To evaluate and compare retention of removable partial denture frameworks (RPD) manufactured via different data acquisition techniques; conventional impression, intraoral and extraoral scanning techniques. A partially edentulous maxillary resin model representing a Kennedy class III modification 1 with the first premolars and second molars bilaterally as abutments was three dimensionally (3D) printed. Upon which RPD frameworks were manufactured via three data acquisition approaches, hence three groups were identified: Group A (conventional impression with the traditional lost-wax technique); Group B (intraoral digital impression combined with 3D-printed wax patterns and the lost-wax technique); and Group C (extraoral digital scanning of physical casts combined with 3D-printed wax patterns and the lost-wax technique). Retention was subsequently evaluated using a universal testing machine. Intergroup comparison was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Normality and homogeneity of variance were examined using the Shapiro-Wilk and Levene’s tests, respectively. Intergroup comparison revealed a significant difference between different groups (P < .001), and the effect size was large (0.96). The highest retention was observed in the group C (27.67±0.94 N), followed by the Conventional group A (23.08±0.53 N), and the lowest in the Intraoral group B (17.90±1.11 N). All post hoc pairwise comparisons were statistically significant. Extraoral digital impression technique provided the highest initial retention followed by the conventional impression. However, the intraoral scanners provided the lowest initial retention. All groups provided clinically acceptable results.
Indirect composite restorative materials fabricated by computer aided design and computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), whether milled or 3D printed, have become widely used alternative to conventional ceramics because of their favorable mechanical behavior, ease of intraoral repair, and shorter chairside workflow. However, their resin rich composition makes them more susceptible to discoloration than all ceramic restorations, particularly when exposed to chromogenic beverages and repeated mechanical tooth brushing. This narrative review aimed to evaluate the stainability and color stability of three indirect composite restorative materials: polymer infiltrated ceramic network (PICN), Milled composite material with dispersed fillers, and 3D printed composite materials with dispersed fillers following exposure to coffee and carbonated soft drink before and after simulated tooth brushing and summarizes the methods used to evaluate the color change, and the influence of staining solutions and tooth brushing on their color stability.
Water pollution with substances, such as pharmaceutical residues, is also cited as a significant environmental threat that can endanger the well-being of aquatic organisms and human beings seriously. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the industries that engages in washing and production, which significantly contaminates water. The other sources occur in the forms of medicine manufacturing plants, municipal wastewater by leaching landfill, and hospital waste, which lead to the introduction of various pharmaceuticals to the water bodies. Most of these chemicals are poisonous, cancer-inducing, and bio-accumulative in small doses, leading to serious diseases. The elimination of pharmaceuticals in the wastewater point sources is compulsory in the remediation of the environment since they are hazardous, non-degradable, and everlasting. A few studies have been conducted on how to devise various mechanisms of managing pharmaceutical pollution in wastewater. AOPs are also observed to be efficient and more sophisticated methods for the deterioration of such contaminants. This review provides a discussion on sources of pharmaceutical pollution, water-related issues, and their changes, and their effect on health. It gives the need to conduct additional research to accelerate the effectiveness of decaying and mineralization by creating cost and efficiency-effective green initiators and the advanced integrated systems. This review presents the efficiency of the substances in the removal of pharmaceuticals, coping with the difficulties, constraints, and opportunities, suggesting the emphasis on the environmentally friendly methods and their effective application.
Advancements in computer aided designing/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology have enhanced the precision and efficiency of indirect restorations; however, conventional workflows remain operator-dependent and require technical expertise for accurate customization. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI)–based design platforms have emerged to automate crown generation, aiming to reduce technique sensitivity and improve workflow consistency. Nevertheless, evidence regarding the accuracy and reliability of these systems remains limited. The success of CAD/CAM restorations is influenced by multiple variables, including preparation design, scanning accuracy, CAD algorithms, manufacturing processes, and material properties, with errors at any stage potentially compromising restorative accuracy. The aim of this narrative review was to synthesize current evidence comparing conventional and AI-driven CAD software, with emphasis on internal fit, marginal adaptation, restoration morphology, and the reliability of finish line detection. Available data suggests that AI-based systems can achieve accuracy comparable to conventional workflows, supporting their potential clinical feasibility, although further validation studies are warranted.
