Food packaging film, as an integral part of the food industry, plays an important role in maintaining food quality, extending shelf life, and ensuring food safety. With the upgrading of consumer demands and the growing awareness of environmental protection, traditional packaging films are gradually evolve toward functionalization, greening, and intelligent design. In the present work, visualization tools are employed to analyze the research hot spots and development trends of intelligent packaging film in recent years. Subsequently, the classification, performance, applications, and future prospects of food packaging films are summarized. These findings broaden the scope for the research and application of films in food packaging. Furthermore, with the integration of materials science and information technology, packaging films are expected to advance in the directions of sustainability, functionalization, and intelligence. Through technological innovation, packaging film will increasingly focus on food safety, resource conservation, and the promotion of sustainable development, thereby supporting the high-quality advancement of food preservation in the packaging industry.
Solvent-free rigid Polyurethane (PU) coatings are widely applied for pipeline corrosion protection due to their high-build capability, the elimination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and suitability for structurally demanding and hygienic water-contact applications. Despite their extensive industrial use, the electrochemical degradation behavior of thick, highly resistive solvent-free PU systems-particularly under accelerated electrochemical stress-remains insufficiently clarified. Anticorrosive performance of a rigid solvent-free PU coating formulated for pipeline steel was investigated using a combined evaluation framework involving long-term Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Alternating Current-Direct Current-Alternating Current (AC-DC-AC) accelerated electrochemical cycling, and conventional durability tests, including Cathodic Disbondment (CD) and Neutral Salt Spray (NSS) exposure. Immersion EIS measurements in 5 wt% NaCl exhibited a single dominant time constant throughout the exposure period, with low-frequency impedance values exceeding 108 Ω·cm2 and coating capacitance on the order of 10-9 F·cm-2. This behavior indicates a highly resistive dielectric barrier governed by restricted ionic transport within a predominantly hydrophobic polyurethane network. During AC-DC-AC cycling, the impedance response evolved from an intact-barrier regime toward diffusion-controlled behavior, as evidenced by progressive reductions in coating resistance, changes in constant phase element parameters, and the emergence of Warburg-type diffusion features. At extended cycling times, an apparent, diffusion-limited stabilization of impedance was observed, suggesting transport limitation within confined interfacial regions rather than true barrier recovery. Notably, similar stabilization trends were detected in EIS measurements conducted after 2,500 h of NSS exposure, demonstrating a strong mechanistic correlation between accelerated electrochemical cycling and long-term environmental degradation. Cathodic disbondment testing confirmed excellent compatibility with cathodic protection systems, with disbondment values remaining well within industry acceptance limits. Overall, this work provides a mechanistically grounded electrochemical assessment of rigid solvent-free PU coatings and establishes AC-DC-AC testing as a resource-efficient and predictive approach for evaluating long-term pipeline coating performance.
Direct CO2 reduction from rich amine is advantageous as this allows for a push a step closer to realising the concept of integrated carbon capture and utilization. This study looks into the application of using a photocatalytic process to convert the absorbed CO2 into formic acid. A slurry system using TiO2 as a photocatalyst was used together with a Ultraviolet C (UVC) light source and based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) analysis, with the empirical model R2 of 0.9080 achieved, the optimum yield of formic acid obtained was 108 µmol/g cat·hr when running with 0.2 g TiO2, at 50 ℃ and a 3-hour operation. The yield of product obtained is comparable to others reported in the literature. A moderate kinetic model fit was achieved for formic acid production with an R2 of 0.64 and Root Mean Squared Deviation (RMSD) of 14.08. Comparison is done between slurry and immobilised TiO2 where a 33% drop in yield was achieved when the photocatalyst was immobilised onto Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibres.
The development of sustainable polymer composites requires the integration of renewable or waste-derived fillers that improve performance without compromising processability. In this study, Slate Powder (SP) and Bivalve Shells (BS) were evaluated as alternative mineral reinforcements (5, 10, 20, and 30% (w/w)) for partially recycled High-Density Polyethene (HDPE) and renewable-origin Polypropylene (PP) composites used in packaging applications produced through blow molding extrusion. Mechanical analysis showed that BS increased Young’s modulus, while SP preserved flexibility and maintained mechanical properties close to those of fossil-based polymers. No significant influence was observed in rheology (Melt Flow Rate (MFR)). Importantly, both SP and BS enhanced barrier performance by reducing air and water vapour permeability. Ultraviolet (UV) transmittance tests confirmed that SP was highly efficient, achieving near 0% transmittance with only 5% incorporation, while BS required higher loadings (30%) to achieve similar results. When compared to reference materials, all composites exhibited superior barrier properties, underscoring their potential in packaging applications. The approach here described not only supports the circular economy but also offers a viable path to produce high-performance and sustainable polyolefin-based packaging materials.
