Background amp Objectives Hyperlipidemia characterized by elevated levels of lipids in the blood is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. This study explains the potential effects of the methanol extract of Plumeria acuminata leaves against atherosclerosis.Methods Nine formulations of mucoadhesive microspheres were created incorporating Carbopol-934P and different ratios of AIFM. A central composite design was employed using Design-Expert software to assess the influence of independent variables concentrations of polymers on the dependent variable mucoadhesive strength. The microspheres underwent compatibility studies and various physical evaluations including analysis of Acyclovir content and its discharge kinetics. Anti-atherosclerotic activity of P. acuminata was evaluated on Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats by measuring levels of biochemical serum parameters and histopathological assessment. Results The in-vivo anti-atherosclerotic activity of different doses 100 200 400 mgkg of methanol extract of P.acuminata leaves was carried out against Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia model. During the study it was found that the methanol extract of P.acuminata leaves MEPAL resulted in significant Plt 0.001 decrease in the biochemical serum parameters such as ALT AST ALP total cholesterol Triglycerides LDL Cholesterol HDL-Cholesterol LDH VLDL-Cholesterol CPK and FFA levels as compared to disease control groups and these findings were further supported with histopathological studies. Thus the present finding provides scientific evidence of ethnomedical value of P.acuminata leaves in cardiovascular diseases.Conclusion Methanolic extract of P.acuminata leaves possess a significant anti-atherosclerotic activity against Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia in Albino Wistar rats
Background Tuberculosis TB caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex remains a major health threat with an estimated 1.3 million cases of multidrug-resistant TB. Most TB drugs are over 40 years old highlighting the urgent need for new antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms to combat rising resistance.Objectives Development and standardization of the methods to synthesize the new pyrrolyl benzimidazole derivatives. Synthesized derivatives were characterized using various analytical techniques including IR sup1H NMR sup1sup3C NMR and mass spectral data. All compounds were screened for antitubercular and antibacterial activities. Methodology Pyrrolyl benzimidazole series were prepared by refluxing substituted orthophenylenediamine 1 and para-aminobenzoic acid 2 with ethanol for 8 h and 10 of sodium hydroxide solution was added to obtain substituted-1H-benzo d imidazole-2-yl aniline 3a-d. This was treated with 25-dimethoxy tetrahydrofuran in glacial acetic acid and refluxed for 30 mins to get substituted 2-4-1H-pyrrol-1-yl phenyl 1H-benzodimidazole 4 a-d further these 3a-d were refluxed with acetonyl acetone in glacial acetic acid to get 4- substituted 2-4-25-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl phenyl-1H-benzodimidazole 5a-d.nbsp The mixture was filtered and dried. Recrystallized from ethanol and obtained as brown crystals.Results Synthesized derivatives with a melting point of 140-210 degC. Results indicate that the compounds exhibit antibacterial activity expressed as MIC in the range of 6.25 to 100 microgmL against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Compounds 4a4d5a5d showed significant antibacterial activity at an MIC value of 6.25 microgmL and compounds 4d5dnbsp showed antitubercular activity at an MIC value of 3.12 microgmL.Conclusion These compounds can be further modified to get more potent antibacterial and antitubercular agents.
Buccal drug delivery offers a promising alternative to conventional oral routes by facilitating the rapid and efficient absorption of therapeutics directly through the mucosal tissues lining the oral cavity. This review explores the significant advancements in buccal drug delivery systems emphasizing the polymers used for enhancing drug efficacy and patient compliance. We examine the characteristics of various polymers that make them suitable for buccal applications such as mucoadhesion biocompatibility and controlled release capabilities. Recent innovations in polymer technology have led to the development of more sophisticated buccal delivery systems capable of overcoming the challenges of enzymatic degradation and permeability barriers. The review also discusses the future directions of buccal drug delivery systems BDDS highlighting the potential for integrating novel polymers and technology to improve therapeutic outcomes. Through a detailed evaluation of current literature and emerging trends this paper aims to provide insight into the evolving landscape of buccal drug delivery BDD and its implications for the pharmaceutical industry.
