Antimicrobial resistance has become a growing global concern leading to multiple deaths yearly. In the year 2020, the world health organization (WHO 2020) estimated the number of deaths in the year 2019 were about 1.27 million due to complications directly linked to AMR. This figure is predicted to multiply by almost ten times of what it is now by the year 2050 if measures to curb the spread of AMR and understand this resistance are not properly followed. Bioinformatics is an emerging field that uses computational approaches to analyze biological data. This can be applied to understand antimicrobial resistance, identify and predict resistance genes using bioinformatics tools and approaches. The present study highlighted the Successful case studies that bioinformatics tools were used to understand and identify resistance mechanisms and the impact it had in resistance management using Google Scholar, Pubmed/Medline, and Scopus databases, genomic information services from Centre for genomic epidemiology, such as Resfinder, PlasmidFinder, SerotypeFinder and Spades. The study concluded that bioinformatics tools have been successfully used to understand and identify resistance and overall, there should be more inclusion of bioinformatics tools in the fight against antimicrobial resistance.
This study investigated the phytochemical composition, physicochemical properties, and biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Croton zambesicus leaf extracts. The plant material underwent extraction using water, ethanol, and n-hexane, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening, revealing the presence of key bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenes, tannins, and saponins. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further identified major constituents in the volatile oil. Biogenic AgNPs were synthesized using the aqueous extract, characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, and XRD techniques, which confirmed their crystalline nature and nanoscale size. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated strong inhibitory effects of the volatile oil and AgNPs, especially against Escherichia coli, while antioxidant testing revealed significant free radical scavenging activity. These findings support the potential of Croton zambesicus as a source of bioactive compounds and ecofriendly nanoparticle synthesis.
Cadmium is a major cause of nephrotoxicity and has also been linked to hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. This study investigated the ameliorative potential of methanolic extracts of R. vomitoria and A. melegueta on cadmium-induced renal toxicity. Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats weighing 180 to 200g were divided into five groups of five rats each. The first group consisted of unexposed control rats, while the second consisted of cadmium-exposed untreated rats that were orally administered 12mg/kg/bw cadmium chloride (CdCl2). The rats in groups III-V were orally exposed to CdCl2 at standard doses of 12mg/kg/bw and treated with R. vomitoria (200mg/kg/bw), A. melegueta (200mg/kg/bw), and co-administration with R. vomitoria (200mg/kg/bw) and A. melegueta (200mg/kg/bw) respectively. The rats were euthanized after 28 days and their kidneys were harvested and processed for histopathological examination, mRNA expression of TGFβ, ELISA evaluation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), tumour necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The CdCl2 exposed rats had reduced SOD, GPx levels and elevated TNF- α and IL-6 levels (P<0.05), whereas co-administration of R. vomitoria and A. melegueta ameliorated the oxidative damage, modulated TGF-β expression levels while also mitigating histological alterations associated with CdCl2 exposure. The study concluded that R. vomitoria and A. melegueta at standard doses of 200mg/kg/bw mitigate CdCl2-induced kidney toxicity in exposed rats
Despite the development of modern medicine, medicinal plants constitute a valuable resource for urban and rural populations in developing countries. The objective of this contribution is to identify the spontaneous medicinal plants most used by the population of Naâma province in traditional human medicine. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted among a sample of 140 individuals. The information collected concerned, on the one hand, the profile of the respondents and, on the other, the ethnobotanical uses of plants. The biological types of the identified plants were determined and the relative frequency of citation (RFC) was estimated to analyze theimportance of the identified plants. In total, we identified 23 species belonging to 12 families and 20 genera. The Lamiaceae (21.74 %), Fabaceae (17.39 %), and Asteraceae (13.04 %) families are the most dominant. For the biological types, phanerophytes and chamaephytes are the most used with respectively 52.18% and 43.48%. The aerial parts are the most harvested for the preparation of remedies (52.17 %), decoction is the most commonly used preparation method (65.22 %) and oral administration is the most recommended (95.65 %) Species with a high RFC are Juniperus phoenicea L., Hammada scparia (Pomel) Iljin., Pinus halepensis Mill., Atriplex halimus L., Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam., Artemisia herba-alba Asso., Pistacia atlantica Desf., Olea europaea L.
