Uranyl acetate (UA) is one of the heavy metals used to stain tissue in sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It gives excellent contrast to ultrastructure morphology. Unfortunately, UA is very toxic and has proven to be a carcinogen and radioactive reagent. Meanwhile, UA-Zero is a UA replacement with improved staining property has shown better for staining due to its safety profile and environmental-friendly properties. Therefore, en-bloc staining with UA-Zero provides better quality in sharpness, brightness, and contrast of electron micrograph images for kidney and other samples.
To investigate the transplantation of a functionalized self-assembling nanopeptide hydrogel loaded with adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) into a rabbit hindlimb ischemia model and to evaluate its effect in promoting vascular regeneration in ischemic tissues.
In this article, based on analysis of chemical composition and morphology structure of the New Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), that the COVID-19 belongs a kind protein nanoparticle virus with spherical complex structure has been explained. So, the COVID-19 possesses characteristics of ultra-small size, large specific surface, both hydrophilicity and lipophilicity, that just as all of the nanoparticles.
The provision of healthcare, which is a fundamental human right, has frequently been the subject of cutting-edge technology development. The availability of high-quality, timely, acceptable, and reasonably priced healthcare has greatly benefited from technological advancement. A new generation of nanostructures has emerged as a result of developments in nanoscience.
Osteoporosis means "Porous bone” is a disease characterized by progressive bone thinning. The deterioration of bone tissue can lead to bone fragility and fracture, especially of the hip, spine, shoulder and wrist. Osteoporosis is characterized by decreasing bone mineral density (BMD). Bisphosphonates are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis in the US and many other countries including India. Alendronate (Aln) is a widely used anti-osteoporosis drug, exhibits strong inhibitory effect on bone resorption performed by osteoclast cells. Alendronate-sodium is a BCS class III bisphosphonate, used in the treatment of osteoporosis, acts as a potent, specific inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Alendronate was the first bisphosphonate to be approved for osteoporosis in the US in 1995. The objective of the present study is to develop, optimize, and evaluate Alendronate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of osteoporosis. NPs were prepared by the Ionic gelation method and optimized for various parameters. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized using particle size analyser (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Formulated NPs were obtained in the average size ranging from 60 nm to 220 nm in TEM, SEM and DLS studies. The release profile was depended on the dissolution medium. The proposed nanoparticles offer an interesting alternative for alendronate delivery via the oral route. Our results indicated that alendronate-loaded chitosan nanoparticles provide an effective medication for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Nowadays, smart home devices have started to take a part in everything in our life, which mainly have been developed to consist from brain computer interface (BCI). In recent months, Neuralink BCI (1024-Electode) has been approved to be used by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA. That makes the ethical related studies have more attention to apply these devices and technologies in our daily life with more security. In this work, the ethical challenges of smart home systems that use BCI for personal monitoring, such as Neuralink Interfaces, have been reviewed, analysed and discussed regarding the fundamental principles in ‘Statement of Ethical Principles for the Engineering Profession’ of the UK. Firstly, a brief introduction of Neuralink BCI technology and important applications in daily life were discussed with related ethics issues. Then, proposed solutions and recommendations for every situation have been introduced and discussed as well. The main proposed ways to address that are establishing and introducing the related laws and rules, technology development of security and safety, and educate for acceptance culture in the society.
This preparation would maintain good contrast and reduce the formation of lead carbonate in resin-embedded tissue sections. This new method provides a shorter staining protocol of fewer than 5 minutes, extended storage duration, improved contrast, higher broad differential range, and prevents contamination from the environment. Introducing 20% ethanol to the lead citrate formula makes it to be more stable than lead nitrate formula.
The regeneration of soft tissue is challenging task in the medicine due to infection at the wound site. Therefore, it requires a rapid regeneration scaffold for dermis and epidermis in the soft tissue. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) impregnated nanocollagen has been developed for soft tissue repair. The nanocollagen contained silver nanoparticles facilitate the rapid regeneration of wounded skin, when compared to collagen microfibers.
Current treatment therapeutic approach for tuberculosis is the administration of first line drugs in the form of tablets and capsules for 4-6 months however; this approach leads to sever adverse effect. Therefore, present study was designed to achieving local and sustained targeting of ant tuberculosis drugs in order to reduce dose n frequency. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been found to be potential targeted and controlled release drug delivery systems. Various drugs can be loaded in the NPs to achieve targeted delivery. Nanoparticles of antituberculosis drugs are generally prepared by using chitosan and PLGA polymer. Nanoparticles of Chitosan being biodegradable, biocompatible, less toxic and easy to prepare, are an effective and potential tool for drug delivery. The selection of a nanoencapsulation technique should consider drug property, nanoparticle quality, scale-up feasibility, manufacturing costs, personnel safety, environmental impact, waste disposal, and the like. In recent years, there have been a plethora of nanoengineering approaches for the development of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticulate carrier systems. However, overlooking the multifaceted issues in the preparation and characterization of PLGA-based nanoparticles. Relevant information might be helpful to those who prepare and develop nanoparticles of ant tuberculosis drugs that meet their specific demands.
The advent of nanotubes in the nanotechnology world has led to significant advances in a number of biological and materials application, due to their structural properties such as the surface to volume ratio and potential to surface carrying or inside capsulation any materials. Among the various types of nanotubes, DNA nanotubes, due to their unique characteristics, such as precis controllability and programmability in shape/size/length/diameter and its biological origin compared to different types of nanomaterial, can be the suitable candidate for template patterning alignment and precise organization of nanoparticles at surface or into channel. These characteristics can be used in nanoelectronic devise or in the field of diagnostic nanobiosensores.
