Background: An area of concern for children is intestinal parasitic infections from their environment where it is not stable. Objective: This research aimed to assess the occurrence of intestinal parasites among children from Al-Diwaniyah city residential districts and to find out the relationship between environmental variables, such as temperature, humidity, sunlight, and rainfall, and the transmission patterns of those parasites. Methodology: A total number of 2145 patients were observed in the study from August 2025 until January 2026. The total incidence of infection was 30.63%, and the study had evidence of a high level of overall endemicity. The data also showed there were a variety of disease types; for example, parasitic disease occurred at the highest rate, with 417 episodes (63.5%), indicating there's substantial soil contamination. The investigator found Entamoeba histolytica in 61 of those 200 cases of contaminated drinking water, or approximately 30.4%. Giardia lamblia was found in 40 of the 200 cases of giardiasis (6.1%). Giardia lamblia spreads by means of its cysts found in water. Results: Males represent 52.97% of the entire population (348 cases) and females 47.03% (309 cases), creating nearly equal representation between males and females concerning the gender distribution of the population. Consequently, all the individuals in this population were exposed to contaminated food and water. In terms of the age variable, children aged 1 through 5 years had the highest rate of disease occurrence/illness burden (55.56%), followed by children aged 5 years (31.66%). The rapid increase in disease occurrence in early childhood, before 5 years, has been attributed to the absence of naturally developed immunity, basic "hand-to-mouth habits" due to developmental stages, and behaviors associated with playing in unclean dirt. The results of the research indicate a relatively equal number of males and females, with 47.03% (309 cases) of patients being female, and 52.97% (348 cases) being male. This means that all individuals in the sample have had one or more opportunities to come into contact with contaminated sources (food or water). Conclusion: Children aged one to five appeared to account for the highest percentage of infected patients based on their age, with children aged five accounting for the highest number of infected children. The increases in the number of children under five years old who are infected were attributed to activities such as playing in contaminated soil, hand-to-mouth pathways, and an undeveloped immune system. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):348-353
Background: Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) is a biologically distinct malignancy characterized by an immunophenotypic signature reflecting early intrathymic developmental arrest and stem-cell/myeloid plasticity. Precise differentiation of ETP-ALL from conventional non-ETP T-ALL is clinically crucial because of their distinct biological characteristics, therapeutic approaches, and prognostic implications. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence and demographic characteristics of Early T-cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ETP-ALL) among patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and to evaluate the immunophenotypic features that distinguish ETP-ALL from conventional non-ETP T-ALL. Methodology: Patients diagnosed with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) were included in this study. Cases were subclassified according to predefined immunophenotypic criteria. The ETP-ALL group (n = 19) was defined by cytoplasmic CD3 (cyCD3) and CD7 positivity, absence of CD1a and CD8 expression, and lack of myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression. The non-ETP T-ALL group (n = 51) was characterized by cyCD3 positivity and MPO negativity. Clinical and immunophenotypic parameters, including patient age and the expression levels of 18 flow cytometric markers, together with the progenitor-associated antigen CD10, were quantitatively assessed. Comparisons between groups were performed using Welch’s t-test. Results: The mean age of the entire cohort was 19.8 years. Patients with ETP-ALL presented at a significantly older age compared to those with non-ETP T-ALL (mean: 25.3 vs. 17.8 years; p < 0.05). Overall cyCD3 expression exhibited a left-skewed baseline distribution across the cohort (mean: 75.5%; median: 83.0%). Out of 18 markers, exactly 9 (50.0%) demonstrated statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the subgroups, with CD8 emerging as the top discriminating maturation parameter (p < 0.001). ETP-ALL blasts exhibited a classic immature progenitor and cross-lineage myeloid phenotype, with marked overexpression of CD13 (53.74%), CD33 (42.73%), CD117 (31.13%), CD34 (42.32%), and HLA-DR (39.15%). Furthermore, cohort-wide profiling of CD10 revealed positive expression in 32 out of 70 patients (45.71%), manifesting a wide spectrum of fluorescence intensity from dim to bright (>90% positivity thresholds). Conclusion: Our results statistically validate the stringent cross-lineage immunophenotypic characteristics of ETP-ALL. By demonstrating significant expression of myeloid-associated markers alongside heterogeneous CD10 positivity without definitive B-lineage commitment, this study confirms the retention of a primitive and highly plastic progenitor phenotype. Notably, ETP-ALL accounted for 27.5% of all T-ALL cases, a prevalence higher than that reported in many published series, and showed a marked male predominance (M:F = 8.5:1) and older age at presentation, suggesting potential demographic differences within our population. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):71-78