The wound-healing activity of several active substances in tomato fruit, including ascorbic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, and ferulic acid, has been proven. Presently, the wound-healing activity of tomato juice cream was measured using a newly developed calculation approach. Three cream formulations were prepared, namely F1, F2, and F3, distinguished by different juice concentrations of 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. The main components of the cream base are water, stearic acid, glycerin, cetyl alcohol, and triethanolamine. The wound-healing activity of these formulations was tested on injured guinea pig skin. Wounds were made at 6 points on each guinea pig skin to which 3 tests and 2 control formulations were applied, while the last wound was given nothing as a sick control (SC). The control formulation included negative control (F0, the cream base without tomato juice) and positive control (F+, Betadine® ointment). Two parameters of wound-healing were proposed, including inflammation-proliferation transition time (iptt) and rate constant of wound closure (k). The results of the physical characterization of creams indicated that tomato juice concentration significantly affected thespreadability (p<0.05), whereas other properties, including emulsion type, pH, and adhesivity, were similar for all formulations. The iptt (days) of SC, F0, F1, F2, F3, and F+ were 7.1, 7.1, 7.0, 6.8, 6.8, 6.0, respectively, while the k (%/day) values were 42.7, 39.4, 56.0, 59.0, 66.0, 39.1, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that based on the rate constant of wound closure, the wound-healing activity order from the best to the worst was F3, F2, F1, which was higher than the market formulation.
Nickel is a heavy metal with known neurotoxic effects, including damage to the cerebellum, a crucial brain region for motor coordination and balance. Niacinamide, a form of vitamin B3, exhibits neuroprotective properties in various neurological conditions. This study investigated the potential protective effects of niacinamide in the cerebellum of Wistar rats exposed to Nickel chloride (NiCl2). Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=8) and treated as follows: Group I – 1 mL distilled water (Control); Group II – 5 mg/kg NiCl2; Group III – 50 mg/kg Niacinamide + 5 mg/kg NiCl2; Group IV - 100 mg/kg Niacinamide + 5 mg/kg NiCl2; Group V - 50 mg/kg Niacinamide; Group VI - 100 mg/kg Niacinamide. Motor coordination and balance were assessed using neurobehavioral tests. Biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate oxidative stress markers, and histopathological examinations were conducted to assess microstructural alterations in the cerebellum of experimental rats. Also, in-silico assessments were utilized to evaluate the interaction of niacinamide withinterleukin-6. Results demonstrated that NiCl2 exposure significantly impaired motor function, increased oxidative stress, and induced microstructural alterations in the cerebellum. Pre-treatment with niacinamide significantly attenuated these deleterious effects, thus indicating neuroprotective effects. Also, niacinamide had a strong binding reaction with interleukin-6, suggesting anti-inflammatoryactivity. Altogether, this study indicates that niacinamide may be a potential therapeutic strategy for mitigating NiCl2-induced neurotoxicity
The increase in microbial resistance to antibiotics is emerging as a challenge globally in the treatment of infections. The emergence of multiple drug-resistant microbial infections has created a severe concern for public health. Phenotypic and genotypic estimation of these resistant genes will assist in mitigating measures to curb the rising incidence The aim of this study is to isolate and characterize inducible clindamycin and methicillin co-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from clinical samples phenotypical and genotypically. Clinical samplescollected from the various hospitals were cultured on mannitol salt agar, blood agar and incubated overnight at 37oC. Colonial morphology, API identification system and standard identifications including Gram stain reaction, catalase, and coagulase were used to identify the isolates. he antibiotic susceptibility and D tests were carried out on Mueller- Hinton agar using the modified Kirby-Bauer method according to the guidelines of the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). The overall occurrence of S. aureus was 75% (160/214). Multiple drug-resistant, S. aureus was 50% (81/160), methicillin resistance was 32%, (51/160), and inducible clindamycin resistance was 29.38% (47/160). The prevalence of co-resistance of inducible clindamycin and Methicillin resistance was 23.75%. The prevalence of resistance genes among the isolates with co-resistance of inducible clindamycin and methicillin resistance genes were 13.7%, 17.6, 5.9, 5.9, for Mec A, Mec C, Erm B and Erm C respectively. The highest incidence of inducible clindamycin and methicillin co-resistance was seen in urine samples. This study reveals a high level prevalence of methicillin and inducible clindamycin co- resistance among the isolates from the clinical samples studied which is a public health threat.