To address Photovoltaic (PV) glass solar energy loss (reflection) and efficiency degradation induced by infrared light absorption (which causes increased battery temperature and thereby exacerbates carrier recombination), this study examines silicate precursors (Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS), Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), Tetrabutoxysilane (TBOS)) with varying carbon chain lengths on coating performance. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)/Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterization results show all coatings are amorphous, but TMOS yields higher crystallinity and denser microstructures; TEOS/TBOS form defective structures via longer chains. Optical tests indicate that all coatings have 90%-96% Visible Light (VL, 300-800 nm) transmittance (TMOS: up to 96%, with the least fluctuation); TMOS has the lowest infrared (IR, 2.5-25 μm) transmittance (~ 40%). In addition, TMOS coatings retain > 90% VL transmittance over 24 months, and TEOS and TBOS show shows ultra-low aging attenuation. These results demonstrate that TMOS is the optimal precursor for preparing high-performance PV glass coatings, which can effectively reduce solar energy loss and mitigate efficiency degradation of PV modules, providing technical support for the development of high-efficiency photovoltaic systems.
Zinc phosphide nanoparticles doped with Nickel (Zn0.90Ni0.10P2) were created via a solid-state process and then vacuum-annealed at two distinct temperatures (573 K and 873 K) and pressures of 2 × 10-2 mbar. The impact of different annealing conditions on the synthetic materials' optical, magnetic, and structural properties was examined. The produced samples clearly maintained a tetragonal structure, as shown by the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and the diffraction peaks show no observable signs of extra nickel or other impurities. As the annealing temperature was raised from 573 K to 873 K, the crystallite size increased from 31.597 nm to 32.019 nm, and the lattice parameters showed a positive correlation from a = 8.1096Å, c = 11.1098Å to a = 8.1722Å, c = 11.1286Å. According to the Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, the dopant concentration closely resembles the intended atomic ratio. As the annealing temperature was raised, the Zn0.90Ni0.10P2 nanoparticles' optical band gap increased from 1.443 eV to 1.449 eV. The analysis of the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) data shows that the annealing temperatures and saturation magnetization are positively correlated. The values of saturation magnetization, coercivity, and retentivity at 573 K and 873 K Zn0.90Ni0.10P2 are 0.1499 emu/g, 69.52 Oe, 0.0039 emu/g,0.1676 emu/g, 65.46 Oe, and 0.0040 emu/g, respectively.
Bioleaching is a mining and biohydrometallurgical process used to extract valuable metals from different ores with the help of microorganisms such as fungi. Five fungal isolates were isolated from seven soil samples collected from Um Bogma Formation in Gabal Um Hamd, southwestern Sinai, Egypt, and were coded from W1 to W7, which were classified geologically into three categories as siltstone (W1, W2, W4), dolostone (W5, W6) and grey shale (W3, W7). The isolated fungi were morphologically identified as Aspergillus hollandicus (A. hollandicus), Penicillium citrinum (P. citrinum), Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum), Fusarium roseum (F. roseum), and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus). The chemical characterization of the studied samples for uranium revealed a wide variation, with values ranging from 20 ppm in W4 to 9,706 ppm in W7. Additionally, the thorium values obtained ranged from 23 ppm in W2 to 122 ppm in W3. The maximum values of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) were recorded as 153 and 33 ppm in W1 and W6, respectively. The bioleaching activity of uranium, thorium, and REEs exhibited wide variation when applied to the studied samples as follows: 53% (W5), 74% (W3), and 55% (W7) (F. roseum), 58% (W3), 49% (W3), and 41% (W3) (A. fumigatus), 60% (W5), 65% (W1), and 76% (W5) (T. harzianum), 64% (W1), 77% (W5), and 89% (W5) (A. hollandicus), and 70% (W1), 88% (W4), and 33% (W1) (P. citrinum), respectively. Furthermore, the extracellular protein secretion played a major role in bioleaching activity, showing a significant increase at the end of each experiment as the maximum level was recorded as 20.1 and 13.8 mg/L for W6 and 11.7, 10.7, and 5.8 mg/L for W5. This may be considered as a defense mechanism of fungi to generate more energy to face the overdose of metals or radiation toxicity and the increase in fungal digestion enzymes may contribute to enhanced bioleaching activity. Consequently, proteins act as a co-factor in the bioleaching process and a protective agent for fungi to survive against exposure to different environmental stresses such as irradiation or radioactive metals.