Objective To develop an easy efficient and rapid analytical technique for the development and validation of Labetalol in dosage forms. Methods The drug was eluted isocratically using a Shimpack C18 4.6 x 250 mm 5mum column in mode using Acetonitrile and Phosphate buffer pH 6.5 6040 vv at 1 mLmin with 306 nm as detection wavelength at 3.3 min.Results This method showed a linear response for concentrations 10 to 50 mugmL with 0.9998 as correlation coefficient. The current method was validated in terms of system suitability specificity linearity precision accuracy LOD Limit of detec tion LOQ Limit of quantification and robustness. The recovery of Labetalol HCl was found to be 101.26. The percentage assay of Labetalol HCl present in the marketed formulation Labebet-100 mg was found to be 102.34. Conclusion Thus this proposed method can be successfully executed for the routine analytical work of Labeta lol HCl in bulk and tablet dosage forms in accordance with ICH Q2 R1 guidelines.
Background Artemether and Lumefantrine are widely used antimalarial agents whose simultaneous quantification in tablet formulations is essential for quality control.Objectives To develop and validate a simple accurate and robust reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of Artemether and Lumefantrine in tablet dosage forms.Methods Chromatographic analysis was performed using a Hypersil BDS C18 column 250times4.6 mm 5 mum with a mobile phase composed of a buffer and acetonitrile in a 5050 vv ratio. The pH was adjusted to 3.0 plusmn 0.6 using orthophosphoric acid. The flow rate was set at 1.5 mLmin and detection was performed at 215 nm. The method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines for linearity accuracy precision and robustness.Results The retention times of Artemether and Lumefantrine were 2.464 and 6.236 minutes respectively. Linearity was observed over the concentration ranges of 4-24 mugmL for Artemether and 24-144 mugmL for Lumefantrine with correlation coefficients rsup2 exceeding 0.999. The method met the required criteria for accuracy precision and robustness.Conclusion The developed RP-HPLC method is direct reliable and reproducible. It is suitable for routine quality control analysis of Artemether and Lumefantrine in tablet formulations.
Background Biophytum sensitivum Linn. represents a promising natural source for the development of hydrogels with potential biomedical applications leveraging its rich medicinal properties for therapeutic benefits in wound healing dermatology and beyond.AimsObjectives In this study Biophytum sensitivum Linn. extract was incorporated into the hydrogel formulation.Methods The formulated hydrogels were evaluated for the appearance homogeneity texture spreadability pH viscosity and extrudability.Results The optimised formulation demonstrated good antimicrobial activity compared to the standard Azithromycin solution. Stability studies conducted at 40plusmn2 RH 75plusmn5 for two months showed no significant degradation of product.Conclusion These findings support the formulation of Biophytum sensitivum Linn. incorporated hydrogel highlighting its strong potential as an antibacterial agent. When delivered in hydrogel form it may offer enhanced therapeutic benefits for the treatment of common skin conditions infections wounds ulcers injuries and diabetes related complications.
Introduction Indazoles also known as isoindazone or benzpyrazole are fused bicyclic heteroaromatic organic molecules with a wide range of biological activities. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds particularly structurally diverse indazole nuclei have long attracted the attention of researchers because of their significant biological activities.Objective This study focused on the synthesis and characterization of a series of derivatives of 4-4-methoxyphenyl-6-methyl-5-5-sulfanyl-134-oxadiazol-2-yl-4567-tetrahydro-1H indazole-36-diol and the evaluation of their potential as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agents through molecular docking studies.Methods The target indazole compounds were synthesized in high yields and characterized using FT-IR 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. Their anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities were assessed through molecular docking experiments using COX-2 PDB ID 1CX2 and DNA Gyrase PDB ID 4URO crystal structures followed by in vitro analysis.Results These findings suggest that the synthesized indazole derivatives are promising novel antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Notably compounds K-3 and K-5 are promising candidates for further drug development with potential modifications to enhance their therapeutic properties.Conclusion These findings suggest that the synthesized indazole derivatives are promising novel antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Notably compounds K-3 and K-5 are promising candidates for further drug development with potential modifications to enhance their therapeutic properties.
