into both elementary and secondary education. With proper adoption the model aims to strengthen preparedness and promote safer, more resilient learning environments in areas where hazards are part of daily reality.
Indonesia is prominent for its resilience to natural disasters. This research aims to investigate the social resilience resulting from tsunami and its determining factors using one particular case study at Kretek Sub-District, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Based on its geological and geomorphological characteristics, Kretek Sub-District is considered potentially exposed to tsunami hazards, and a 2019 assessment classified the area particularly Mancingan and Baros villages as medium to high risk. This research collected data from 88 respondents selected through random sampling. The data collected represents indicators for livelihood assets comprising social, financial, physical, human, and natural capital and vulnerability comprising economic, physical, environmental, and social vulnerability. For the research method, a statistic-based mixed method was used to generate the asset pentagram and linear regression to predict the determining factor of resilience. The findings reveals that that the social capital was dominant asset owned by the locals, approaching 94%. This asset includes factors related to social engagement and leadership. Bonding was the primary form of social capital, involving cooperation among citizens in community services, groups, and events. The F-test results revealed that 45% of vulnerability contributed to resilience. Meanwhile, the T-test results indicated that four variables influenced the development of resilience, i.e., the number of stories, income, number of vulnerable groups within a household, and level of education.
Geographical and demographic shifts in East Kalimantan, driven by development and the establishment of the nation’s capital, have heightened the region’s susceptibility to disasters, particularly among the vulnerable population. Effective disaster management at the village level is essential to foster disaster-resilient communities and protect all population groups, including people living with disabilities. While the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) disaster risk index includes data on the ratio of people with disabilities to the population, it lacks specific details on vulnerabilities related to different types of disabilities and disasters. This study aims to assess the vulnerability of villages with people with disabilities (PWD) to floods, forest fires, and landslides in East Kalimantan. Using the 2021 Village Potential Data (PODES), we applied the district social vulnerability index (DSVI), which incorporates 36 indicators of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, to determine village vulnerability. Our analysis identified 205 out of 1,036 villages as highly vulnerable (DSVI-5). Spatial mapping revealed that villages most affected by these vulnerabilities (Group 4, which are villages with people living with disabilities and experiencing disasters) are predominantly located in West Kutai, Kutai Kartanegara, and East Kutai, with Samarinda City notably affected by landslides. These findings underscore the importance of developing disability-inclusive disaster-resilient villages (DIDRV) to mitigate disaster risks and impacts. Additionally, tailoring disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts to the specific needs of individuals with disabilities and actively involving them in the planning is crucial.
Mastery of disaster mitigation is crucial because it has been proven to minimize loss of life, especially in disaster-prone countries such as Japan and Indonesia. Although many studies discuss the impact and reconstruction after a disaster, studies that specifically explore local wisdom-based mitigation strategies and their potential to be modified in an educational context remain limited. One disaster mitigation strategy that has been proven effective in Japan is Tsunami Tendenko, which has similarities to Smong in Indonesia, both of which are rooted in local wisdom. This study aims to: (1) understand the concepts of Tsunami Tendenko and Smong as disaster mitigation strategies from global literature; and (2) describe the learning strategies used in transmitting the two concepts. A literature search was conducted on articles published between 2004 and 2025 and indexed in Scopus and Web of Science, by applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 229 articles were analyzed using a systematic approach in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The results of the study indicate that local wisdom can be utilized in disaster mitigation education through various roles, such as teaching resources, media content, collaboration materials, and the basis for policy making. Delivery strategies include oral approaches, SME products, digital games/media, simulations, arts, and educational programs. This study recommends the need for further research to deepen, refine, and optimize the role of Tsunami Tendenko and Smong in local wisdom-based disaster mitigation education.