Water contamination by heavy metals represents a critical global environmental challenge, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable treatment solutions. The significant potential of Zirconia (ZrO2) as a high-quality adsorbent remains underdeveloped, particularly in Indonesia, for water treatment and purification applications. This is especially relevant given the growing environmental concern over heavy metal contamination in water supplies. This research aims to address this by developing zirconia-based magnetic particles for use as an efficient adsorbent. Zirconia-coated magnetic particles (Fe3O4@ZrO2) were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation. The adsorbent was then characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which confirmed that modifying ZrO2 with Fe3O4 altered its structure, creating particles with a greater surface area ideal for adsorption. Subsequent adsorption tests for Pb (II) and Cd (II) demonstrated excellent removal capabilities, with maximum adsorption capacities of 189.21 mg/g and 85.22 mg/g, respectively. The combination of ZrO2 adsorption properties with the magnetic characteristics of Fe3O4 shows great promise for applications in water treatment and wastewater management, offering a potential method for reducing heavy metal pollutants.
Direct air capture technologies have gained prominence as vital tools for atmospheric carbon dioxide removal, with four major categories, namely liquid solvent-based, solid sorbent-based, electrochemical, and emerging hybrid systems, demonstrating varying degrees of maturity and feasibility. Liquid solvent-based direct air capture, including systems using potassium hydroxide, amines, and advanced ionic liquids or deep eutectic solvents, benefits from high CO2 reactivity and established chemical regeneration processes, but faces limitations from high thermal energy demands, solvent degradation, and environmental handling concerns. Solid sorbent-based systems, such as those utilizing amine-functionalized materials or metal-organic frameworks, offer low-temperature regeneration and modular designs, yet often suffer from variable adsorption capacity under different humidity levels and degradation over multiple cycles. Electrochemical direct air capture is a rapidly advancing field that uses redox-active materials or ion-exchange membranes to reversibly bind and release CO2 using electrical energy. These systems enable operation under ambient conditions with high selectivity and reduced thermal input, though challenges persist in terms of redox material stability and scalability. Other emerging methods, such as cryogenic, photocatalytic, mineralization-based, and biological direct air capture, offer innovative pathways to reduce energy use or permanently sequester CO2, but remain at early developmental stages. While significant advances have improved energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and operational stability across direct air capture technologies, further research is needed to enhance long-term material performance, develop low-cost, scalable reactor designs, and improve integration with renewable energy systems. Future studies should prioritize techno-economic assessments, lifecycle analysis, and hybrid approaches that combine the strengths of multiple direct air capture pathways to achieve cost-effective and durable carbon removal at gigaton scales.
The growing demand for sustainable solutions in industrial processes has prompted the exploration of alternative solvents that can reduce environmental impact. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), characterized by their low toxicity, recyclability, and versatility, have emerged as promising candidates for waste reduction, by-product valorization, and the advancement of the circular economy. This mini-review highlights the main applications ofDESs in various waste management strategies. Firstly, it examines DES as a green, non-toxic, and alternative solvent to conventional solvents, offering a safer and more sustainable option for industrial processes. Secondly, it examines their role in reducing food and agro-industrial waste by extracting valuable bioactive compounds from waste streams and industrial by-products. Thirdly, it discusses the recovery of valuable metals from electronic waste (e-waste), emphasizing the efficiency of DESs in metal extraction while minimizing environmental harm. Finally, it addresses the use of DESs in catalyst cleaning and regeneration, showcasing their contribution to reducing waste in industrial catalytic processes. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of DESs as pretreatment agents, extraction solvents, catalysts, and material recovery media, compiling the most recent advances in agro-industrial waste valorization, precious metal recovery, and catalyst regeneration. It offers comparative insights into their performance against conventional solvent-based methods and highlights emerging challenges and opportunities for large-scale implementation, emphasizing their potential to advance waste reduction and support a circular economy.