Background: Plant extract -mediated green synthesis has gained important attention due to its friendly of environmental nature and cost is low. Also, it may be used as an alternative method treatment of antibiotics resistance in bacteria. Objective: The current study aimed to biosynthesize zinc nanoparticles from an aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis and determine their effectiveness on bacteria and biofilms. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in the Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq, from May 2025 to December 2025. A sterile swabs used to collect samples from wounds of diabetic foot ulcers of Fifty patients swabs cultured on Mannitol salt agar and Gram-staining, and a series of biochemical tests and VITEK-2 technique A susceptibility test was conducted for seven antibiotics while Biofilm formation detect by Congo red and Microtiter plate Methods, the bio-synthesis of Zinc nanoparticles characterized by devices include UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy. The inhibition effect of concentrations (25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%, and 100.0%) of nanoparticles against the bacterial isolates was detected also detect effect ant-biofilm of these nanoparticles through SubMIC concentrations (25.0%, 50.0%, 75.0%. Results: Staphylococcus aureus isolates appeared resistance to most seven antibiotics except one isolate was sensitive to Meropenem and Levofloxacin, Zinc nanoparticles green synthesized using Hena aqueous extract showed high absorbance at 372 nm, with a spherical shape and sizes ranging from (19.17 -45.33) nm, FTIR analysis indicated a range of at (677.95 to 3416.85) cm⁻¹, The antibacterial activity was appeared zone inhibition to Staphylococcus aureus between (15-17) mm also results showed bacterial colony black color on Congo red agar and value numbers (0.445-0.621) by Microtiter method before treat with Zinc nanoparticles while after treat bacteria with Zinc nanoparticles lack black colony and value numbers decrees. Conclusion: Biosynthesized zinc nanoparticles showed activity as antibacterial effect synthesis from aqueous extract of Lawsonia inermis. Therefore, it may suggest their potential as a novel therapeutic approach as an antibacterial agent. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):331-340
Dengue virus (DENV), a mosquito-borne RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, poses a major global health challenge, with nearly half of the world’s population at risk and annual cases ranging from 100 to 400 million. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquitoes, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which thrive in tropical and subtropical regions. The virus consists of four serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4), each conferring lifelong immunity against reinfection by the same serotype but lacking cross-immunity. The increasing incidence of dengue outbreaks is driven by climate change, urbanization, and inadequate vector control measures, with regions such as South Asia, the Americas, and Southeast Asia reporting millions of cases annually. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of dengue epidemiology, virus transmission dynamics, replication mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches. It also explores recent advancements in vaccine development, particularly the comparison between Qdenga and Dengvaxia, highlighting their differences in efficacy, safety, and target populations. Despite efforts in vaccine research, vector control remains the primary strategy for dengue prevention, focusing on environmental management, biological control, and targeted chemical interventions. The study further examines Bangladesh as a case study, documenting its largest-ever dengue outbreak in 2023 and its transition into an endemic phase in early 2025. The findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced surveillance systems, integrated vector management, and public health initiatives to combat dengue globally. Strengthening diagnostic capabilities, expanding vaccination programs, and investing in innovative mosquito control strategies will be crucial in mitigating the growing burden of dengue worldwide. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):397-410
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that can be found in diverse environments and causes severe infections in immunocompromised patients and burn victims. Because of its extensive antibiotic resistance, effective eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still a significant therapeutic issue. Objective: This study was to improve the bactericidal activity of levofloxacin through structural modification. Methodology: Fifty clinical samples were collected. From May 2025 to August 2025, 50 samples were taken from Al-Yarmouk Hospital, including urine, mouth, and wound samples. Sixteen of these were identified as P. aeruginosa. Levofloxacin and its synthetic derivatives were assayed against these isolates at concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL. A new series of sulfonamide derivativesA1,B1 were synthesized using the levofloxacin scaffold through the Hinsberg reaction and characterized using FT-IR and ¹H-NMR. Results: Molecular docking results showed strong binding affinities of the derivatives toward bacterial topoisomerase. Conclusion: Levofloxacin showed the highest binding energy (–12.522 kcal/mol), while the methyl and nitro analogs exhibited favorable hydrogen bonding with GLU474, GLU475, and ARG456, indicating promising antibacterial potential. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):308-318
