Sawdust biomass was successfully employed for bioethanol production using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The production process comprised three main stages: pretreatment, fermentation, and quantification of ethanol. Proximate analysis was carried out on the sawdust biomass to ascertain its potential for bioethanol production. The results showed that it has the potential for bioethanol production due to its relatively high volatile matter, low ash, and low moisture content which will improve the heating value of bioethanol. The design expert gave the optimum conditions for pretreatment and fermentation of reducing sugar. The pretreatment conditions include: 0.1% of HCl, 5 g of sawdust, pretreatment time of 45 min. which gave 0.400588 v/g as optimum value of fermentable sugar produced. While the optimum condition for fermentation of the reducing sugar produced include: 3 g of yeast, temperature of 37.5 °C and fermentation time of 48 h, which gave optimum yield 1.1824 v/g of bioethanol. These results demonstrate that sawdust is a viable, renewable, and environmentally friendly feedstock for bioethanol production.
This study is a comprehensive review examining the effects of human factors on aviation accidents, particularly on pilot behavior and decision-making processes. Despite being a sector with a high level of automation and technological reliability, aviation continues to have the human element as the weakest link in the system. The study addresses the impact of the human factor on flight safety in terms of its cognitive, psychological, physiological, and organizational dimensions. It reveals that pilot errors stem not only from individual inadequacies but also from multifaceted factors such as training, communication, workload, fatigue, stress, and organizational pressure. The analyses emphasized that human errors are not the primary cause of accidents but rather a consequence of weaknesses within the system. Furthermore, it was determined that training, fatigue management, communication, and decision-making processes that support human performance need to be improved for the sustainability of flight safety. The study concluded that proper management of the human factor not only prevents accidents but also contributes to the formation of a long-term safety culture. This review integrates the existing literature, provides a human factor-focused perspective, and offers a methodological and conceptual framework for future research.
The aviation industry is growing rapidly as one of the most dynamic and critical industries in the modern world, but this growth brings with it various safety issues. One of these problems is bird strikes, which pose a major threat to flight safety. Bird strikes usually occur during take-off and landing and can lead to engine failures, structural damage and, rarely, loss of life. This review article aims to address the physical, economic and environmental aspects of bird strikes and to provide solutions to mitigate the impacts of these incidents. Within the scope of the study, many academic literatures are analysed and conclusions are drawn on land management and ecosystem-friendly aviation practices in accordance with international standards. The paper aims to raise awareness on bird strike prevention by providing guidance to airport administrations, aircraft manufacturers and aviation authorities. It also emphasises the need to create an aviation ecosystem that is less damaging to nature. As a result, it is evaluated that strategies to prevent bird strikes will contribute significantly to the sustainability of the aviation industry as well as increasing flight safety.
This article explores the concept of space colonization through the lens of architecture, with a focus on how design practices are evolving to support long-term human habitation beyond Earth. The idea of living in space has long captivated human imagination and has progressively transformed from speculative thought into a legitimate area of scientific and architectural inquiry. As technological capabilities have advanced—particularly since the onset of the digital age in the 1950s—concepts once considered surreal have increasingly come to be seen as attainable. A pivotal moment in this trajectory was the Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969, which not only marked a monumental achievement in space exploration but also reinforced the plausibility of space colonization. With continued technological development, the acquisition of extraterrestrial data has become significantly more efficient, enabling researchers and designers to gain insights into the environmental conditions of other planets. This access to information has prompted architects and designers to conceptualize entirely new forms of habitat typologies suited to extreme and unfamiliar contexts. Given that one of the fundamental responsibilities of architecture is to create habitable environments for human life, organizations such as NASA have initiated interdisciplinary collaborations with architectural professionals to explore how humans might sustainably inhabit extraterrestrial environments. Design proposals in this field primarily aim to address the challenges posed by harsh environmental conditions, including water scarcity, elevated radiation levels, and toxic atmospheric compositions. Consequently, proposed structures must meet specific criteria: they must be sustainable, recyclable, and capable of autonomous construction—particularly given the limited availability of materials and the logistical constraints inherent to space environments. To examine these developments, this study adopts a narrative literature review methodology. Sources analyzed include academic databases, space agency publications, and notable architectural proposals such as NASA’s Mars exploration initiatives, AI SpaceFactory’s MARSHA habitat, and BIG Architects’ Mars Science City. By synthesizing findings across these sources, the study identifies key thematic trends in material innovation, habitat design, and sustainable construction strategies. The following sections outline these findings in detail, offering a critical discussion of how architecture is being redefined in preparation for a multi-planetary future.