Resin cements are an important factor that affects the mechanical and esthetic success of indirect dental restorations. Their performance can be negatively affected by aging processes that compromise the shear bond strength and color stability over time. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the effects of different aging methods on the shear bond strength and color stability of resin cements, particularly the types with a color cleanup indicator. Various aging methods, such as thermocycling, water storage, and ultraviolet exposure, have been used to simulate clinical conditions. Most studies reported a decrease in shear bond due to hydrolytic degradation. Similarly, in color stability, discoloration occurs over time due to changes in the material’s intrinsic composition and external factors. Color cleanup indicators have been added to help remove excess cement, but their impact on long-term mechanical and optical properties remains debated; more studies are needed to study their actual effect. A standardized aging protocol and longer-term clinical studies will help to assess their effect in resin cements.
Many modern technologies based on luminescent materials play important roles in visualization devices, lighting systems, X-ray imaging, and scintillation applications. This review condenses the latest developments in near-infrared (NIR) emission produced by rare-earth and transition-metal activation and describes the applications of these emissions in the fields of optoelectronics, bioimaging, and sensing. Researchers have been looking for new and better luminescent systems as these applications grow. Defect-based luminescent materials have gained a lot of attention in the past ten years. These materials typically fall into a number of categories, such as carbon-based emitters, BCNO phosphor, metal oxides, and hosts derived from silica. One of the main benefits of defect-related phosphors is that they can be produced in large quantities and at a low-cost using methods like chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal synthesis, sol-gel processing, and sonochemical approaches. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advancements in their preparation techniques, emission behavior, and optical property tuning and control strategies. Lastly, we discuss potential future paths and new prospects for applying these materials to biomedical and lighting technologies.
Occlusal veneers have emerged as a conservative restorative option for posterior teeth. However, the influence of margin configuration on their mechanical performance remains controversial. To systematically evaluate the effect of different margin configurations on the mechanical performance of occlusal veneers. A search of the literature was electronically performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Wiley, Ovid, and SAGE to find reports published until the year 2023. Inclusion criteria were English in vitro studies assessing the mechanical behavior of posterior ceramic occlusal veneers with various margin designs. The search and screening of studies conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Titles and abstracts of relevant papers were screened and subsequently full articles were assessed according to pre-defined eligibility criteria. Two reviewers extracted data independently by using a standardized data extraction form, and the findings were presented in qualitative manner. The quality of the met included studies was assessed, and the risk of bias was independently appraised by two authors through a modified Mini-Nutritional assessment of Risk for Sarcopenia (MINORS) scale. Any modifications were settled through discussions and consensu. The included studies demonstrated that margin configuration influenced fracture resistance and failure behavior. Butt-joint designs generally showed higher fracture resistance compared with chamfer or feather-edge margins; however, variations in materials and testing protocols limited direct comparisons. Margin configuration affects the mechanical performance of occlusal veneers. Butt-joint margins appear to provide favorable mechanical outcomes, although further standardized studies are required.
Water pollution caused by volatile synthetic dyes. For elimination of pigments from water, membrane-based treatments of wastewater are becoming more and more prominent. Because of its advantageous characteristics, poly (vinylidene fluoride) or (PVDF)-based nanomembranes have become fairly common. The use of these nanomembranes in the cleanup of artificial dyes using various methodologies is discussed in this review. Innovative manufacturing strategies for achieving high performance surface coating and mixing techniques are addressed in relation to PVDF-based nanomembranes. Research on the application of PVDF based nanomembranes in membrane distillation, filtering, adsorption and catalysis (ozonation, oxidant activation, and photocatalysis) has been thoroughly reviewed. In order to boost the performance or working of PVDF membranes, nanomaterials such as metals, metal compounds, (synthetic/bio) polymers, carbon materials, their composites and metal organic frameworks were employed. The benefits and drawbacks of using nanoparticles in the PVDF-based membranes were also discussed. It was explored how nanoparticles affected the PVDF membrane’s surface characteristics, mechanical strength, crystallinity, hydrophilicity and catalytic capacity.