The change in cell size and alterations in the distribution of cells at different phases of the cell cycle are indicators of change in cell homeostasis. In this study, the HEp-2 cell line cells were treated for 24 hours by two shapes of Gold nanoparticles (GNPs): Gold nanospheres (GNSs) and Gold nanorods (GNRs). The cytotoxic effect of GNPs was evaluated by different methods. The MTT assay revealed that GNPs have a cytotoxic effect on HEp-2 cells and the GNRs are more toxic than GNSs. Image morphometric analysis showed a decrease in the mean values of Nuclear Area Factor (NAF) of HEp-2 cells treated with GNPs when compared to control cells. We found that cell size decreased in cells treated with GNPs and most of the cells were in S-phase and decreased at G2-phase of the cell cycle when compared to control cells. Also, it was noted that in cells treated with GNSs the apoptotic features increased with increasing concentration from pre IC50 to post IC50, contrary to cells treated with GNRs the apoptotic features decreased with increasing concentration from IC50 to post IC50. Cell size and cell cycle distribution changed after treatment by GNPs. The GNRs may be more toxic than GNSs.
Diagnostics that combine imaging techniques such as PET and MRI could enhance disease detection and location if effective multimodal contrast agents can be developed. A nanoparticle called AGuIX has been developed that is comprised of gadolinium-bound by chelates and additional free chelates that can be further labelled with radioactive isotopes enabling both PET and MRI imaging. Herein, we describe the size characterization of these nanoparticles together with their size distribution, which is an important parameter for pharmacokinetics, by a hyphenated method that is hollow fiber flow field flow fractionation (HF5). Once radiolabeled, the size was determined to confirm their integrity. The average radius of these nanoparticles was about 3.5 nm and was not significantly affected by radiolabeling. The labeling of these nanoparticles with radionuclides for SPECT/PET was also evaluated (namely 64Cu, 44Sc and 67Ga). Parameters such as the molar ratio, pH and temperature were optimized. For the three radionuclides considered, 60% to 100% radiolabeling yields were reached, with no further purification at this stage. High specific activities could be attainable for all percentages of free DOTA grafted at the surface of the AGuIX nanoparticles considered in this work.
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A supramolecular indicator system (cellulose-nanodiamonds-urease) for reusable biochemical detection of urea has been fabricated using sequential immobilization of the components. Modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) were covalently immobilized onto DEAE cellulose granules via the nucleophilic addition reaction. At DEAE cellulose: MND ratio of 4:1 (w/w), up to 110 µg of nanoparticles bound onto 1 mg of the polymer during the addition reaction. Urease was immobilized by covalent conjugation onto the polymer-MND composite with the benzoquinone-activated surface. In comparative experiments, the enzyme was immobilized onto initial polymer granules via nonspecific adsorption and covalent conjugation.
Green synthesis is a novel process for the preparation of numerous metallic nanoparticle and provides a safer and eco-friendly process simultaneously achieving functionalization of nanoparticles with bioactive molecules in the plants extract. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is performed using the aqueous extract of Ipomoea pes-caprae stems which acts as a bio-reducing agent.
Athletes who engage in doping for performance enhancement have become increasingly sophisticated in their strategies to avoid detection. Thus, it is no longer adequate to simply test for recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) or its induced longer-lived effector IGF-1.
In the current paper, the first step for using Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites as luminophore in producing Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor-namely increasing the sensitivity of biosensor through creating Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites and using it instead of other nanocomposites for detecting and tracking of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors, is evaluated. Further, optimization of tri-n-propylamine (TPrA), 2-(dibutylamino) ethanol (DBAE) and benzyl peroxide (BPO) concentrations and Os-Pd/HfC nanocomposites as four main and effective materials in the intensity of luminescence for detecting and tracking of human gastroenterological cancer cells, tissues and tumors are considered so that the highest sensitivity obtains.
Spray drying plays a crucial role in the processing of pharmaceutical products such as pills, capsules, and tablets as it is used to convert drug-containing liquids into dried powdered forms. Nano spray drying is in particular used to improve drug formulation by encapsulating active ingredients in polymeric wall materials for protection and delivering the drugs to the right place and time in the body. The nano spray dryer developed in the recent years extends the spectrum of produced powder particles to the submicron- and nanoscale with very narrow size distributions and sample quantities in the milligram scale at high product yields.
Iron oxide nanoparticle is the most promising nanoparticles (NPs) capable in Drug Delivery and targeting. Iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by green synthesis. Galactomannan, when attached to the surface of the nanoparticles, increases the biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. Folic acid (FA) is used as the ligand to target folate receptors, which are found abundant in cancer cells.
Phase solubility behavior, physico-chemical characteristics, cytotoxicity, morphology and dissolution enhancement of Naproxen-PVP Nanoformulations have been studied. Drug-polymer ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 for the poorly water-soluble drug, naproxen and the polymer PVP are prepared via wet milling using a conventional Retsch Planetary ball mill. The highest dissolution enhancement over that of the pure drug, 310% was achieved for the formulation ratio of 1:4. This ability of amphiphilic surfactant carriers to accelerate the in vitro dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs has been attributed to wetting, micellar solubilization, and/or deflocculation.