Hypertension remains a paramount global health challenge characterized by its high prevalence and significant contribution to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. As of 2025 approximately 1.56 billion adults worldwide are affected with a disproportionate burden in low- and middle-income countries LMICs. The multifactorial pathophysiology of hypertension involves genetic predispositions neurohormonal dysregulation endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory processes. Advances in pharmacotherapy have introduced effective agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors angiotensin receptor blockers calcium channel blockers and diuretics which substantially reduce cardiovascular risks. However global control rates remain suboptimal due to barriers including underdiagnosis treatment non-adherence limited healthcare access and sociocultural factors. Patient-centered care models that emphasize education lifestyle modification individualized treatment and multidisciplinary support demonstrate promising outcomes but require wider adoption particularly in resource-limited settings. The review synthesizes current epidemiological trends mechanistic insights pharmacologic strategies and patient-centered care approaches highlighting the disparity in hypertension control across regions. It presents policy and healthcare system recommendations including national leadership resource allocation clinical guidelines integrated health services and population-level preventive measures. Emphasizing implementation science and health system strengthening the study advocates for bridging gaps between pathophysiology pharmacotherapy and personalized care to reduce the cardiovascular disease burden. Collaborative global and local efforts aligned with sustainable development goals are critical to enhancing hypertension detection treatment and control thereby reducing premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases.
Background Research is an increasingly important component of higher medical training in most universities. Postgraduate programs serve as key avenues for developing research capacity and cultivate skills needed for innovation. However postgraduate students often encounter significant challenges during their research work due to limited knowledge and insufficient professional skills. The present study aimed to explore and describe the various difficulties contributing to the limited success of postgraduate research work.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at postgraduate medical institutions and included 226 postgraduate students engaged in dissertation work. A validated computerized questionnaire was circulated among these students through a Google Form and their responses were recorded. Socio-demographic variables stress factors related to dissertation work and other relevant data were collected.Results Fifty-five percent of postgraduate participants confirmed that their supervisors were involved in the deliberation of topic selection. Additionally 81 72 and 80 of the candidates reported wholehearted support from their PG guideteachers their departments and their institutes respectively. Study design and research methodology were major challenges at the beginning of the research work whereas statistical analysis and interpretation of the data was the most difficult task during the dissertation process.Conclusion Postgraduate students face various difficulties while carrying out their research work which may lead to a declining interest in the research field. We conclude that postgraduate training and the research facilities in medical institutes require substantial improvements to better support and motivate purposeful research.
Background Abelmoschus esculentus Okra is a widely consumed vegetable known for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its extensive use in traditional medicine a detailed scientific characterization of its macroscopic microscopic physicochemical and phytochemical properties is essential to validate its quality and therapeutic potential. Objective This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the macroscopic microscopic physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of Abelmoschus esculentus fruit collected from a local market in Belagavi city Karnataka India. Methods Fresh Abelmoschus esculentus fruits were collected and authenticated at ICMR-NITM Belagavi. Macroscopic evaluation involved assessing sensory attributes such as colour aroma flavour and texture. Microscopic analysis included preparing thin cross-sections of the fruit and examining them under a light microscope to observe cellular structures such as epidermis parenchyma and vascular bundles. Coarse powder microscopy was also conducted. Physicochemical parameters like moisture content ash value and foreign organic matter were determined. Additionally phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract was performed using standard qualitative tests to detect the presence of secondary metabolites. Results Macroscopic evaluation revealed characteristic bright to dark green colour typical aroma and elongated fruit morphology. Microscopic analysis verified the presence of well-defined epidermal layers parenchymatous cells and vascular bundles. Physicochemical analysis showed low moisture content minimal ash values and negligible foreign matter indicating good quality. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of carbohydrates alkaloids flavonoids sterols phenols terpenoids glycosides and proteins suggesting significant medicinal potential. Conclusion The study successfully characterized Abelmoschus esculentus fruit from macroscopic to phyto-chemical levels. These findings support its traditional use and provide a scientific basis for further pharmaco-logical and therapeutic investigations.nbspBackground Abelmoschus esculentus Okra is a widely consumed vegetable known for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Despite its extensive use in traditional medicine a detailed scientific characterization of its macroscopic microscopic physicochemical and phytochemical properties is essential to validate its quality and therapeutic potential.Objective This study aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the macroscopic microscopic physicochemical and phytochemical characteristics of Abelmoschus esculentus fruit collected from a local market in Belagavi city Karnataka India.
