Boron toxicity limits wheat productivity in boron-rich soils, yet the potential of potassium to alleviate boron-induced oxidative damage in cultivars with differing sensitivity remains poorly understood. This study investigated potassium-mediated mitigation of boron stress in two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Bezostaya (sensitive) and Kutluk (tolerant). Germinated seeds were grown hydroponically under five treatment conditions (control, 5 mM B, 10 mM B, 5 mM B + 10 mM K and 10 mM B + 10 mM K). Growth parameters, chlorophyll content, oxidative stress markers (hydrogen peroxide [H₂O₂], malondialdehyde [MDA], proline), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], ascorbate peroxidase [APX], guaiacol peroxidase [GPX], lipoxygenase [LOX]), and tissue mineral element concentrations (K, Cu, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, B) were measured in shoot and root tissues. Boron exposure reduced growth and chlorophyll while increasing oxidative stress markers and enzyme activities. Tissue boron accumulated dose-dependently, whereas K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations declined significantly in most tissue-treatment combinations, indicating broad mineral nutrient disruption. Potassium supplementation partially reversed these effects by improving growth, reducing oxidative damage, restoring mineral element levels closer to control values and lowering boron accumulation. Enzyme activities remained elevated but below boron-only levels, suggesting reduced oxidative burden. The mitigation effect was more pronounced in the sensitive cultivar Bezostaya. These results indicate that potassium can reduce boron toxicity through modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and restoration of mineral nutrient balance, particularly in sensitive genotypes.
Clinopodium vulgare L. subsp. vulgare (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant rich in bioactive phytochemicals with potential therapeutic properties. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the anticancer and antimicrobial activities of aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts of C. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare. Antiproliferative effects were investigated on PC-3 prostate cancer cells using the WST-1 assay, while morphological alterations were assessed by inverted microscopy. The mechanisms of apoptosis have been elucidated by measuring caspase-3, -8, and -9 protein levels using the ELISA method. In addition, antimicrobial activity was determined against a broad panel of bacterial and yeast strains using the disk diffusion method. All extracts significantly inhibited PC-3 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Among the tested extracts, the ethanolic extract exhibited the lowest IC50 values and the highest antiproliferative activity. Morphological analysis of PC-3 cells treated with 200 µg/mL extracts revealed characteristic apoptotic features, whereas HUVEC cells showed comparatively milder morphological alterations, indicating selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Caspase-3, -8, and -9 levels were significantly elevated in treated PC-3 cells, suggesting activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated moderate antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 8.2 to 15.8 mm, and the ethanolic extract showing the strongest antibacterial and antifungal effects. Overall, the findings indicate that C. vulgare L. subsp. vulgare extracts, particularly the ethanolic fraction, possess multifunctional bioactive properties characterized by selective antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and moderate antimicrobial activities, supporting their potential as a natural source of therapeutic agents.
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. Recently, insect-derived proteins have attracted interest due to their potential anticancer properties. This study investigates the effects of enzymatically extracted proteins from Locusta migratoria on the cell viability, scratch-wound, morphological changes, and colony-forming ability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Locusta migratoria enzymatic extract was applied to MCF-7 cells. Following treatment, the cytotoxic effect of the protein extract on the MCF-7 cells were evaluated using MTT assay, colony formation assay, scratch-wound assay, and Toluidine Blue staining. Cell viability decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with the protein extracts (p < 0.0001). Colony formation was also reduced as the protein concentration increased. Also, in MCF-7 cells, the control group showed approximately 90% wound closure in contrast to the 20.17- 97.25% opening observed in cells treated with protein extract. Morphological changes such as loss of appendages, nuclear condensation, chromatin compaction, and an increase in apoptotic bodies, indicating enhanced apoptosis, were observed in the cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study examining the biological effects on MCF-7 cells of protein extracts from Locusta migratoria generated enzymatically. In conclusion, enzymatically extracted proteins from Locusta migratoria exhibit significant cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects on MCF-7 cells in vitro. These findings suggest that such protein extracts may represent a promising source of bioactive compounds for breast cancer treatment. However, further studies are required to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms and to evaluate their selectivity and safety profiles.
