A brief account of discovery of cancer therapy by overcoming the negative immune regulation of cancerous antigens (proteins) with cloned antibodies (proteins) for which Nobel Prize was awarded in Physiology or Medicine in 2018 has been analytically discussed here. These antibodies are now regarded as checkpoint inhibitors. These discoveries have opened a new channel for better treatment of different types of cancer. In view of these successful endeavours, attempts have been made by the author to explain the functioning of both curative and immune role of certain antibodies (proteins) like MDX 010, Nivolum ab and pembrolizum ab against cancer causing antigens like CTLA 4, PD 1, PDL 1, PDL 2, etc., in the context of Protein vibration. A short note on the role of protein vibration was also discussed.
In this paper, the longitudinal polarization (order parameter) and electric susceptibility in the microtubule system have been investigated in the absence and presence of an external electric field using the mean-field approximation (MFA). We analyzed the behavior of the pseudo-spins inside the tubulin dimers by the transverse Ising approximation. We found out that in the absence of the electric field, the coupling constant of spin-spin interaction and anisotropic interaction bring the system in a ferroelectric (FE) phase while high temperatures and transverse fields bring the transition to paraelectric (PE) phase. Moreover, the presence of an external electric field increases the critical temperatures and brings the hysteresis phenomenon in the microtubule system.
We investigate the dynamics of microtubules (MTs) under the influence of the electric field using the Ising model. The mean-field theory is used to compute the thermodynamic properties of the model such as polarization, critical temperature, and free energy in the absence and presence of the external electric field. The results show that the magnitude of the external electric field plays a critical role in symmetry breaking in MTs. However, when the magnitude of the external electric field is weak and the environmental temperature is below the critical value, the system adopts a favorable configuration where the transmission process occurs.
Malaria prevention, control and treatment has over the years relied on chemicals. However, the malaria vectors and pathogens have developed considerable resistance lowering the decline rate of malaria related mortality and morbidity. Studies on mosquito vectors involving sounds generated naturally and electronically have yielded altercative findings in regard to the repellence of the mated female Anopheles gambiae s.s. However, other findings on the startle response of the African female A. gambiae to animal sounds showed a 46% evasive response educed by 35-60 kHz recorded sound of Odorrana tormota. These findings showed practicability of using animal sound in the startle of mosquitoes. Therefore, there was need to research further on other natural sounds, in comparison with the sound of O. tormota with a view of determining superior acoustic propagation parameters for the startle of the mated A. gambiae. This study therefore comparatively analysed the acoustic propagation parameters of the natural sounds of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus and O. tormota fundamental in the startle of the female A. gambiae. Spectral analysis of the sound of T. trancatus revealed predominance of frequency modulation (FM), signal breaks and chaos stretching to ultrasonic levels similar to the sound of O. tormota. The sounds of T. truncatus and O. tormota differed in modulation due to the absence of constant frequency modulation in the sound of T. truncatus. The acoustic propagation parameters of the sound of T. truncatus and O. tormota compared using T-test at a confidence interval of 95% differed significantly (p < 0.05) with a low Pearson’s correlation. The mean fundamental frequency (mean entire) of the sound of T. truncatus was 0.9095 kHz which was 4.9387 kHz less than the mean fundamental frequency (mean entire) of the sound of O. tormota. The greatest measurement in frequency recorded in the sound of T. truncatus was 52.70 kHz under the maximum frequency (maximum entire). The sound of T. truncatus recorded the least mean, minimum and maximum parameter values in bandwidth (maximum entire), bandwidth (mean), peak amplitude (end), peak amplitude (maximum), peak amplitude (maximum entire), peak amplitude (mean), peak amplitude (mean entire) and peak amplitude (start) compared to values for the sound of O. tormota. A narrow bandwidth was observed in the means of all bandwidth measurements of the sound of T. truncatus compared to the values of the sound of O. tormota. The maximum measurements of the bandwidth (start) of the sound of T. truncatus exceeded the respective measurements of the sound of O. tormota by 7.80 kHz.The acoustic power and energy for the sound of T. truncatus were less than the that of the sound of O. tormota, though both sounds were pulsate and declined with increase in frequency. The maximum and mean acoustic energy of the sound of T. truncatus was 1.93937 Pa2s and 0.14392 Pa2s respectively which were 2.86936 Pa2s and 0.42714 Pa2s less than the sound of O. tormota. The delta power (ΔP) of the sound of T. truncatus was 47.3 dB higher than the respective measurements in the sound of O. tormota. The aggregate entropy, average entropy, average power, maximum entropy, maximum frequency, maximum power, minimum entropy and peak power of the pulsate sound of T. truncatus were 2.40 Bits, 2.40 Bits, 24.00 dB, 2.40 Bits, 6.84 kHz, 18.3 dB, 2.40 Bits and 18.3 dB less than the corresponding measurements of the sound of O. tormota. The delta power (ΔP) of the sound of T. truncatus was 47.30 dB greater than the corresponding delta power recorded by the sound of O. tormota. The acoustic propagation parameters of the sound of T. truncatus were comparatively inferior to the corresponding parameters of the sound of O. tormota hence not feasible for mosquito startle.