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and oxidative stress. This study investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of D. tritapella fruit extracts using in vitro, ex vivo and in silico models. Methanol and ethylacetate extracts were prepared from dried D. tritapella fruits and evaluated for in vitro antioxidant and glucose uptake, alpha-amylase, glucosidase and trypsin inhibitory activities. The ability for the extract to prevent Fenton’s (Fe2+)- induced oxidative damage to the membrane liver was accessed. The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) identified constituents of the extract were against alpha-amylase, glucosidase, lipase DPP-4 and trypsin in silico. Both D. tritapella extracts demonstrated concentration dependent αamylase, α-glucosidase and trypsin inhibitory while the ethylacetate extracts presented lower IC50 of 19.42 ± 0.15, 21.03 ± 1.05, 34.07 ± 1.1 µg/mL. The extracts inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion (O2ˉ), hydroxyl anion (-OH) propagation and oxidatively reduced ferric ion to ferrous state in vitro. There was significant increase in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutaseand reduced glutathione level and significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the liver homogenate contents co-treatment with both extract and Fenton’s reagents (p < 0.05). Molecular docking studies revealed 1,5-Bis[4-fluorophenyl]-2,5-dihydro-2,2-imethyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-b] phenaine 4 (C48) and stigmasterol (C44), 2-(Pentafluoropropionyl) oxybenzylidene acetophenone (C49), Furazan, 3-(dimethylaminomethylenamino)-4-(1,2,4-triazol-3-yl) (C46), and 2,3-diphenylcyclopropyl) methyl phenyl sulfoxide (C34) as the top docked compounds against five target proteins. Analysis of the molecular dynamic simulations trajectories revealed that the complexes formed remained stable over the course of the simulation. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that D. tritapella fruit extracts possess promising antidiabetic and antioxidant phytocompounds that support the prospect of D. tritapella fruits extracts as therapy for T2D
Inflammation is a normal and necessary protective response to harmful stimuli such as infectious agents, antigen-antibody reactions, thermal, chemical, and physical agents, and ischemia. Most drugs used as an anti-inflammatory are analgesics- to relieve pain, because pain is a primary cause of inflammation. The effects of these drugs and their high cost limit their usage by patients, hence, the search for newer Anti-inflammatory drugs, which are relatively safe, cheap, available, and potent. The total flavonoid content, total phenolic contents and DPPH radical scavenging ability of Croton lobatus and Croton zambesicus leaves methanol extracts and solvent fractions were evaluated using standard procedure. The anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts and fractions of Croton lobatus and Croton zambesicus was accessed by in vitro RBC membrane stabilization method using standard procedure. The ethyl acetate fraction of Croton zambesicus had the highest radical scavenging property of 7.14± 0.8 µg/mL. The red blood membrane stabilizing property of the DCM fraction of Croton lobatus showed the highest value of 52.9 ± 0.1% at 0.5 µg/mL. The ability of the extracts to stabilize red blood cell membrane followed the same trend as the total phenolic contents of the plants (Croton zambesicus > Croton zambesicus). This study established the relationship between phenolic compounds and red blood cell membrane stabilization.
The rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens underscores the urgent need to fortify existing antimicrobials. Novel antibiotics are products of microbes, as two-thirds of the currently available antibiotics are sourced from them. Understanding the killing rate of the potential antibiotic-producing microbes is essential for the development stage of effective antimicrobials. Our preliminary investigation identified a potential antibiotic-producing Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168. This study investigated the inhibitory activity and time-kill kinetics ofextract of the candidate isolate against selected pathogenic strains. Broth microdilution and time-kill assays were performed to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 168 extract isolated by chemical technique. The extract showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) (MIC = 28.70 mg/mL), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) (MIC = 28.70 mg/mL), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) (MIC = 28.70 mg/mL), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC = 14.35 mg/mL). At 0.5× MIC, the extract was bacteriostatic against all test bacteria for a 24-hour incubation period. At 1x MIC (28.70 mg/mL), the extract achieved bactericidal endpoints (≥99.9% killing) of 3.87 log10 CFU/mL reduction of S. aureus (ATCC 25923) at 6 h incubation, 6.81 log10 CFU/mL reduction of E. coli (ATCC 25922) at 6 h (1x MIC: 28.70 mg/mL), 6.87 log10 CFU/mL reduction of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) at 8 h (1x MIC: 28.70 mg/mL), and 6.90 log10 CFU/mL reduction at 8 h incubation of K. pneumoniae (1x MIC: 14.35 mg/mL). At 2x MIC, the extract showed bactericidal endpoints of at least 3 log10 CFU/mL reduction of all the test strains at lower exposure times. The killing kinetics against each test strain were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) at 1x MIC, and 2x MIC. The killing kinetics demonstrated time-and concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against the selected panel of pathogenic strains, achieving a minimum three-log reduction at 1× MIC and 2× MIC within 2-8 h of exposure. These findings suggest a promising therapeutic potential of the extract.
