Objective: To evaluate the frequency of factors contributing to pneumonia among hospitalized children.Material and Methods: The Study Design was Cross sectional and conducted in the department ofPaediatrics Medicine, KEMU Affiliated Hospital, Lahore. Study was carried out over a period of six monthsfrom 10-10-2023 to 10-04-2024. After taking approval from hospital ethical committee, a total of 200 patients, presenting in department of Paediatrics Medicine, KEMU/ Affiliated Hospital, Lahore, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were studied. Written informed consent was taken from parents of all the patients. Demographic detail, clinical history andphysical examination of all patients were carried out and findings were noted down on a predesignedproforma. All the contributing factors i.e. low birth weight, prematurity, incomplete vaccination, uneducatedmothers, exclusive breast feeding, previous history of hospitalization and self-use of antibiotic use at homewere labelled as per operational definition. All the patients were managed according to standard protocolResults: Total 200 patients were studied, mean age was 21.88± 12.12 months. There were 61.5 %( n=123)male and 38.5% (n=77) females. Among contributing factors, frequency of low birth weight was 19.5 %(n=39), prematurity 63.0 %( n=126), incomplete vaccination 51.0 %( n=102), uneducated mothers 11.5 %(n=23), exclusive breast feeding 75.0 %( n=150), previous history of hospitalization was 21.5% (n=43) andself-use of antibiotic use was 25.5% (n=51).Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggest that low birth weight, prematurity, incomplete vaccination,uneducated mothers, exclusive breast feeding, and previous history of hospitalization and self-use ofantibiotic use may substantially increase the incidence (frequency) of pneumonia.Keyword: pneumonia, contributing factors, prematurity.How to cite: Shahzadi M, Bajwa MA. Factors Contributing To Pneumonia Among Hospitalized Children. Esculapio -JSIMS 2026;22(03):DOI: 10.51273/esculap.v22i03.1465
Objective: To identify the key risk factors associated with MDR-TB in South Asian populations independentof settings.Material and Methods: Studies from Southeast Asia were synthesized through a meta-analysis of casecontrol and cross-sectional studies only. The study was conducted at Lahore College for Women University(LCWU) during September 2025-July 2026 to identify risk factors associated with MDR-TB, using arandom-effects model. For each risk factor, pooled log odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs)were estimated. Study heterogeneity was assessed using the heterogeneity test.Results: A total of 73 studies on MDR-TB were retrieved from South East Asia. Of these, 13 met the eligibilitycriteria, identifying 8 risk factors. The pooled log ORs with 95% CI were 1.42 (95% CI, 0.71–2.12) forhistory of diabetes, 0.55 (95% CI, 0.09–1.01) for history of smoking, 2.20 (95% CI, 0.91–3.48) for history ofTB treatment, and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.18–1.06) for close contact with a TB patient.Conclusion: Diabetes, anti-TB treatment history, close contact with TB patients, and smoking were identifiedas significant MDR-TB risk factors. These factors were associated with increased MDR-TB risk acrossclinical, regional, and environmental settings. Their inclusion in local policy development may supporteffective MDR-TB control in South Asia.Keyword: meta‐analysis, risk factors, MDR-TB, multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis, Pakistan, Nepal, India,Bhutan, Bangladesh.How to cite: Faisal F, Kamal A, Kamal A, Amjad N. Risk Factors Of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis In The SouthAsia: A Meta-Analysis. Esculapio - JSIMS 2026;22(03):DOI: 10.51273/esculap.v22i03.1466
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Arabian Pessary in preventing preterm labor.Material and Methods: It was a Cross-Sectional Study done at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital Gujrat from July 24 to Dec 24. 40 patients with preterm laborfulfilling inclusion criteria were included in the study through convenient sampling. Ethical approval fromIRB and Informed consent from patients were obtained. Demographic information including name, age,gestational age, parity was also noted. Females fulfilling inclusion criteria and in preterm labor were appliedwith Arabian Pessary. The collected data was analyzed statistically using SPSS version 21. Variables like age,parity, gestational age at delivery and cervical length were presented as frequency and percentage.Results: This study showed that 45% of patients gained more than 36+6 weeks of gestation at the time ofdelivery although 25% delivered between 34-36+6 weeks of gestation and 30% delivered even before 34weeks(P Value,0.03). Cervical length of patients was 2.5cm in only 20% of total and 80% have cervical lengthless than 2.5cm.Conclusion: Arabian pessary is effective in preventing preterm labor and prolonging the duration of gestation.Keyword: Preterm labor, effectiveness, cervical length.How to cite: Waheed SS, Naz T, Nawaz R, Khalid M. Effectiveness Of Arabian Pessary In Preventing Preterm Labor InAsymptomatic Patients. Esculapio - JSIMS 2026;22(03):DOI: 10.51273/esculap.v22i03.1481
Social media which was developed for personalnetworking has evolved into a powerful tool inhealthcare. The digital landscape of a healthcareprofessional is not optional, social media is now anundeniable but a quick way to health communication.For doctors, it is a source of professional identitywhich offers both an unprecedented opportunity todisseminate health information quickly, engage withpatients and communities beyond clinical settingsand advocate for public health policies and awarenesscampaigns.1,2 This opportunity calls for a huge ethicalresponsibility. Recently a video uploaded by residentdoctors from operation theatre created a debate so it isvery important for the health care professionals toe d u c a t e t h e m s e l v e s a b o u t t h e d i g i t a lprofessionalism.3
Objective: To compare the outcomes of split thickness skin grafting with muscle sparing Latissimus Dorsiflap for post burn lower pole breast reconstruction.Material and Methods: A prospective comparative study. It is conducted within a period of March 2024 toMarch 2025 .In females with inframammary fold contracture were divided in two groups, 20 patients ingroup A (STSG) and 20 in group B (MSLD) group. All patients were evaluated in terms of patient'ssatisfaction, aesthetic outcome, and re-contracture rates. Objective (NAC: SN & NAC: IMF distance) andsubjective assessment of aesthetic outcome between groups was assessed with Mann Whitney U test andwithin groups pre and post operatively was assessed with the Wilcoxon test. Patient satisfaction measureswere compared between groups with the help of Chi Square test. P-value <0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant.Results: The mean age in group A and B is 25 and 26 years respectively. The mean duration of burn in group Ais 19 months and in group B was 17.8 months. There is significant improvement in MSLD group in terms ofshape, volume, projection, symmetry with less re-contracture rate as compared to STSG group. Most of thepatients were well satisfied in MSLD group.Conclusion: MSLD flap is a valuable option in post burn breast deformities. This technique proved to beconsiderable alternative to split thickness skin grafting depicting improved patient's satisfaction and aspiringbreast aesthetics with minimal donor site morbidity.Keyword: split thickness skin graft, post-burn breast deformity, muscle sparing latissimus dorsi,inframammary fold contracture.How to cite: Bilal B, Saeed S, Rabbani A, Alavi HR, Adrees S, Nadeem SA. Comparison of Split Thickness Skin Graftvs. Muscle Sparing Latissmus Dorsi Flap for Lower Pole Reconstruction in Post Burn Breast Deformity. Esculapio -JSIMS 2026;22(03):DOI: 10.51273/esculap.v22i03.1540