Background Bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants have gained prominence in the pharmaceutical industry due to their therapeutic potential and role in enhancing health and disease resistance.AimsObjectives The present study aims to identify the bioactive phytochemicals present in the ethanolic leaf extract of cranberry hibiscus Hibiscus acetosella using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS and to explore their potential pharmacological propertiesMethods Ethanolic extracts of cranberry hibiscus leaves were subjected to GC-MS analysis to detect and characterize the phytochemical constituents. Identification was based on retention time molecular weight and mass spectral data which were matched against the NIST 2008 GC-MS library.Results A total of 27 bioactive compounds were identified from the extract. Major constituents included ethane 11-diethoxy 1-propanol 2-methyl 1-propene 3-fluoro acetaldehyde carbamic acid monoammonium salt 3-aminobenzhydrazide and cyclohexane1-ethenyl-1-methyl-24-bis1-methylethenyl. These compounds are associated with a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial antioxidant anti-inflammatory antidiabetic antifungal antibacterial vasodilatory and potential anticancer effects.Conclusion The GC-MS analysis confirms that cranberry hibiscus leaf extract is rich in therapeutically valuable phytochemicals. These findings suggest that it could serve as a promising source for the development of crude drugs and novel therapeutic agents in modern medicine.
Background Post-operative pain is experienced by the majority of patients and can be managed using a single analgesic agent or through multimodal analgesia.Objective To evaluate the prescription patterns of analgesics and assess pain management among post-operative patients.Method This was a prospective observational study conducted on 400 patients over a six months period. Data collected included patient demographics age gender chief complaints diagnosis laboratory test results and details of the drugs prescribed such as genericbrand name dose frequency route of administration and duration of treatment. Assessment of pain was done using the Numerical Rating Scale.Result Out of 400 patients 243 were male 60.75 and 167 were female 39.25. The largest proportion of subjects belonged to the 46-60 years age group 33.75. Majority of subjects reported mild pain 52.75. Most drugs were prescribed by brand name 88.1. Intravenous administration was the most common route 97.14. Tramadol was the frequently prescribed monotherapy on the day of surgery 16.25 whereas paracetamol was the most commonly prescribed monotherapy on postoperative days 1 42.96 2 61.61 and 3 69.37. The combination of tramadol and paracetamol was the most commonly prescribed combination therapy on postoperative day 0 40.25 day 1 26.04 day 2 15.16 and day 3 7.5.Conclusion This study highlights the need to curb irrational prescribing to reduce morbidity and ease the public health burden. Promoting the judicious use of all medications including analgesics can lower costs limit adverse effects and improve care delivery.
Background Psoriasis is a skin disorder characterized by hyperproliferation of skin cells and an inflammatory response involving neutrophils. Wrightia tinctoria has traditionally been used in treating psoriasis and various studies have supported its effectiveness. The study investigated the phytochemical contents of Wrightia tinctoria leaves and determined the existence of rutin a bioactive substance thought to have therapeutic effects on psoriasis.Aim The study aimed to assess the therapeutic potential of Wrightia tinctoria plant leaf extract by assessing its phytochemical composition and determining the marker molecule rutin using Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography RP-HPLC analysis.Methods Fresh Wrightia tinctoria leaves were collected and analyzed using qualitative and quantitative microscopy. The phytochemical profile was determined using an aqueous extract of dried leaf powder. A sensitive RP-HPLC method was devised to detect the rutin concentration in aqueous leaf extract.Results The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids carbohydrates flavonoids sterols and tannins. A good linearity was observed in the chromatographic data. The retention time of rutin was found to be 3.122 min at 256 nm. The concentration of rutin in the extract was 8.62 microgmL. The reported value of chromatographic parameter was identified by comparing with standard solution having retention time of 3.198 min at 10 microgmL.Conclusion The pharmacognostical evaluation of Wrightia tinctoria leaves provides useful information for standardization protocols. The short retention time in the RP-HPLC method indicates fast and efficient chromatographic separation enabling quicker and more reliable analysis of rutin.nbsp
Background Mosquito-borne diseases remain a persistent public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. The extensive reliance on synthetic mosquito repellents like DEET N N-diethyl-meta-toluamide has raised concerns about toxicity resistance and environmental degradation. In response to these issues plant-derived repellents are gaining attention for their safety and sustainability.nbspObjective This study investigated the insecticidal and repellent properties of Jatropha curcas seed oil formulated into herbal mosquito repellent cones.nbspMethods The cones were prepared with varying concentrations of fixed oil and natural excipients including cow dung camphor charcoal benzoin gum acacia and jasmine oil. The formulations F1 to F4 were evaluated for burning time smoke visibility ash content irritation potential odour and mosquito mortality. Phytochemical analysis Soxhlet extraction of fixed oil microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FTIR spectroscopy were performed to characterize the material and assess its bioactive compounds.Results Results showed that J. curcas fixed oil particularly in higher concentrations possessed potent mosquito repellent and insecticidal activity attributed to terpenoids and phorbol esters.nbspConclusion The findings support the use of Jatropha-based herbal cones as safe cost-effective alternatives to chemical repellents in mosquito control.