Despite being one of the most widespread bat genera worldwide, Myotis Kaup, 1829 is a highly problematic group from a systematic perspective. In this study, several genetic characteristics (nucleotide composition and transition/transversion rate) of this genus were determined through mitochondrial Cytochrome-b region analyses and phylogenetic relationships between species were evaluated. The obtained Bayesian Inference tree did not comply with the literature, with pairwise distances between species ranging from 1.4% to 21%. The low genetic distance between Myotis yumanensis and Myotis velifer (1.4%) suggests that these two species must be re-evaluated taxonomically. Some species belonging to the Myotis mystacinus, Myotis nigricans, and Myotis nattereri species complexes were also located in different branches. Furthermore, Myotis martiniquensis sequences did not cluster in the Bayesian Inference tree and low posterior probability values were observed on some branches. These findings indicate that the CYTB gene may have limited resolution when used alone to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships within Myotis. Therefore, the integration of mitochondrial and nuclear markers may provide more robust insights into the phylogeny of this genus.
Chitosan is a biodegradable, linear, biocompatible natural polymer. By adding silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to a gel, a bandage with antibacterial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects can be formed. In this study, the antibacterial efficacy of pure chitosan nanoparticles and Cs/ZnO/Ag nanocomposite solutions against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was investigated. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently detected bacterium at 16%. Klebsiella pneumoniae ranked second at 11%, and Escherichia coli ranked third at 5%. The inhibition zones in millimeters around agar wells containing pure chitosan nanoparticle solutions and Cs/ZnO/Ag nanocomposite solutions were measured in this study. The inhibition zones against S. aureus were 5, 8 and 10 mm respectively for pure solutions of chitosan nanoparticles and 5, 7 and 10 mm respectively for E. coli. Similarly, the inhibition zones for K. pneumoniae were 5, 8, and 10 mm, respectively. The Cs/ZnO/Ag nanocomposites were tested in solution at different ZnO:Ag ratios. It was observed that the antibacterial activity increased when CS/ZnO/Ag nanocomposites were applied at different ratios (ZnO:Ag = 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1; 0.15% by weight). In this group, inhibition zones for S. aureus were measured as 9, 9, and 10 mm; for E. coli as 8, 10, and 10 mm; and for K. pneumoniae as 9, 10, and 11 mm. In conclusion, enriching chitosan-based nanocomposites with ZnO and silver nanoparticles significantly increases their antibacterial efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These findings suggest that CS/ZnO/Ag nanocomposites can be used as a potential biomaterial in the control of wound infections.
Anti-aging peptides are increasingly incorporated into cosmeceutical formulations because of their ability to target several biological mechanisms involved in skin aging and thereby improve overall skin appearance. Current research highlights various peptide categories, their modes of action, associated benefits, and the challenges and regulatory considerations linked to their cosmetic use. A literature search conducted through Web of Science and PubMed, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, provides insight into how these molecules function and their relevance in cosmetic science. Anti-aging peptides can stimulate extracellular matrix protein synthesis, inhibit matrix-degrading enzymes, improve skin barrier integrity, suppress inflammatory pathways, and modulate micro-muscle contractions, offering a broad range of skin-rejuvenating effects. Despite these promising properties, several limitations remain, including issues related to peptide stability, purity, effective skin penetration, and the scarcity of standardized clinical data supporting their efficacy. Overall, anti-aging peptides hold considerable promise as cosmetic actives due to their targeted and multifaceted actions combined with generally favorable safety profiles. However, future advances in delivery technologies and more rigorous clinical research are needed to fully overcome current barriers and enhance the effectiveness and reliability of peptide-based formulations.
This study investigates the relationship between phenolic composition and biological activities of three endemic Marrubium taxa, namely Marrubium parviflorum subsp. oligodon (Boiss.) Seybold, Marrubium cephalanthum Boiss. & Noë, and Marrubium globosum Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. Ethanolic extracts prepared from the aerial parts were analyzed by HPLC-UV and twelve phenolic compounds were quantitatively identified. Among the investigated taxa, M. cephalanthum exhibited the highest phenolic content with verbascoside, rutin, and hyperoside as the predominant constituents. This taxon also showed the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC₅₀ = 26.28 μg/mL) and CUPRAC (A₀.₅ = 29.82 μg/mL) assays. In contrast, M. globosum demonstrated the highest activity in the ABTS assay (IC₅₀ = 3.58 μg/mL) and showed relatively higher cholinesterase inhibitory activity (AChE: A₀.₅ = 65.14 μg/mL; BChE: A₀.₅ = 132.73 μg/mL). Regarding lipoxygenase inhibition, M. parviflorum subsp. oligodon exhibited the strongest effect (IC₅₀ = 106.55 μg/mL), followed by M. cephalanthum and M. globosum. No considerable inhibitory activity was observed against α-glucosidase or α-amylase under the tested conditions. Overall, the findings indicate that variations in phenolic composition may be associated with differences in biological activities among the investigated taxa. These results contribute to the understanding of the phytochemical–bioactivity relationship in Marrubium species and provide a basis for further bioactivity-guided studies.
Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used across various fields of science and technology, including food science from crop harvesting to final food consumption. With their widespread application in daily life, the environmental effects of nanoparticles have become an important area of academic investigation. In this study, Gammarus pulex species was selected as research material/bioindicator species to investigate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) on aquatic life. To conduct the experiments, separate setups were established for each of the nanoparticles (ZnO, CuO, and α-Fe₂O₃). Following ten organisms for each concentration group (10, 20, and 40 ppm) with corresponding control groups, exposures were performed for 24 and 96 hours. Samples were collected at both time points and biochemical analyses were conducted using homogenization procedures. The results were evaluated statistically. According to the findings, SOD activity increased significantly after exposure to ZnO, CuO, and Fe₂O₃. CAT activity did not show any change under ZnO NP exposure, whereas a decrease was observed under CuO and Fe₂O₃ NP exposures. However, a significant increase in TBARS levels and a significant increase in GSH levels were observed following nanoparticle exposure. Based on the study data, exposure to ZnO, CuO, and Fe₂O₃ appears to induce oxidative stress in G. pulex.
Multi-drug resistant Vibrio species pose a significant threat to both public health and the global aquaculture industry. Among them, Vibrio anguillarum is one of the major causative agents of vibriosis outbreaks in farmed fish. In this study, two novel bacteriophages (vY6 and vY28) infecting V. anguillarum were isolated from water samples collected at an aquaculture farm in Türkiye and characterized to evaluate their potential as biological control agents. One-step growth curve analysis showed latent periods of 20 min for vY6 and 25 min for vY28 and both phages remained stable across a wide range of pH and temperature conditions. Whole genome sequencing revealed draft genome sizes of 84.553 bp for vY6 and 99.873 bp for vY28, encoding 57 and 55 predicted coding sequences, respectively, with no detectable antimicrobial resistance genes or virulence-associated genes. Genome annotation identified genes involved in structural assembly, DNA packaging, replication, and host cell lysis. Antibacterial activity against V. anguillarum was evaluated by monitoring optical density at 600 nm. Phage treatment significantly suppressed bacterial growth compared to the untreated control. After 24 h, vY6 and vY28 reduced bacterial growth by approximately 61% and 48%, respectively, while the phage combination resulted in approximately 69% inhibition. Viable cell count analysis confirmed strong antibacterial activity, with reductions of up to 5.62 ± 0.71 log during the early stages of infection. These findings provide a basis for further studies exploring phage-based approaches to control vibriosis.
This study presents an ecological evaluation of the effects of selected abiotic factors on the abundance and seasonal dynamics of Zercon colligans in Spil Mountain National Park (Manisa, Türkiye). Zerconid mites were monitored monthly between September 2022 and August 2023 on 18 sampling sites. A total of 216 soil and litter samples described ten Zerconidae species, among which Z. colligans was the dominant and constant species, representing 70.9% of the total abundance. Soil pH, moisture, and temperature were recorded monthly to evaluate their influence on Z. colligans population density. We hypothesized that soil moisture, pH, temperature, and seasonal variation significantly influence the abundance of Z. colligans. Environmental and temporal effects on abundance were analyzed using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM). The results demonstrated significant effects of soil pH (F₁,₁₆₈ = 46.716, p
The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf and fruit extracts from Cornus sanguinea L. subsp. australis (C. A. Mey.) Jáv. were comprehensively evaluated. Plant material was collected from the Bahçesaray district of Van province in Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye, a region characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions and high altitude. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH activity and CUPRAC capacity assays, as well as total phenolic and flavonoid content analyses. Antibacterial activity was tested using disk diffusion, well diffusion, and microdilution methods against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (Gram-positive), and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative). Leaf extracts contained significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid content than fruit extracts and demonstrated stronger antioxidant capacity. In antibacterial assays, leaf extracts showed a pronounced inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria but limited activity against E. coli. Microdilution analyses indicated that fruit extracts had notable antibacterial activity, especially against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, with low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Variations in MIC results between diffusion-based methods were attributed to differences in chemical composition, molecular weight, and diffusion capacity of the extracts. These findings suggest that C. sanguinea leaf and fruit tissues are promising natural resources for wound healing and dermatological applications due to their antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The results underscore the pharmaceutical potential of plants grown under environmental stress and provide a strong foundation for further phytochemical and in vivo research.