Propolis is a natural substance produced by bees with a unique chemical composition and diverse medicinal properties. This study analyzed the phytochemical and elemental profile of raw propolis samples obtained from an apiary located in Onifagu, Ondo State, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical and elemental composition of the propolis which will show its potential therapeutic applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Preliminary tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sugar and terpenoids, while steroids, anthraquinones and proteins were absent. Elemental analysis was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that the propolis contains various macro and micro-nutrients including potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, zinc, and manganese ranging between 4.84-129 ppm. However, potentially toxic metals like lead were observed while chromium and cadmium were not detected. The minerals and phytochemicals present in the propolis complement published data on the rich chemical diversity of bee propolis from different locations. The presence of phenolics like tannins and terpenoids contributes to its medicinal properties as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant. The absence of heavy metal contamination coupled with presence of essential minerals and metabolites indicates that propolis samples from this region is of good quality and can be harnessed as a therapeutic agent as well as a marker for environmental monitoring. Further isolation, purification and biological testing of active lead molecules identified can aid new drug discovery efforts.
Cancer is one of the main challenges in global health, with incidence and mortality rates continuing to rise each year. Although various modern therapies show effectiveness, their excessive side effects highlight the need for safer alternative medications. The S. ferox plant is traditionally used in Kalimantan as a remedy for various conditions, making it interesting to develop as an anticancer agent. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis of ethanol extract from S. ferox fruit against several cancer cells. The soxhlet and maceration methods were used to extract bioactive compounds from S. ferox. Cytotoxicity testing using the MTT method showed that the ethanol extract of S. ferox fruit with the soxhlet method has weak cytotoxic activity against WiDr cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 207.12 μg/mL and is non-toxic to T47D, 4T1, MCF-7, HeLa, HepG2, and Vero. Whereas the ethanol extract of S. ferox fruit using the maceration method was non-toxic to all cell lines. Cell cycle and apoptosis analysis showed that the S. ferox fruit extract with soxhlet extraction could not inhibit the cell cycle but could induce apoptosis. Apoptosis testing using a flow cytometer showed that the ethanol extract of S. ferox fruit with soxhlet extraction on WiDr cancer cells resulted in a higher percentage of apoptosis at a concentration of 207.12 µg/mL (IC50) compared to the negative control. These results indicate that S. ferox has the potential to be an anticancer agent through the induction of apoptosis
There are folkloric beliefs that some plants have several medical benefits with no danger. An example of such plant is Mangifera indica. Different part of the plant has been useful for several medicinal purposes such, pain and infection but no long-time toxicological consequences on vital organs has been established. Aim: The aim of this study is evaluation of acute and sub –chronic toxicological effect of Mangifera indica ethanol root extract on liver and kidney of wistar rats. Modified Lorke's method was employed for acute toxicity. Sub-chronic toxicity of Mangifera indica ethanol root extract (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg P.O) was studied by daily dosing of Wistar rats of both sexes for 90 days with blood samples collected every 30 days for biochemical analysis. No mortality or observable signs of toxicity were observed for acute and subchronic effects of the extract on the tested animals. No significant difference (P > 0.05) in biochemical parameters when compared to the control group. Histopathological analysis showed mild liver cell distortion in rats treated at 1000 mg/kg which may be due to continuous consumption of the extract by the animals. This result support the traditional belief on the safety potentials of the plant.
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, leading to recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These seizures can vary in intensity and duration, affecting different parts of the brain. Epilepsy may result from various factors, including genetics, brain injuries, infections, or developmental issues. Current treatments options often have limited efficacy and significant side effects. Cannabidiol (CBD), a component of cannabis does not produce high, has shown promises for different pharmacological actions in preclinical studies. Study was undertaken to evaluate the antiepileptic efficacy of CBD in various animal models. 48 Wistar rats and 18 mice of both the sexes of weight 150-200 g & 40-50g respectively were used in the study. Two models maximal electroshock (MES) and Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), were utilized to assess the anticonvulsant effects of CBD. Behavioural assessments was conducted to evaluate seizure frequency, severity, and potential neuroprotective effects. Statistical analysis done with graph pad prism 6. CBD administration produced significant reduction (p<0.001) in seizure frequency and severity in both the models. The dose-response relationship indicated that CBD has a broad therapeutic window with minimal side effects at effective doses. The findings suggest that CBD has anticonvulsant properties which was seen in the present study, supporting its potential as a safe and effective drug in treatment of epilepsy.