Both natural and artificial materials that have recently been discovered to be present in wastewater and adversely affect aquatic life and human health are referred to as emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, artificial colors, flame retardants, and other emerging contaminants are released into the environment either directly or indirectly from hospitals, farms, factories, and other sources. Techniques have been created to help polluted water treatment technicians get over their obstacles. Physical, chemical, and biological advanced treatment technologies have been researched for the removal of emerging contaminants and for lowering the levels of effluents in water that is discharged. Numerous methods have been studied, including membrane filtration, adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, solvent extraction, ion exchange, photodegradation, catalytic oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, ozonation, and precipitation. According to earlier studies, these methods effectively eliminate one or more pollutants from wastewater, but they fall short in effectively eliminating the majority of harmful chemicals. Technologies that utilize nanomaterials could be an effective way to remove various toxins from wastewater. Due to their high energy consumption while treating wastewater for large-scale reuse, these systems are expensive. Therefore, in order to achieve full and improved emerging contaminants removal by wastewater treatment plants, further study is needed to improve wastewater treatment processes.
Milk is an important food for children. Camel milk (CM) differs from other ruminant milk and is closest to human breast milk because it is rich in vitamin C, minerals, probiotics and protective proteins like lysozyme, immunoglobulins, lactoperoxidase, and lactoferrin and having low sugar and cholesterol. Because CM doesn’t contain β-lactoglobulin, it is a substitute for people who can’t tolerate the lactose in cow’s milk. In terms of antioxidants, antimicrobials, anti-hepatitis, and anti-arthritis, Remedy for autoimmune illnesses. This systematic review is aimed at determining and reporting nutritional values and medicinal characteristics of camel milk in infants and young children, specially infants who are unable to breastfeed from their mothers. Methods: The search strategy of the current review is “(camel milk) and (autism, food allergy, milk allergy, children disease, young children, infants or formula infants.” The search was conducted via PubMed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Also, Full-text papers on the topic of camel milk, evaluating nutritional value and medicinal properties which have been published from 2015 to 2024, were included in this systematic review. These findings revealed that camel milk is safer for children and has a unique nutritional value and medicinal properties, is effective in the treatment of autism, and improves general well-being. Also, the numerous nutrients in camel milk help to promote the body’s natural defenses and thus can be considered as a good source of protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, and niacin and can meet part of the daily nutritional needs of humans. More large clinical trials are needed to support these findings. The researchers hope that these reports for pediatricians will lead to increased research on camel milk, its uses for young children and infants like formula and knowing its consequences and benefits.
lean water is necessary for whole human society and environment as well but this water is being wasted by industrial effluents like dyes, heavy metals etc. Due to high stability and anti-oxidation properties, ceramic membranes have been used in waste water treatment. Porous material has been used for good separation due to high selectivity by using processes like microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Some problems regarding ceramic membranes can be solved by coating MOFs on ceramic membrane. Moreover, metal organic frameworks are a combination of metals and organic ligands, can be used worldwide for waste water treatment, separation of gas and in field of energy. There is an issue regarding the stability of MOFs in water, researchers still working on enhancement of applications of MOFs in waste water treatment. It has been observed that by regulating the intracrystalline structure performance of MOFs can be improved. In this review, synthesis methods of MOFs based ceramic membranes like seeding method, layer by layer method and microwave thermal deposition method and applications in separation of heavy metals, separation of salts and minerals from saline water are discussed.
Dye contamination of water is a worldwide environmental and health issue which calls for the development of efficient and environment friendly innovation. Adsorption has surpassed the others due to its great effectiveness, affordability, and ease of use. This review provides new adsorbent materials made from κ-carrageenan to remove heavy metals and dyes from wastewater bodies. The biodegradable red-seaweed polysaccharide κ-carrageenan shows enhanced mechanical strength, adsorption capacity, and chemical stability when combined with inorganic nanoparticles. It has both intrinsic gelation and a high degree of functional groups. With a focus on electrostatic forces of attraction, ion exchange, and complexation mechanisms, we critically assess preparation routes, structural features, and adsorption behaviors while highlighting advancements in field-use regenerability and readiness. Even so, operability is still constrained by a lack of field-scale or pilot experiments on real industrial wastes, regeneration efficiency, quantitative deconvolution of removal mechanisms, and long-term stability over a range of ionic strength, pH, and mixed-pollutant streams, as well as fluctuating testing procedures that make cross-study comparisons challenging. To close these crucial gaps and shift laboratory success into practical, expand wastewater treatment methods, standardized procedures, thorough mechanistic and economic studies, and field testing are required.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into dental computer‑aided design (CAD) workflows, offering automated restoration and occlusal device design with reduced operator input and potentially higher efficiency. In parallel, conventional CAD systems remain the standard for digital occlusal splint fabrication, relying on rule‑driven algorithms, tooth libraries, and virtual articulation to generate splint geometry. Emerging AI‑assisted platforms, such as Medit Splints and 3Shape Automate, extend concepts originally developed for crown design to occlusal splints, automatically generating complete devices from articulated digital models with minimal manual adjustment. However, the extent to which these systems match or exceed established CAD software in terms of geometric accuracy, occlusal morphology, and reproducibility remains unclear. This narrative review summarizes current evidence on AI‑assisted and conventional CAD software for occlusal splint design. Early in vitro data suggest that AI‑generated splints can achieve clinically acceptable intaglio fit and occlusal contact patterns, with precision comparable to technician‑designed or conventionally designed controls. Larger, well‑designed clinical studies are required to determine whether AI‑assisted splint design offers meaningful advantages in clinical performance, patient comfort, and long‑term outcomes beyond gains in efficiency and standardization.