The thermodynamic properties of olfactory sensory receptors were characterized by the measurement of electrical responses to odorants in isolated olfactory epithelia. Using the electroolfactogram (EOG), electrical activity was recorded within a temperature range of 16°C–35°C with epithelia obtained from animals being kept at ambient environmental conditions. The amplitude, the area under the curve, and the voltage kinetics of the electroolfactogram recordings were measured at different temperatures. The apparent values of the activation energy and the change of enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the odorant-receptor interaction were estimated using both Arrhenius and Eyring equations. The results reveal a broad variation of enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy contribution (TΔS) for odorant interaction with different sets of olfactory receptors. The observed enthalpy change was always followed by a corresponding change in the entropy contribution (TΔS), maintaining constant free energy (ΔG): ΔG=ΔH-TΔS and obeying the enthalpy-entropy compensation. Notably, in all experiments, the changes in enthalpy or entropy do not correlate with the change of free energy. Due to the fact that the values of ΔH and TΔS represent a summation of all chemical interactions between odorant and olfactory sensory neuron, it is difficult to expect the binding properties of odorants to serve as a foundation of molecular recognition by olfactory receptors. For this reason, our thermodynamic results do not support the shape mechanism of olfaction.
Imidazole derivatives I [1-(3,5-Difluoro-4-methylphenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole and II 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1-(4-trifluoro)-phenyl-1H-imidazole] have been synthesized by using multicomponent reaction(MCR). The compounds (I & II) are crystallized in the monoclinic space group I2/a and in triclinic space group P-1 with unit cell parameters a = 22.1693(7), b= 8.1636(6), c=25.7250(19) A, β = 112.526(9)° and a = 9.2427(6), b = 13.4381(9), c =19.7520(4) A, α= 90.464(5)°, β = 99.530(5)°, γ=106.210(6)˚ respectively. The complexes have been characterized by single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis which revealed the asymmetric unit of the compound II contains two crystallographically independent molecules with almost similar geometries. The crystal structures were solved by Direct Methods and refined by Full Matrix least squares procedure. The C-H …F [inter-molecular and intra-molecular] interactions plays an important role in stabilizing the crystal packing. Molecular docking studies were used to identify the inhibitory activity against fungal protein cyctochrome P450 14 α demethylase enzyme.
The molecular points in protein possess a structural biology. The molecular point symmetry has been shown in light of valine-tryptophan structural relation. The impairment of fundamental molecular point in the structure causes cancer. The molecular point is a sensitive point of amino acid structure in space-time.
Depending on aggregate size, amino acid sequence and degree of misfolding, protein aggregates are disaggregated by Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs). Natural products can induce SHPs. Curcumin- the chemical constituent of turmeric paste/powder is now being considered as the inducer of HSPs which are able to reduce aggregates of glutamine amino acids and can also modulate the signaling pathway of small fragments of glutamine molecules. The molecular mechanism of disaggregation of aggregated glutamines has been considered from the view point of protein vibration which is expected to be happened either due to inherent electrostatic potential of the cell or due to external stimuli. Here we have discussed the current knowledge on the role of HSP induced by curcumin particularly with respect to Huntington diseases (HD) in the context of Protein Vibration Approach.
Some experiments evidence that Microgravity (Micro-g) has influence in the morphology growth rate of materials and physiology of biological systems. Some Micro-g systems have been developed for experimentation under these conditions. The 2-D, 3-D clinostats and Random Positioning machines stimulate weightlessness. The aim of this review is to show the state of the art of the research related to Micro-g effect on inorganic and organic materials. Some noticeable examples related to changes in nanomaterial morphology; physiological effect, and cellular response in biological systems of plants cells as maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); and osseous and muscular tissue will be shown. There has been identified the Micro-g as a new condition of significant structural and functional changes in the organization cellular.