Pediculosis is one of the most common ectoparasitic infestations of school-age children worldwide. While numerous clinical features have been described, little is known about its effect on the scalp mycobiome. The study aims to determine whether active Pediculosis is associated with changes in scalp fungal colonization and diversity. From April to July 2025, a case-control study was conducted in primary schools in Nineveh, Iraq. A total of 100 female children were recruited, of whom 50 were head louse-infested, and 50 were louse-free controls. Scalp swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Fungal isolates were identified by morphology and confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. Fungal growth was significantly lower in patients with pediculosis compared with controls (34.0% vs. 78.0%; χ² = 19.64, p < 0.001). Patients had an 85% lower likelihood of fungal growth compared to controls (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.06–0.35), whereas controls had markedly higher odds of a positive culture (OR = 6.88, 95% CI: 2.82–16.74). Culture-negative specimens were approximately three times more frequent in the patient group (66.0% vs. 22.0%). Fungal diversity was substantially lower among children with infestation. Penicillium chrysogenum predominated in controls (30.0%) but was markedly suppressed in patients (6.0%). Neoscytalidium hyalinum, an emerging dermatological and systemic pathogen, was identified exclusively among patients with louse infestation. Active pediculosis is strongly associated with reduced scalp fungal colonization and lower scalp fungal diversity. These findings suggest that head lice infestation may alter the scalp microenvironment in a manner unfavorable to fungal growth.
This study evaluates conservation gaps of the critically endangered Baluchi Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus) in Iran. The project encompassed habitat and conflict assessment, diet analysis, and local community engagement over 16 months. In addition to community-based activities conducted in southern Iran and key locations within the species’ range, previous research on this subspecies over the past two decades was reviewed to identify conservation priorities and knowledge gaps. Observations from fieldwork, including camera trapping and indirect evidence, provide preliminary insights into activity patterns and possible movement pathways; however, they are based on limited, non-systematic data and should be interpreted with caution. Mineral extraction activities, particularly chromium mining, were identified as significant threats, with several operations located within or near core habitat areas. Community participation and awareness in areas surrounding critical habitats appear to play an important role in conservation efforts, highlighting the need to strengthen local capacity and support sustainable livelihoods. While habitat restoration and water availability are widely recognized in the literature as important factors in arid ecosystems, their effects on habitat connectivity and human–bear conflict were not directly assessed in this study. Overall, the results provide indicative ecological and socio-economic insights and highlight the potential value of community-based conservation approaches in arid environments while emphasizing the need for more rigorous quantitative and long-term studies.
This study reviews and lists the scorpion fauna of Syria according to current scorpion systematics. Critical evaluation of published records confirms 19 valid species and 2 subspecies across 11 genera and 3 families (Buthidae, Diplocentridae, and Scorpionidae); erroneous records (21 species) have been excluded. New locality records are reported for Aegaeobuthus nigrocinctus (Ehrenberg, 1828), Buthacus tadmorensis (Simon, 1892), Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), and Scorpio kruglovi Birula, 1910. Additionally, Aegaeobuthus bishri (Lourenço, 2020) is herein treated as a subspecies of A. nigrocinctus.
The halophytic genus Suaeda is traditionally used in Iraq to treat oral bacterial and fungal infections. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antifungal efficacy of aqueous, ethanolic, and acetonic extracts from four species: S. aegyptiaca, S. altissima, S. carnosissima, and S. fruticosa against Candida albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis fungi. Phytochemical profiles were determined via chemical analysis, while antifungal activity was assessed using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution methods to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations (MFC). Results showed that the acetone extract of S. altissima contained the highest concentrations of alkaloids, tannins, riboflavin, carbohydrates, and phosphorous (1.218, 2.501, 0.019, 9.733, and 0.534 mg/g, respectively). Conversely, the acetone extract of S. aegyptiaca yielded the highest polyphenol (66.16 mg/g) and flavonoid (40.25 mg/g) content. Compared to the reference antifungal Nystatin, all extracts demonstrated efficacy against the tested fungal strains. Notably, the S. aegyptiaca acetone extract exhibited the strongest activity against C. krusei (29 mm inhibition zone), with MIC and MFC values of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively.
Inula helenium L. subsp. helenium is reported here as a new record for the flora of Türkiye based on specimens collected from Sinop and Kocaeli provinces. Detailed morphological descriptions, diagnostic characters, and a key to the subspecies of I. helenium in Türkiye are provided. The newly recorded subspecies is distinguished from closely related taxa, particularly I. helenium subsp. orgyalis, by its smaller capitula, dissimilar outer and middle phyllaries, and recurved middle bracts at anthesis. The confirmation of this taxon’s presence in Türkiye contributes to floristic diversity and extends the known distribution of the taxon.