The textile industry generates large volumes of dye-containing effluents, with Methyl Violet (MV) among the most toxic and persistent pollutants due to its carcinogenicity and resistance to degradation. In this study, a green adsorbent based on magnetite (Fe3O4) modified with Banana Peel (BP) extract was synthesized via reverse co-precipitation, where BP functions simultaneously as a natural reducing, stabilizing, and surface-functionalizing agent. Structural characterization using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the crystalline spinel structure of Fe3O4 and the incorporation of organic functional groups (-OH, C=O) from BP onto its surface. Adsorption experiments demonstrated a maximum capacity of 135 mg·g-1 for MV at pH 6.0, with data fitting well to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption. Furthermore, Fe3O4-BP achieved over 95% MV removal in simulated wastewater and could be magnetically separated and reused. These findings emphasize the dual role of agricultural waste as both a sustainable reagent in nanoparticle synthesis and as a performance enhancer for adsorption, underscoring the potential of Fe3O4-BP as a cost-effective and eco-friendly material for wastewater treatment.
Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in a brown sugar solution at three different temperatures (23 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C) with a concentration of 2.5 mM of AgNO3 and 0.02 g·mL-1 of brown sugar. The sample prepared at 60 °C exhibited the highest nanoparticle yield, with an average diameter of 22 nm, as determined by analyses of micrographs. The bactericidal effect of these nanoparticles was evaluated against Escherichia coli American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 25922 using the microdilution method, monitoring bacterial growth via absorbance at 600 nm. After 24 hours, nanoparticles formed at 60 °C demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on E. coli growth when used at volumes of 300 µL and 400 µL in the assay.
Access to clean and affordable household energy remains a pressing challenge in many low-income regions, where dependence on firewood and fossil fuels contributes to deforestation, indoor air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Biogas technology offers a renewable and decentralized alternative, yet the affordability, durability, and safety of small-scale digesters remain barriers to widespread adoption. This study presents the design, construction, and performance evaluation of a small-scale biogas digester repurposed from a decommissioned 50 L Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) steel cylinder. The conceptual design incorporated an airtight slurry inlet, digestate outlet, and gas outlet fitted with a pressure relief valve, non-return valve, and gas purification system (moisture trap and H2S scrubber). To enhance durability, the interior was coated with food-grade epoxy resin, and the vessel was insulated with polyurethane foam to maintain mesophilic conditions (30-40 °C). Engineering analyses guided reactor volume sizing, retention time (20-30 days), biogas production estimation, thermal insulation design, and pressure safety limits. The construction process emphasized leak prevention and corrosion resistance, while experimental testing was conducted over 30 days using cow dung and kitchen waste at a 1 : 1 feedstock-to-water ratio. Daily monitoring recorded slurry temperature, biogas yield, and methane concentration. Results showed cumulative biogas production of 268.6 L (0.537 m3·kg−1 Volatile Solids (VS)) and methane yield of 163.3 L (0.327 m3·kg−1 VS), corresponding to an energy output of ~11.7 MJ·kg−1 VS (3.25 kWh·kg−1 VS). Methane concentration increased steadily from 54% to 66% during the first 15 days, stabilizing thereafter before declining in the final phase due to substrate depletion. Statistical analysis indicated a positive correlation between slurry temperature and daily gas yield, confirming the importance of thermal regulation. The findings demonstrate that repurposed gas cylinders can provide a low-cost, portable, and pressure-rated solution for decentralized biogas production.