Evaluation of Protective Shielding Thickness of Benue State University Teaching Hospital Makurdi Diagnostic Radiology Room was carried out using the Radarlat100 radiation meter. The workload of 125 (mA-min/wk.) and use factor 0.56 of the diagnostic X-ray machine was used to determine the shielding parameters at an operating potential of 150 kVp. The primary and secondary protective barriers of 3.95mm each were calculated. The wall thickness around the diagnostic room was measured to be 3.0 x 102 mm. This shows that the protective shielding thickness is adequate compared to the international recommended standard value of 74.0 ± 7.4 10-1 mm even for the highest peak voltage.
Transfer RNA is associated with Earth-Moon time curvature. The amino acids are synthesized by multitude of anti-gravitational influx into acceptor point of t-RNA driven by codon disposition and systematically transit to gravitational arena with a positional motivation. The distance of constancy from the loop of anticodon to the acceptor point possesses a significant acceptance towards structural biology.
The proteins are synthesized on the basis of electromagnetic structure of space-time under variable codon that measured from earth-moon time curvature. The symmetry of gravitational and electromagnetic waves is synchronized towards molecular manifestation in the biophysical structure. The highly destabilizing mutation in p53 protein molecule is the breakdown of amplified electromagnetic structure of protein molecule. Some parametric values in the structure explicit the mode of destabilization.
The evaluation of electromagnetic structure of space-time has been facilitated to determine synthesis of amino acids under codon-anticodon assignment and have been shown in different aspects. The events of amino acid synthesis in the polypeptide chain are specified by the molecular points or space-time points in the structure can be complemented in terms of codon. The infiltration of anti-gravitational impulses into electromagnetic structure of space-time concerned to methionine involvement, bisectional processes and structural mutations in p53 are mathematically shown towards predictability of directional gravity.
Methylation and mutation are structurally interrelated. P53 protein mutations impair intra-genic or intra-protein molecular suppression causing structural perturbation while methylation is concerned to negative gravitation. The etiology of cancer implies to transformation of valine-histidine complex to tryptophan-threonine complex through structural mutations of p53 protein molecule undergoes cell cycle based on differentiated molecular point structural level and extrusion of suppressed gravitational values in the structure.
Medical Imaging accounts for the largest radiation exposure of population from artificial sources of radiation. The radiation dose received by patients from medical X-ray examinations in Nigeria has shown large variations within and among diagnostic centers for similar examinations. This could be traced to lack of imaging protocols and availability of local or national diagnostic reference levels. The purpose of this study is to use film densitometry to estimate radiation absorbed dose to patients undergoing chest X-ray examination in the hospitals where this study was carried out, in order to determine their levels of exposure and compare with internationally recommended limits.Although the radiation doses resulting from diagnostic X-ray examinations are routinely measured in terms of entrance surface dose and effective dose using thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), optically stimulated luminescent dosimeter (OSLD), film badges, pocket dosimeter and electronic personal dosimeter (EPD). In this study for the purpose of radiation protection, the radiation doses from chest X-ray examination were estimated in terms of Mean Optical Density (MOD), by means of densitometer; model MA 5336, with a range of 0 to 4.0 optical density, an accuracy of ± 0.02 density and reproducibility of ± 0.01 density, manufactured by Gammex, U.S.A. The hospitals where this study was carried out are: hospital A in Ondo State; hospital B in Oyo State; hospitals C and D in Osun State. A total of one hundred and fifty five (155) chest X-ray radiographic films were collected from these hospitals in South – West Nigeria. The optical density of each radiographic film was measured five times at different spots. The MOD was obtained and a mathematical relation was used to convert the MOD to absorbed radiation dose in centi Gray (cGy). The results obtained in this study show that the mean absorbed X-ray dose was 4.04 ± 2.06 cGy in hospital A, 2.77 ± 1.45 cGy in hospital B, 3.01 ± 1.33 cGy in hospital C and 4.23 ± 1.98 cGy in hospital D. These values were compared with the excess dose of 0.10 Gy recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP, 2000), which is considered injurious or harmful to the human body.The absorbed radiation doses to patients at the different hospitals were observed to vary slightly and the percentage of mean absorbed dose above the excess dose was 1.9% of the total number of the films.
A brief account on cancer – one of the devastating diseases of the world has been outlined here. Cancer being a genetic disease arises from accumulation of mutations in critical genes. There are no unilateral reasons for its development. However, some proteins have by this time been identified for the development of cancer in human body. On the other hand, some proteins namely Heat shock proteins (Hsp) are induced either in different cancer affected cells or induced due to external administration of therapeutic agents including Indian medicinal herbs like Bacopa Monnicri etc. These are now found to modulate immune system by stimulating both innate and adaptive responses. Hsp – based therapeutic in cancer trials are also now available. One Hsp – band Vaccine Vitespen by name, made of Hsp gp - 96 is now licensed for use. This paper focuses on the dynamism of the use Hsp – 70, Hsp gp - 96 in the context of protein vibration approach due to electrostatic potential of the cell in the range of (0.8 to 1.0 and 25) mv. The potential range has arbitrary been choosen for sake of the paper. The paper also focuses on the process of modulation of the immune system by Hsp – 70 and gp – 96 basing on the frequency generated by the respective Hsp.