The article “Digital Transformation in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro” analyzes the evolution of public administration in Brazil, from the patrimonialist model to the digital model, highlighting the incorporation of New Public Management (NGP) and Digital Governance. The study presents as a practical example the 1746 application, from the City of Rio de Janeiro, created to centralize and facilitate the population's access to public services. The text demonstrates that 1746 represents a concrete application of the NGP principles, focus on the citizen, efficiency and performance evaluation, combined with the transparency and participation provided by digital technologies. The case study highlights positive impacts such as agility in service, increased transparency and digital inclusion. The conclusion reinforces that digital transformation is essential for a more efficient, accessible State that is connected to the demands of society, promoting greater institutional trust and active citizenship.
The construction industry, a significant contributor to global CO2 emissions, has increasingly turned to wood as a renewable alternative in response to the recommendations of the Kyoto Protocol. However, despite advancements in timber technology and a growing demand for wood, the pace of reforestation has not matched up with consumption rates, risking future raw material shortages. This brief review explores the challenges and opportunities associated with the use of tropical wood in construction, emphasizing the need for sustainable management practices and diversified plantation strategies. We highlight the environmental risks of monoculture forestry and advocate for mixed-species plantations, which enhance CO2 absorption and ecosystem resilience. The review focuses on Brazil's tropical forests, particularly the Amazon, emphasizing the importance of developing new forest products and restoring degraded lands to combat deforestation. Ultimately, leveraging the potential of tropical wood not only contributes to climate change mitigation strategies but also promotes forest restoration, linking environmental health with global sustainability efforts.
This article, based on a qualitative study, analyzes the relationship that has developed in recent years and will continue to be presented in the future between the implementation of wind farms and artisanal fishing activity in southern Peru, specifically in the districts of Marcona and Ocucaje. It uses as secondary sources of information studies and implementation reports on corporate social responsibility from wind energy companies in Marcona and other parts of the world. It also uses as a primary source an interview with a representative of a wind energy company already in the operating phase of a wind farm in the district of Ocucaje. The aim is to investigate the progress that wind energy companies are making in their Corporate Social Responsibility in supporting local development, specifically their support for sustainable artisanal fishing in the districts of Marcona and Ocucaje. It then prospectively proposes some alternatives and strategies that will help increasingly promote sustainable artisanal fishing in southern Peru.
With an area of 78 million hectares, Turkey has an ecologically rich diversity. Within this richness, forests, which cover 29.4% of the country's area, have an important place in terms of species and composition. Adana province has a total forest area of 752.339 ha, of which 496.698 ha is normally closed and 255.641 ha is closed with gaps. The main material of the study consists of primary data obtained from face-to-face interviews with 120 forest villagers engaged in animal husbandry in 18 forest villages of Adana province. Livestock breeding is widespread in forest villages, even if it does not occupy a very large place among livelihoods. 43%, 21% of the respondent’s state that they are engaged in animal husbandry continuously and 32% at variable times. In terms of animal type, 30% of the households have cattle, 60% have ovine, 30% have beehives and 95% have poultry. It is understood that livestock yields in the region are very low and losses due to breeding errors are very high. It is possible to increase the contribution from animal husbandry with on-site training and improvement practices to be provided to the people of this region.
This study evaluates the expectations of claimants regarding compulsory land acquisition and the effectiveness of the compensation process in Delta communities. A mixed-methods approach, combining descriptive and exploratory research, was employed. The study surveyed 128 practicing estate surveyors and valuers in Delta State, as well as 27 affected individuals, including women, youths, and farmers, through questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for quantitative responses and thematic analysis for qualitative insights. The findings reveal significant disparities between the expectations of claimants and the realities of land acquisition and compensation. Timely and adequate compensation emerged as a primary concern, as insufficient payments, parti This study evaluates the expectations of claimants regarding compulsory land acquisition and the effectiveness of the compensation process in Delta communities. A mixed-methods approach, combining descriptive and exploratory research, was employed. The study surveyed 128 practicing estate surveyors and valuers in Delta State, as well as 27 affected individuals, including women, youths, and farmers, through questionnaires and interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for quantitative responses and thematic analysis for qualitative insights. The findings reveal significant disparities between the expectations of claimants and the realities of land acquisition and compensation. Timely and adequate compensation emerged as a primary concern, as insufficient payments, particularly for crop losses and livelihood impacts, exacerbate economic hardships. The diversity in demographic and occupational backgrounds influences compensation expectations, with younger individuals and farmers prioritizing the restoration of their livelihoods. Claimants expressed low confidence in grievance redress mechanisms, viewing legal processes as costly and ineffective. Additionally, while transparency in the compensation process is valued, it remains secondary to the necessity for financial adequacy. Key recommendations include implementing replacement cost valuation, enhancing grievance redress mechanisms, ensuring fair crop valuation, and increasing public participation in compensation decision-making. Addressing these gaps through legal and policy reforms can improve fairness in land acquisition and promote sustainable development in affected communities.
