The exploration of new-family desalination techniques has become increasingly important in recent decades. Capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted multidisciplinary interest as a promising alternative to the conventional desalination techniques of reverse osmosis and electro-osmosis, due to several attractive features such as low energy consumption, environmental friendliness, and high water utilization efficiency. CDI desalts saline water through storing ions in electrical double layers of porous carbons or by redox reactions with faradic materials. This is the first book to specialise in CDI and aims to showcase the fundamentals and progressive achievements of the research. Chapters cover the timeline of CDI technologies, the expansion of new-family electrode materials, exploitation of new-concept CDI devices, and applications of CDI in other new areas. In addition, the book provides new insights into future directions for the development of CDI and other emerging nanotechnologies for addressing the energy-water nexus. Edited by a founder of the field, the book will be of interest to those researching water desalination and purification across chemistry, materials science and environmental science.
Many organic semiconductor structures display strong magnetoelectrical and magneto-optical effects at rather weak magnetic fields. In this chapter we develop a simple model for the magnetic field dependence of luminescence emanating from donor/acceptor molecule bilayer structures. The physical mechanism underlying the magnetic field effect is attributed to a competition between the applied magnetic field and small random internal fields associated with the hyperfine interaction, the spin-orbit coupling, and g-factor differences for electrons and holes forming weakly interacting pairs of different total spin. These random fields enable spin relaxation between the different spin states of the pairs. We explore possible carrier injection scenarios, polarized and unpolarized, and we discuss the different line shapes that may result from different time-correlation functions describing the random fields. Lastly, we argue that the formalism discussed lends itself also to the description of magneto-electrical phenomena that have been observed recently in the tunneling characteristics of self-assembled monolayers of organic molecules.
The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect was recently established experimentally and theoretically. Here, we review some of the new findings and discuss applications that can result from special properties of this effect, like the reduction of the elastic backscattering in electron transfer through chiral molecules. The CISS effect opens the possibility of using chiral molecules in spintronics applications and for providing a deeper understanding of spin-selective processes in biology.