Chimanimani District in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe is one of the most at-risk districts for cyclones due to its proximity to the Indian Ocean. Despite it being situated inland, it is one of the locations where cyclonic risk is increasing. As a result, there is a growing population to whom the phenomenon is new, and whose perception of it is not fully explored. This research explores the main modulators of cyclone risk perception in Chimanimani with the purpose of understanding how the population perceives cyclonic risk and why. This information is critical to ensuring the sustainability of cyclone risk management and mitigation programmes. Further, the paper expands the lens of analysis from Western-based modulators to those rooted in Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS). The study adopted a qualitative methodology, grounded in phenomenology, to understand the main modulators of risk perception in the study area. The findings of the research point towards two tiers of modulators – those at a micro-level (past experience, credibility of information sources, proximity to risk event, probability factor) and meso-level (visibility of government leadership, indigenous knowledge system, spirituality and religion). At a micro-level, psychological factors were observed to be dominant influencers of risk perception. At the meso-level, Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) and spirituality emerged as strong influences of cyclone risk perception. The study concludes that risk behaviour is ultimately a result of the intricate interactions between individual and societal influences of cyclone risk perception.
Loss and damage (L&D) due to climate change refer to the negative consequences and impacts, causing a wide range of adverse effects, including economic, physical, social, and environmental losses. L&D discussions include adaptation and mitigation strategies and addressing the responsibility for offering financial and technical assistance to affected communities and nations. Accurate and comprehensive estimation of loss and damage provides crucial information for effective decision-making, resource allocation, and prioritization of interventions to enhance preparedness, response, and recovery capabilities, ultimately reducing the impact of disasters and promoting sustainable development. This paper comprehensively examines loss and damage, related terminologies, and its estimation models, explicitly focusing on flood-related scenarios. The paper is structured in two segments, the first segment looks into the evolution and official acknowledgment of the phrase “loss and damage” and explores its various types, such as direct and indirect damages, economic and non-economic L&D, and the distinctions between avoided, unavoided, and unavoidable risks and impacts. Additionally, it also examines the relationship between loss and damage estimation and disaster risk reduction (DRR). The second segment focuses on different models used globally for estimating loss and damage due to flood disasters. It delves into different approaches, scales, methodologies, model development, functions, and differentiation of results for flood-induced loss and damage estimation. A comparative analysis of a total of 18 models is evaluated based on criteria like input data, spatial scale, unit of analysis, cost base, empirical validation, loss or damage functions, and economic sectors among. L&D models discussed in this paper are HAZUS-MH (United States) FLEMO (Germany), ICPR (Germany), MURL (Germany), Hydrotec (Germany), LfUG (Germany), Neubert and Thiel (Germany), MEDIS-Model (Germany), Damage Scanner (The Netherlands), Hoes and Schuurmans (The Netherlands), Rhine Atlas (Rhine Basin), The Flemish Model (Belgium), Multi-Coloured Manual (United Kingdom), The JRC Model (European Commission), Citeau (France), Anuflood (Australia), RAM (Australia), and Dutta et al. (Japan). The study discusses the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of each model, highlighting the gaps and areas for future research. Lastly, in order to better understand how the loss and damage estimation model works, the research provides a general matrix that can serve as a basis for the development of a new model.
The world has witnessed many social problems in past few decades. Violence against women and violence against nature are probably the most critical issues amongst them. Researchers are of opinion that these two are interconnected because women and children are the worst affected when natural resources like forest are devastated either due to natural or manmade calamities and all their fundamental rights are curbed. In her book ‘Theorizing Patriarchy’, Sylvia Walby calls patriarchy “a system of social structures and practices in which men dominate, oppress and exploit women” (Walby, 1990). Critical ecological problems were acknowledged and some have tried to resolve from a gender perspective. Eco-feminism is a lens through which disturbing facts were brought into the lime light. It pointed out that women and nature both are subjugated by the patriarchal societal structure. According to a World Bank-CSSS study, participative theatre in South 24 Parganas, has helped empower women and transform lives (Hindusthan Times, 25 April, 2022). The current study also attempts to establish the fact that theater is an extremely powerful communication medium and can reach thousand of hearts with ease in almost no time. The sole objective of the study is to understand what impact theatre has brought after being used as a tool in the preexisting notion of eco feminism. For this study, the researcher opted for a tribal village in Birbhum District of West Bengal, India, named ‘Bisnubati’. 40 respondents were surveyed from this village which was followed by an assessment to gauge the change in consciousness level on Eco-feminism. The result revealed that the majority of respondents agreed upon theatre being the most effective medium of creating public awareness.