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the toxicity of biosurfactants on the skin using a systematic review approach. Surfactants are widely used in numerous everyday products, from personal care items to cleaning agents, raising questions about their safety and potential adverse effects on users. Conventional surfactants have been found to cause skin irritation and other toxicological issues in some cases, prompting the search for safer, eco-friendly alternatives. Biosurfactants, derived from biological sources, have emerged as a promising substitute due to their potential for reduced toxicity and environmental benefits. This review examines the toxicity profiles of various classes of biosurfactants, including microbial, glycolipids, sugar-based, and other biologically derived surfactants. While most studies indicate that biosurfactants pose minimal irritation and low toxicity to skin cells, isolated findings suggest they may induce cell apoptosis under certain conditions. The systematic review was conducted by analyzing data from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Tandfonline using search terms such as “Bio-based surfactant,” “Biosurfactant,” “Toxicity,” and “Skin.” The reviewed studies were classified into categories based on biosurfactant characteristics and toxicological findings. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicological, clinical, and pathological effects of biosurfactants on the skin, aiming to bridge the knowledge gap and encourage the development of safer, biologically-derived surfactants for commercial use. Notably, this systematic review highlights novel findings on specific biosurfactants that exhibit enhanced biocompatibility while maintaining effective surfactant properties.
Periodontal diseases have proven to be one of the most prevalent oral diseases globally, in both developed countries and poor countries, especially periodontitis, which is ranked sixth among the most common human diseases, and more than 10% of the population. This makes this disease the focus of attention among specialists and researchers. Furthermore, periodontal diseases are linked to an increased risk of systemic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory illnesses, and kidney diseases. Associations have also been drawn with oral and systemic malignancies. Understanding the epidemiology and characteristics of periodontal diseases in adults is crucial for devising effective prevention and control strategies. There is a lack of sufficient data in the periodontal literature regarding the prevalence of periodontal diseases among Arab and African adults. Furthermore, limited data exist on the prevalence of periodontitis in Egyptian population. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence of periodontitis in a sample of Egyptian population along with staging and grading of the disease, and its correlation with different risk factors, specifically smoking and diabetes mellitus.
Burn injuries represent a considerable medical issue, categorized by depth into first-, second-, third-, and fourth-degree burns, each necessitating different levels of treatment. Burn injuries are one of the most prevalent types of trauma, resulting in financial, psychological, and physical hardships. Effective care is necessary to avoid complications and speed up healing. Aloe vera, a succulent plant with a long history in traditional medicine. Aloe vera has gained significant attention for its therapeutic properties in managing skin burns. A wide range of bioactive substances, such as vitamins, enzymes, polysaccharides, and amino acids, are present in aloe Vera and help to promote wound healing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. These compounds stimulate fibroblast proliferation, enhance epithelialization, and facilitate granulation tissue formation. This review examines its efficacy by exploring its biochemical composition, mechanisms of action, and clinical applications. Clinical studies also demonstrate how well it works to encourage tissue repair and improve patient comfort. Aloe vera’s cost-effectiveness and natural origin make it a potential essential component of contemporary burn management plans. Aloe vera is an effective natural remedy for burn treatment, as it promotes healing, alleviates pain, and inhibits infections. However, additional rigorously designed clinical trials are necessary to standardize its application and validate its efficacy across various burn severities.