Graphite-clay composite electrodes are promising candidates for fabricating energy storage devices with Polyaniline (PANI) as the active material. Well-performing homogeneous symmetric supercapacitors made from graphite-clay electrodes open a new pathway to construct heterogeneous symmetric supercapacitors, providing a novel technological perspective on supercapacitors. The present study demonstrates the fabrication of three different supercapacitors, including a PANI-coated graphite-Montmorillonite (MMT) composite electrode and graphite-kaolinite-cement composite electrode-based supercapacitor (PANI-GMMTCE_GKCeCE), a PANI-coated graphite-MMT-cement composite electrode and graphite-kaolinite-cement composite electrode-based supercapacitor (PANI-GMMTCeCE_GKCeCE), and a PANI-coated graphite-kaolinite composite electrode and graphite-kaolinite-cement composite electrode-based supercapacitor (PANI-GKCE_GKCeCE), and their performance evaluation using various electrochemical and analytical techniques. Supercapacitors were constructed based on four different PANI-coated graphite-clay composite electrodes, each consisting of PANI-GKCeCE, with the remaining section from each of the other electrodes. Each electrode surface facilitated the formation of conductive PANI coating via aniline electropolymerization, as evidenced by well-characteristic Cyclic Voltammograms (CV) with dominant peaks. The morphological structures of PANI coating on each electrode are unique from one another, but all have a PANI nanofiber network with uniform or irregular distribution. Synergistic interactions of two different PANI networks in a supercapacitor contribute to the charge transfer and storage mechanisms. Both (PANI-GMMTCE_GKCeCE) and (PANI-GMMTCeCE_GKCeCE) supercapacitors outperformed in capacitance, producing more than 390 F·g-1 of specific capacitance in CV and charge-discharge tests. All three supercapacitors follow pseudocapacitive behavior in charge-discharge as well as in CVs. However, each supercapacitor displayed combined properties of double-layer and pseudocapacitor, indicating a constant phase element in each impedance spectrum. The ionic diffusion process contributed to the charge transport and storage mechanism due to the heterogeneous nature on both sides, which is similar to previously fabricated PANI-coated graphite-clay-based supercapacitors. Charge-discharge curves of each supercapacitor exhibited cyclic stability with higher Coulombic efficiency, and all supercapacitors achieved considerably higher energy and power densities, indicating the high performance of heterogeneous symmetric graphite-clay-based supercapacitors. Further modifications of heterogeneous symmetric supercapacitors are essential to improve their performance for commercial-scale development.
In this paper, numerical simulations are carried out for the heat transfer of granular multiphase flow in a preheating furnace. In the preheating furnace hot air passes through a granular medium with a large particle size (> 1 cm) moving in a packed bed state. Here, a granular medium with a large particle size was considered as one with unilateral incompressibility. This method differs from the Eulerian method based on kinetic theory for granular flow. Also, the calculation of the thermal conductivity in packed bed of granular material used in the discrete element method was modified to fit the continuum model. To verify the validity of the combination of this heat conduction model and the Eulerian granular flow model based on the unilateral incompressibility, the comparison with the previous results using the discrete element method was done. The comparison showed a good agreement of the temperature distribution with time. Finally, this was applied to analyzing heat transfer in a preheating furnace and the results were compared with the measured temperatures of the discharged granular material in different conditions. The results show that the method based on the assumption of unilateral incompressibility is more suitable than the kinetic theory-based model for the analysis of heat transfer processes in granular flows with large particle sizes and dense particles that are not well entrained in fluid flow. The calculations show that the inlet charging rate should be less than 0.55 kg/s and the blast velocity higher than 100 m/s to achieve the discharged material temperature above 1,000 ℃. Also it was found that there exists a thin transition layer with a sharp temperature change at the free surface of the granular layer in the range of blast velocities (50 m/s ~125 m/s) and granular material charging rates (0.28 kg/s~1.11 kg/s) considered here.
The optimal control of a multicomponent batch distillation campaign with a variable reflux ratio, and an analysis of the influence of different parameters, have been presented. At first, the influence of initial mixture composition combined with the influence of the top pressure brought about: 1) a clear 'bang-bang' policy, which is easier to verify and apply in an industrial environment, and 2) time reduction by 14.07%. Furthermore, the influence of vapor boil-up showed that with the increase of vapor boil-up by 2.73 times, there is a significant increase in recovery rate by 27.55%, whilst a significant reduction of overall time horizon by 41.71% for total recovery. Finally, the influence of reboiler volume: with the doubling of reboiler volume, again, there is a significant increase in recovery rate by 32.98%, and, interestingly, the overall time horizon reduction is almost the same as in the previous case, as it gives 41.90% for total recovery. These results give flexibility in terms of process design: one can choose between different variable parameters to achieve the targeted recovery rate and/or final time.