This study qualitatively and quantitatively investigated the phytochemicals and characterized the oil extracted from the pulp of Persea americana (avocado) pulp oils using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytochemical and GC-MS analyses identified key phytochemicals, including fatty acids, esters, and sterols, highlighting the potential health benefits, their antioxidant activities and theirindustrial & pharmaceutical applications. The antioxidant property of the oil was analysed for its free radical scavenging potential using 2, 2’-Azino- bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). The ABTS radical scavenging potential compared well with the standard, ascorbic acid with IC50 of 0.317 ± 0.31 μg/mL. At 300 μg/mL, the antioxidant potential of the standard ascorbic acid was 80% whereas the oil had 75% free ABTS radical scavenging activity. A total of twenty compounds were identified with some active major ones docked. Zones Inhibitions (ZI), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum fungicidal Concentrations of various fungi, via: Aspergillus clavatus (16, 30, 25), Candida tropicalis (14, 25, 25), Candida albicans (17.5, 25, 30), Aspergillus niger (14.5,25, 12.5) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (17.5, 12.5, 30) respectively showing their anti-fungi ability, thus increase in food shelf life. A molecular docking study was performed on the isolated compounds to examine their binding pattern with Candida albicans dihydrofolate reductase (ID: 4H95) and D-14-sterol reductase (ID: 4QUV). The results showed that all of the compounds had minimum binding energies between -4.6 and -9.0 kcal/mol, with compounds M4, M11, and M14 achieving the best results. The results of the molecular docking analysis and in vitro, antifungal tests showed that the produced compounds could potentially have antibacterial action and could be further refined to function as lead compounds. The results suggest that avocado pulp oil is rich in bioactive compounds, making it valuable for nutritional and pharmaceutical uses.
The antifungal properties of bitter leaf extracts have been widely reported. Full clinical use of this material in both orthodox and alternative medicines especially through the oral route is hampered by its extreme bitter taste and the absence of formal clinical trial studies required for establishing its effectiveness, safety and posology. The aim of the current work was to formulate bitter leaf extract as suppositories thereby enabling its administration through the vagina and therefore avoiding the bitter taste and low patient acceptability associated with the oral route delivery. The extract was obtained from the fresh leaves of the plant by hot maceration for 24 h in distilled water maintained at a temperature of 60 oC. The solution obtained was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to a sticky mass which was then oven-dried for 24 h at 60 oC. Phytochemical analysis, visible/ultraviolet light absorption and Fourier’s transform infrared spectroscopies as well as acute toxicity studies were conducted on the extract. Varied weight proportions of the extract were incorporated into five selected suppository bases including cocoa butter, witepsol and three different grades of polyethylene glycol by the melt fusion technique. The formed suppositories were optimized for some physico-pharmaceutical and fungicidal activities. Parameters investigated, including hardness, pH, melting point and disintegration time were in the ranges of; 2.0 ± 0.84 - 3.1 ± 0.05 (kg/cm2), 5.95 – 6.89, 35.03 – 37.44 oC and 16.02 ± 0.35 - 27.45 ± 0.60 min respectively. All the formulations complied with official specifications for weight uniformity and active ingredient contents. The average dissolution rate of the various formulations was 2.325 ± 0.87 mg/min. Formulation SP8 which contained 40 % of the extract and 60 % PEG-4000 exhibited comparatively better formulation profiles and highersustained release of extract and was, as such, adjudged as the optimized formulation. The formulation exhibited a 19.86 ± 0.37 mm zone of inhibition diameter on the C. albican-inoculated Sabouraud dextrose agar media. The current work concluded that aqueous leaf extracts of the V amygdalina plant possess antifungal properties and that intra-vaginal delivery of the extract via PEG-600 based suppository provided sustained release profile of the extract with potential for further clinical trials in the treatment of VVC.