This study aimed to assess implant primary stability and radiographic bone density, comparing osseodensification burs with screw expanders in the maxilla. Twenty implants were placed in ten patients between the second right and left maxillary premolars. Each patient received one implant using an osseodensification bur and another using a screw expander. Implant stability (ISQ) was recorded intraoperatively and at 3 and 6 months. Digital radiographs were taken at these intervals and analyzed using ImageJ software for fractal analysis. Statistical analysis was applied to the collected data. No statistically significant difference was found between groups regarding bone density or stability, but both groups showed improvement over time. The osseodensification group showed higher bone density at all intervals, while the expander group recorded higher ISQ values. A negative correlation was noted between bone density and implant stability.
Liquid fertilizers in agriculture have the potential to meet expanding food demands while lessening their negative effects on the environment. This research looks at the creation and use of liquid fertilizers, emphasizing its advantages for nutrient availability, soil health and the decrease of synthetic inputs. Additionally, it looks into bio-liquid fertilizers created from organic waste and augmented with beneficial microbial populations, slow- and controlled-release fertilizers, and nano-liquid fertilizers for the best nutrient absorption. These developments might improve the effectiveness of fertilizer distribution, lessen pollution, soil degradation and support sustainable agriculture. For crop productivity, nutrient utilization, efficiency and sustainability, the integration of liquid fertilizers with precision agriculture technology and cutting-edge application methods including fertigation, foliar spraying and soil injection is being investigated. Future research objectives include increasing production capacity, methodically examining long-term environmental safety and developing customized nutrient delivery techniques to maximize liquid fertilizers’ contribution to environmental cleaning and global food security.
Periodontitis is a chronic, multifactorial inflammatory condition characterized by the progressive breakdown of tooth-supporting tissues. It is a major public health issue due to its high prevalence and consequences, including tooth loss, impaired oral function and aesthetics, increased healthcare costs, and negative effects on general health. In periodontitis, tissue breakdown is primarily driven by an exaggerated immune-inflammatory response to microbial dysbiosis, making host modulation a key therapeutic goal. Melatonin, an endogenous hormone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bone-enhancing properties, has recently gained attention as an adjunctive aid in periodontal therapy. This mini-review focuses on several clinical studies and systematic reviews that have reported favorable outcomes in periodontal parameters when melatonin is applied alongside non-surgical periodontal therapy. Despite these encouraging findings, there is currently a lack of clinical trials evaluating its role in surgical regenerative therapy used to manage intrabony defects, where the need for adjunctive agents remains significant. This mini-review summarizes the current understanding of melatonin’s mechanisms of action in periodontal tissues, highlights evidence from non-surgical applications, and underscores the gap in surgical research.
Due to the increase prevalence in the neurological diseases (ND), it had become a concern where more advancements are required to be discovered in resolving this issue. Despite the current treatment available, the concept of involving the gut-brain axis may provide another possible alternative to treat ND from the site of gut microbiome. To achieve this goal, the association between ND and gut microbiome should be studied. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the possible association between autism spectrum syndrome (ASD) and irritable bowel disease (IBD) from the aspect of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their pathways. In this study, a total of four datasets were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), which were GSE111176, GSE13367, GSE36701 and GSE87847. From there, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected based on the criteria where Log2FC > 1.0 and p-value < 0.05. The functional genomics analysis of shared DEGs were then measured through gene oncology (GO) enrichment on Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery database (DAVID). The biological processes that fulfilled the criteria p-value < 0.05 and false discovery rate (FDR) value < 0.05 were selected for the predictive model development using web-based GeneMANIA. There were 874 shared DEGs between ASD and IBD in total. The common biological processes where the shared DEGs in both ASD and IBD were signal transduction, inflammation and apoptosis process. From the co-expression network, the interaction of DEGs for both ASD and IBD were shown. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network also demonstrated the DEGs that involved in leukocyte cell-cell adhesion and B cell activation were LYN, JAK3, ITGB1, PTPRC. The interaction between LYN and PTPRC had been examined. In conclusion, the association and the most commonly found biological processes which involved in shared DEGs between ASD and IBD had been examined in this study.