Aim The present study aimed to develop a nanoemulsion based hydrogel formulation of erythromycin ERY a macrolide antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections to address its low aqueous solubility and instability in acidic conditions.Methods The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed using tea tree oil Tween 80 ethanol and water. Ethanol and Tween 80 were mixed in 31 ratio to achieve the highest isotropic area and produce nanoemulsions. Central composite design was used for optimising the nanoemulsion which generated 11 formulas.Results Formulation E7 exhibited a desired globule size of 13.61 nm a polydispersity index of 0.168 drug content of 98.8plusmn0.75 drug release of 74.17plusmn1.18 at the end of 24 hours a zeta potential of 45.6mV and a viscosity of 216.5plusmn0.20 cP. Thus formulation E7 was considered as the optimized formula and was incorporated into the Carbopol gel base 1 1.5 2 to obtain erythromycin nanoemulgel E7F1 E7F2 E7F3. Among the three formulations E7F1 showed better results with a drug content of 98.6plusmn0.63 and a drug release of 72.02plusmn0.33 at the end of 24 hours. The results of the antimicrobial study demonstrated that erythromycin nanoemulsion E7 has potent antimicrobial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusion The erythromycin nanoemulsion-based hydrogel offers greater therapeutic efficacy with reduced adverse effects and sustained drug release.
Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites are progressively used in the treatment of various diseases as complementary medicines. The safety of many efficient synthetic medications has become dubious due to their side effects and serious health risks prompting a shift towards natural alternatives. Recent studies have shown that many medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities are rich in alkaloids which serve as bioactive compounds. Alkaloids are characterized by their diverse chemical structure and have been extensively documented for their pharmacological effects. Out of 171 alkaloids evaluated 137 demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity. This clearly indicates that the alkaloidal compounds play a crucial role in therapeutic potential of various herbal drugs. Hence the present review explored the alkaloid rich herbs such as Berberis vulgaris Leucas aspera Adhatoda vasica Trigonella foenum-graecum Punica granatum Areca catechu Tinospora cordifolia Colchicum autumnale Piper nigrum and Piper longum etc. and their effect on inflammation. These herbal phytoconstituents exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity mainly by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 COX-2 enzyme. They also can directly modulate inflammatory mediators like interleukins IL prostaglandins PG and thromboxanes TXs. By understanding the relationship between alkaloids and anti-inflammatory activity we can better appreciate their therapeutic value in wide range of pathological conditions involving chronic inflammation and work towards developing them into effective therapeutic agents.
Objective Bridelia retusa L. Spreng. a medicinal plant belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family is commonly used in India for treating various diseases. The present study investigated the antioxidant potential of different extracts ofnbspBridelia retusanbspL. Spreng. leaves in cell free systems in vitro.Method Dried coarsely powdered leaves of Bridelia retusa L. Spreng. were successively extracted with polarity graded solvents such as petroleum ether chloroform ethyl acetate in a Soxhlet apparatus followed by maceration with water. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH 2 2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing power assays with ascorbic acid as the standard.Results A progressive increase in radical inhibition activity was observed with increasing concentrations of chloroform extract of Bridelia retusa L. Spreng. demonstrating effects similar to the standard antioxidant ascorbic acid.Conclusion The chloroform extract of Bridelia retusa L. Spreng. leaves exhibited significant antioxidant activity comparable to the standard antioxidant.