This study investigated the occurrence and infection rates of digenetic trematode cercariae in freshwater snails from four sites along the Al-Gharraf River, north of Dhi Qar Province, southern Iraq, from July to December 2025. A total of 633 snails, belonging to two species of the genus Melanopsis (M. costata and M. buccinoides), were randomly collected and examined by direct crushing to detect larval stages. A total of 67 infected individuals were recorded, representing an overall infection rate of 10.58%. Infection was restricted to Melanopsis spp., indicating host specificity and ecological preference. Morphological examination revealed three distinct cercarial types: pleurolophocercous, furcocercous, and echinostomatid. These larval forms are associated with members of the families Heterophyidae, Cyathocotylidae, and Echinostomatidae. The findings provide baseline data on trematode–snail interactions in the Al-Gharraf River and highlight the ecological role of freshwater snails as intermediate hosts in parasite transmission.
This study provides an integrative ecological and taxonomic assessment of Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) from agricultural habitats in Dhi Qar Province, southern Iraq. Field sampling was conducted monthly from August 2024 to July 2025 across four agricultural stations: Al-Shatrah, Al-Rifai, Al-Nasr, and Qalat Sukkar. Morphological redescription confirmed key diagnostic traits including a subrectangular cephalon, pale reticulate patterning, and spear-shaped uropods consistent with previously published descriptions of the species. Population density exhibited clear spatial and seasonal fluctuations. The annual mean density was highest in Al-Rifai (281.3 ± 108.2 ind./m²) and Al-Nasr (257.1 ± 123.5 ind./m²) followed by Al-Shatrah (246.3 ± 91.2 ind./m²) and Qalat Sukkar (213.7 ± 92.3 ind./m²). Peak values were recorded during spring, especially in March and April, while the lowest densities occurred in winter months. These patterns reflect the species’ ecological adaptability and seasonal responsiveness under semi-arid conditions. The findings highlight the potential of P. pruinosus to serve as a bioindicator of soil health and habitat stability in disturbed agroecosystems. This study also provides novel regional data to the limited body of knowledge on terrestrial isopods in the Middle East.
Coliform bacteria are generally shown as indicators of food hygiene and sanitary conditions; although, their presence does not necessarily imply pathogenicity. The ISO 4832:2006 method is a globally accepted standard used in coliform counting but it is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Faster alternatives, such as chromogenic media and automated MPN systems like TEMPO TC, exist; though, comparative studies across different food matrices are still limited. In this study, ISO 4832, TEMPO TC, and two chromogenic agars (VWR Chromogenic Coliforms Agar and Biokar Compass ECC Agar) were compared for coliform enumeration in milk, chicken, and flour artificially inoculated with E.coli NCTC 12923 at high, moderate, and low contamination levels. Counts were obtained in parallel and analyzed by Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Intralaboratory validation of TEMPO TC was performed in pasteurized milk in accordance with ISO 16140-3:2021. Strong correlations were detected between TEMPO TC and ISO 4832 (R² = 0.83-0.85), TEMPO TC and chromogenic agars (R² = 0.82-0.84), and ISO 4832 and chromogenic agars (R² = 0.85-0.89). Validation of TEMPO TC confirmed reproducibility (SIR = 0.203), satisfying ISO 16140-3 criteria. Our findings demonstrate that chromogenic agars and TEMPO TC can serve as reliable alternative methods to ISO 4832 and TEMPO TC provides additional advantages such as faster processing, automation, and reproducibility.
Endemik türler, sınırlı coğrafî dağılımları ve özgün ekolojik nişleri nedeniyle, helmint parazitlere karşı genellikle daha hassas olup bu parazitlerin neden olacağı enfeksiyonlara karşı artan duyarlılık gösterebilirler. Bu durum yerel ve endemik tür populasyonlarının zayıflamasına sebep olacaktır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’ye endemik olan ve “Sakarya inci balığı” olarak bilinen Alburnus escherichii Steindachner, 1897 türünün helmint faunasını belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. 2017 yılı Şubat, Mart ve Nisan aylarında Eskişehir ili Seyitgazi ilçesine bağlı Kırka bölgesinden geçen Seydi Çayı’ndan elde edilen toplam 86 örnek incelenmiştir. Laboratuvar ortamında gerçekleştirilen parazitolojik incelemeleri sonucunda, bir Digenea türü (Allocreadium isoporum) ve bir Nematoda türü (Rhabdochona denudata) olmak üzere iki helmint türü tespit edilmiştir. A. isoporum ve R. denudata, A. escherichii üzerinde Türkiye’den ilk kez rapor edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin iç su balıklarının helmint faunasına dair bilgi birikimini zenginleştirerek, endemik türlerin korunması ve ekosistem sağlığının sürdürülebilirliği açısından kritik bir temel sunmaktadır.