Severe ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a gynecological medical emergency that coincides with controlled ovarian stimulation which results in ovarian enlargement and the secretion of vasoactive substances, especially vascular endothelial growth factor. Extravasation of fluid into the third space and the thromboembolic events constituted the most important consequences of the vaso-permeability storm. According to international guidelines, OHSS prevention is recommended through personalized ovarianstimulation and identification of susceptible patients. However, the pharmacological prevention isn’t so far recommended. The current study investigated and compared the effects of hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone on severe OHSS rat models. Fifty rats were divided into five groups. Group-I: OHSS-negative control. Group-IIa, (severe OHSS untreated group): rats received 10 IUfollitropin alpha IV for four consecutive days, beginning from the 29th day of life, and 30 IU HCG on day 33. Groups IIb, c, and d received the same ovarian induction regimen as in group IIa combined with intravenous corticosteroids starting from the 29th day for seven days. Group-IIb is the hydrocortisone group, Group-IIc is the methyl prednisolone group, and Group-IId is the dexamethasone group. SevereOHSS induction in rats was evidenced by increased body weight, ovarian weight, serum estrogen level, peritoneal fluid amount, ovulation induction response in ovarian histopathology namely the antral & luteal follicle count, the relative follicle diameter. Hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone significantly reduced most of the current study parameters differently. However,methylprednisolone showed more promising effects on OHSS prevention.
Copper sulfate-induced kidney damage involves renal dysfunction, inflammatory response, etc. Murraya koenigii is counted among the plants that can be used to treat kidney problems, arthritis, pain and fever. This research aimed in evaluating the potential effects of Murraya koenigii on copper sulfate-induced kidney damage of adult wistar rats. Adult Rats (n=30), with an average weight of 167g were randomly assigned into 5 test (n=5) and control (n=5) groups. Rats in groups B-F were given 100mg/kg of copper sulfate, extract of 250mg/kg, 1000mg/kg, 100mg/kg of copper sulfate + 250mg/kg of extract and 100mg/kg of copper sulfate + 1000mg/kg of extract daily for twenty-eight days respectively, through the orogastric tube, control group received food and water. Rats were sacrificed by anesthetizing them with chloroform for two minutes and sacrificed on day 29, a midline incision was made through the ventral abdominal wall of each rat. The Kidneys were harvested, fixed in 10% formal-saline for histological analysis. The blood sample were placed in heparin vials for renal function analysis. Findings indicated that the kidney in the test groups showed changes of the renal cortical structure in the copper sulfate treated group and showed no changes in the extract treated group as compared to the control group. There was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in weights of the test kidney treated with copper sulfate and significant increase on the urea and creatinine levels of the copper sulfate treated group and no significant difference on the groups treated with M. koenigii as compared to the control group. Murraya koenigii has a strong protective effect in the restoration of renal tubules and glomeruli and that it could be a natural agent for treating copper sulfateinduced kidney damage.
Silver (AgNPs) with an average diameter of 23 nm has been reported to be produced by the biogenic synthesis of Moringa. oleifera (M. O) aqueous leaves extract. Simple, dependable, quick, economical, and environmentally benign was the synthetic method employed in this investigation. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), selected area diffraction pattern (SAED), UV-vis spectroscopy (UV), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the biosynthesized nanoparticles. For the purpose of the animal trials, thirty (30) mature male Wistar rats were split into five groups at random (A to E; n = 5). Group A was given daily subcutaneous olive oil injections alone,while the other groups received 3 mg/kg/daily testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously plus 50 mg/kg/daily AgNPs intraperitoneally (B), 3 mg/kg/daily TP plus 25 mg/kg/daily AgNPs (C), 3 mg/kg/daily TP only (D), and 25 mg/kg/daily AgNPs only (E).The prostate gland, liver, and kidney were prepared for pathological examination when the animals were sacrificed after 14 days. The composition of the M.O extract employed was ascertained by phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis. The efficiency of the nanoparticles against Wistar rats' benign prostatic hyperplasia was investigated for biomedical applications. The aqueous extract of M. O included a considerable quantity of plant fatty acids and phytosterols, which may have contributed to the inhibition of prostatic hypertrophy. It was observed that biogenic AgNPs alleviated hormone-induced prostate enlargement. On the other hand, the cytoarchitecture suffered when biogenic AgNPs were administered at higher concentrations. Green synthesis of AgNPs obtained from aqueous extract of M. O might be beneficialfor the treatment of BPH.