This study evaluates the valorization potential of cocoa pods, mainly sourced from the Sud-Comoé region of Côte d'Ivoire, through controlled thermal pyrolysis to produce biochar. Two experiments were conducted at final temperatures of 331.29 °C and 357.92 °C, yielding biochars with distinct characteristics. The first trial, with a 55% mass yield, produced a biochar with a Lower Heating Value (LHV) of 14.097 MJ/kg, making it suitable for agronomic applications. The second trial, although yielding only 35%, resulted in a higher-energy biochar with an LHV of 22.158 MJ/kg, positioning it closer to high-performance biomasses such as coconut husks (28-32 MJ/kg) and sawdust (18-22 MJ/kg). Processing one ton of cocoa pods is estimated to yield between 350 and 550 kg of biochar, potentially sequestering between 770 kg and 963 kg of CO2. Compared to direct combustion, this approach avoids approximately 1,063 kg of CO2 emissions per ton of biomass processed. Thermodynamic modeling using the Hirn cycle estimated the energy potential between 3.662 and 5.815 kWh per ton, depending on yield and LHV. These findings highlight the effectiveness of moderate-temperature pyrolysis in producing energy-rich biochar and reinforce the potential for sustainable valorization of cocoa pod residues within Côte d'Ivoire's agro-environmental development framework.
This study explores the cationization of cotton fabric using an extract from faba bean husk waste to enable salt-free reactive dyeing. By leveraging natural compounds in the husk, the process enhances dye uptake and fixation, eliminating the need for conventional salt additives. Optimized extraction conditions (7.5% HCl, 24-hour treatment, and 1 : 20 material-to-liquor ratio) achieved a 90% dye exhaustion rate and a fixation rate of 51.74%. The cationized fabric exhibited superior color strength (K/S value: 1.5291) compared to conventionally dyed fabric (1.3043). Colorfastness to washing, rubbing, and light was comparable to traditional methods, with minimal changes in mechanical properties. This approach demonstrates the potential of faba bean husk as a sustainable cationizing agent, promoting eco-friendly textile dyeing while utilizing agricultural byproducts. The study contributes to reducing environmental hazards and advancing salt-free dyeing technologies.
This study explores the nanofluid's flow and heat transfer over a stretching surface, considering the influence of a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium and an external magnetic field. Moreover, thermal radiation effects, heat source/sink impacts, and second-order slip boundary conditions are incorporated into the problem. The nanofluid is developed by dispersing copper (Cu) or alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles into water (H2O) base fluid. Appropriate similarity transformations are applied to convert the controlling equations into ordinary differential equations. This study's novelty lies in the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) used to solve the resultant highly nonlinear coupled differential equation analytically. The effects of several relevant factors are thoroughly examined using graphs and tables for skin friction, temperature, velocity, and heat transfer rate. The findings demonstrate that raising the magnetic parameter significantly increases the skin friction coefficient while lowering the heat transmission rate. The results show that raising the volume percentage of copper and alumina nanoparticles enhances the skin friction coefficient. Nusselt numbers can be found to reduce thermal radiation and thermal slip parameters for both nanofluid flows. This investigation has applications in paper manufacturing, metal sheet cooling, and crystal growth. In high-temperature industrial applications, radiation heat transfer research is critical.
Every day a huge quantity of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) and glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) waste powder is coming from the composite pipe industries in Oman. This powder is harmful to human beings and aquatic animals. Composite pipe manufacturing industries are struggling a lot with the disposal of waste GRE dust. At present, these GRE waste materials are buried under the ground without affecting the groundwater. Impervious layers are constructed to avoid seepage and protect the groundwater. Composite pipes manufacturing industries are spending huge amounts to save the environment from GRE waste disposal. In this experimental project, GRE waste is added to the concrete to partially replace cement with proportions such as 5%, 15% and 25%. Mechanical properties of concrete with and without GRE waste are investigated like compressive, split tensile strength and bending strength tests experimentally. Experimental results depict that the spilt tensile value of concrete with 5% GRE dust is 6.45% more when compared to the control specimen. Also, compressive and bending strengths of concrete with 5% GRE dust are not much affected and it is almost equal to the control specimen.
