Foodborne disease (FBD) is a global public health issue. Foodborne diseases are caused by consumption of contaminated foods. Food poisoning outbreaks associated with bakery stores have major public health significance and the common pathogen isolated being Salmonella species. Data on FBD associated with bakery products is very scarce; therefore this paper presents the available data on FBD outbreaks suspected due to consumption of bakery products (cream cake) in Bhutan. Data was retrieved from National Early Warning and Alert Response Surveillance System (NEWARS) and Food and Nutrition Laboratory, Royal Centre for Disease Control (RCDC). Four districts (Thimphu, Tsirang, Pemagatshel and Tashigang) reported at-least one event of FBD suspected from consumption of cream cake (from 2017 to 2021). Suspected cake samples were collected and analyzed for microbiological culture. Three of the FBD events were associated with consumption of cream cake samples contaminated with Salmonella(Salmonella Enteritis) pathogen. The Salmonella species were also isolated from egg samples. Good manufacturing practices with proper cleaning of raw materials and good personal hygiene is of paramount importance to prevent FBD incidences.
This research studied on fermentation of wine from Sai Nam Phueng tangerine (Citrus x aurantium L.) juice and evaluated the acceptability of tangerine wine formulations. The experiment with100% juice chaptalized (25% reducing sugar) fermented under 30°C by single and mixed cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus). The fermentation profiles of were investigated until alcohol reached 12%. Based on fermentation profile, singleS. bayanus performed the fastest fermentation rate. Next, wine fermentation using S. bayanus was studied by varying reducing sugar of the must (16-25% reducing sugar). Results showed basic wine made from 22% reducing sugar must (contained 1.93% sugar, 11% alcohol, and 0.38% titratable acidity) was selected for further formulation. The basic wine was formulated by adjusting sugar content (2%, 4%, and 6%) and acidity (0.5%, 0.7%, and 0.9%). The acceptability of the 9 tangerine wine formulations was evaluated by fruit wine consumers (54 females and 54 males). Different acceptability of formulated wines was found between female and male assessors. In female assessors, 5 out of 9 wine formulars were significantly accepted (p≤0.05) with the liking score higher than 6 (form 9-point hedonic scale), as both sugar content and acidity were driving factors affecting the liking of flavor and overall liking. The most accepted formula was the wine contained 6%sugar and 0.5%acidity (7.13±1.33). Although the acidity was the key factor that played role the liking scores in male assessors, all formulated tangerine wines were significantly (p≤0.05) unaccepted (the liking score lower than 6).
The fermentation of Pla-ra with autochthonous starter contained Bacillus subtilis subsp Subtilis UD6-2 and Virgibacillus halodenitrificans NCFF-2 under solid state fermentation (SSF) condition was evaluated. Pla-ra with the starter fermented by 3.5 month had similar properties in terms of texture, color and odor to traditional Pla-ra when assessed by manufacturers. Crispy fried Pla-ra, product models from Pla-ra with starter traditional derived were made and subjected to sensory preference test. It was found that all attributes of the crispy fried Pla-ra with starter product were more accepted than the traditional Pla-ra with significant higher liking scores (p<0.05). The test also demonstrated that the texture of Pla-ra significantly influenced the liking of taste and overall liking (p<0.05). Based on crispy fried Pla-ra proposed in this study, it could be an interesting alternative Pla-ra derived product that contained high protein and also a shelf stable with low hazard risk.
The murine cutaneous sarcoma cell line TSC2ang1 has been established in 1999 and recently been suggested to be a model for tuberous sclerosis-associated skin lesions/ hamartomas. This suggestion was founded in first place on the fact that the cell line has been established from tumor arising in a heterozygote tsc2-gene knockout mouse. Here, as the genetic characteristics of TSC2ang1 have never been determined in detail before, chromosome microarray and multicolor banding-based molecular cytogenetics were done. A near tetraploid karyotype with 69 to 77 chromosomes per cell, and two equally sized subclones were characterized for TSC2ang1. Into the human genome translated results of identified gains and losses, and a literature review showed that TSC2ang1 is rather suited as a sarcoma model than for tuberous sclerosis-associated hamartomas.
The purpose of this research is to estimate ultraviolet radiation intensity values using mathematical models. Ultraviolet intensity data obtained at a wavelength of 290-390 nm, along with global solar radiation and climate data on cloudless days. The case study of Thailand where the four solar radiation monitoring stations from the North, Northeast, Central and South among them are Chiang Mai, Ubon Ratchathani, Bangkok, and Songkhla provinces respectively. The models were created using data during 2017 to 2019. Following that, the model was validated using 2020 data on a cloudless days. It was found that the intensity of ultraviolet radiation was related to the ratio of solar radiation intensity at the Earth’s surface to extraterrestrial solar radiation intensity and the cosine of the zenith angle. In addition, the intensity of ultraviolet radiation is related to water vapor, ozone content, and visibility data. All of which can show mathematical relationships. The validation results of the model revealed reasonable agreement between the models with a positive correlation with one another. According to the results, all data are not significantly different at the 0.05 level.