Alzheimer normally occurs in old age people. This results in memory loss and cognitive decline. The patient at his crucial stage losses almost his physical fitness. The disease has got no complete cure till the death. It is due to aggregation of either a different tau isomers or different constituents of Aβ – amyloid protein. A good number of scholars are now – a – days conducting a study on therapeutic aspects of Ashwagandha – a traditional Indian herb. Empirical studies also reflect on a successful implication of Ashwagandha root extract on Alzheimer’s affected mice. But the mechanism of activity of the extract has rarely been explained. The present paper focuses on the mechanism of disaggregation of aggregated protein by HSP – 70 induced by the extract of Ashwagandha and also on the removal technique of the disaggregated fragments with the help of LRP receptor. The problem has been viewed in the context of Protein Vibration – a hypothetical approach of the physical characteristics of protein.
Now, there exists no convincing explanation of illogical structure of higher animal inverted eyes. The existing well-known models of visual perception usually assume that the fields registered by the visual receptors are focused images of objects. In present paper, we propose an improved model of the holographic data formation on the human eye retina with subsequent image reconstruction. The possibility of the hologram formation on the retina is shown. The hologram is formed due to the interference of waves recorded by rods and cones, and waves that have passed through the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). In the resonant quasi-crystal medium, the nonlinear signal interactions between object signals generated by the rods and cones, and the reference signal generated by the ipRGCs with a time delay between the signals is taken into account. The theoretical analysis of complex holograms formation on the retina is done. The results allow us to better understand the processes of visual perception and they can be used to develop new methods of eye disease diagnostic and treatment, and also can be applied to creation of new information systems: holographic TV and atmospheric laser communication.
In this paper UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to study the self-association, optical transition probabilities (molar decadeic absorption coefficient, integrated absorption cross-section, transition dipole moment and oscillator strength of the spectra) and thermodynamic properties of Neomycin sulfate in aqueous solution at room temperature (295K). The optical transition probabilities were calculated by integrated absorption coefficient techniques in the wave number range 27173.9 - 37650.6 cm-1. The dimerization constant of Neomycin Sulfate (1.062 105 M-1) was analyzed using dimer model by nonlinear curve fitting to the experimental values. In addition the thermodynamic parameters (Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy) of dimerization reactions for the self -association of the compound were investigated using Vant’s Hoff equation at the temperature range (295 –312)K. Thus, the change of enthalpy calculated for Neomycin Sulfate is (3.765 ± 0.666) ΔH/kJ.mole-1. The values of change in enthalpy and entropy indicate that the hydrophobic interaction play the major role in the interaction between the molecules of Neomycin sulfate.
Magnetic resonance therapy is innovative magnetic based strategy that, in these years, has received significant attention thanks to its positive medical effects. Clinical studies have shown that application of this therapy significantly accelerates wound healing and, in particular, healing of the diabetic foot disease. The aim of this paper is to formulate the working principle of this therapy. We analyse experimental data on biological effects produced by magnetic fields. Based on this, we show that there is a hierarchy of the possible physical mechanisms, which can produce such effects. We suggest that the mutual interplay between these mechanisms can lead to a synergetic outcome, which can affect the physiological state of the organism. Taking into account the non-thermal character of the magnetic therapy and experimental data on the tight connection between various diseases (including the wound processes) and changes in the redox processes, we study theoretically effects of magnetic fields on soliton mediated charge transport during the redox processes. We show that electrons bound in nonlinear soliton states in macromolecules, are sensitive to weak magnetic fields and change their dynamical properties. These changes affect charge transport and can facilitate redox processes. We suggest that enhancement of the redox processes launches the chain of biochemical and physiological changes which can stimulate the wound healing and healing of the organism in general. These non-thermal resonant mechanisms of the biological effects of magnetic fields, analysed in the paper, are summarized as the working principle of the magnetic resonance therapy. We support our approach by some biological and histological data (both in vitro and in vivo) and by some clinical data. The knowledge of this working principle can provide information useful for optimizing magnetic therapy treatment protocols, and can be used as the guidelines for a further, pivotal clinical investigations related to therapies based on magnetic fields.