This review focuses on the presence of microorganisms in atmospheric particles, their sources, composition, and effects on human and environmental health. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of understanding these impacts to develop mitigation strategies.
Valuing contaminated land presents significant methodological challenges, particularly in determining appropriate compensation for affected communities. This study examines these challenges in Rivers State, Nigeria, with a focus on the valuation methods used, the difficulties faced by valuers, and the implications for compensation outcomes. Employing a descriptive research design and a quantitative approach, data were collected from 98 estate surveying and valuation firm through a total census approach. Findings indicate that the Cost Approach (RII = 0.83), Market Comparison Method (RII = 0.80), and Income Capitalization Method (RII = 0.76) were the predominant valuation techniques, preferred for their reliance on observable market data. Conversely, the Residual Method (RII = 0.58), Contingent Valuation Method, and Hedonic Pricing Method are used less frequently due to their complexity and data limitations. The study also reveals that 60% of respondents experienced substantial challenges in valuing contaminated land, particularly due to uncertainties in remediation costs, difficulties in estimating future land values, and a lack of reliable environmental data. Furthermore, 62.2% of respondents indicate that compensation outcomes are often inadequate due to valuation inconsistencies. To address these challenges, the study recommends the establishment of a clearer legal framework that recommends the use of economic valuation methods, improved access to environmental data, and regular environmental monitoring to enhance valuation accuracy. Standardized guidelines and valuation methods, enhanced training for valuers, and regular stakeholder consultations are also proposed to ensure fair and transparent compensation practices. The study concludes that refining valuation methodologies and adopting a more comprehensive approach will improve compensation outcomes, ensuring that the economic, environmental, and social impacts of contaminated land are adequately considered.
In eastern Amazonia, favorable environmental conditions primarily drive the expansion of oil palm plantations. This increase in cultivation has led to the growth of palm oil extraction companies in the region. However, establishing the sector has also resulted in escalating environmental impacts. This study aimed to calculate the balance of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emitted during palm oil production, focusing on CO2 sequestration in interspecific hybrid palm plantations (HIE: Elaeis oleifera Cortes x Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The aerial biomass of HIE was estimated in plantations at one, three, five, and eight years of age. The biomass content at 25 years (the end of the economic cycle) was determined using the Chapman-Richards function, with a carbon conversion factor of f = 0.47. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) technique accounted for GHG emissions throughout palm oil production. Over 25 years, with an area of 2,645 hectares occupied by interspecific hybrid palm, the total carbon sequestered was estimated at 0.49 kilotons of CO2eq per hectare. In comparison, the total GHG emissions from the production process were approximately 0.39 kilotons of CO2eq per hectare over the same time frame. These findings suggest that the carbon balance of hybrid palm-HIE plantations, under the assessed conditions, is favorable due to significant carbon sequestration. At the same time, the GHG emissions associated with palm oil production are comparatively low.
The excessive exploitation of natural resources, pollution and social inequality, among other factors, accentuated environmental problems and generated unsustainability in the environmental arena around the world. This global inflation in crisis led to emergence of in reflections on preservation of natural resources at a global scalel. Th is idea of sustainable development is being reviewed as one of the best proposed resolution to the global environmental crisis. Therefore, this present work was undertaken with an aim to analyze the sustainability of the municipality of Cuiabá. To accomplish the goals and objectives of ths work, the Sustainable??? Barometer methodology was applied in which a system of indicators was used, to verify the levels of sustainable development. The results led to the conclusion that, the municipality of Cuiabá has has serious urban problems.
Air pollution is one of the greatest concerns worldwide, as it affects world population evenly and it is the cause of death of children younger than 5 years. The presence of organic pollutants in particulate matter is well known, and as its composition is studied, new methods are developed, and others are optimized to reduce the analysis time. In this sense, this communication aims to describe the optimization of a column chromatography separation method for the easing of the UV-Vis analysis of the organic pollutants present in total suspended matter in air samples taken in two different Mexican cities.
This study aims to highlight the significance of Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting as a viable food supply solution for the global population, particularly in the context of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that target hunger and social inequalities. A thorough search was conducted across multiple databases, including MDPI, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Springer Science+Business Media, and Frontiers Media, using relevant keywords. The articles reviewed indicate that, despite the inherent challenges of this emerging and costly technology, Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs) have significant potential to advance the SDGs. By tackling critical issues such as food scarcity, adverse socioeconomic conditions, and environmental sustainability, PFALs could fundamentally transform the food production landscape. Despite financial challenges and limited accessibility primarily affecting stronger economies, ongoing technological advancements and research offer a hopeful outlook for Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs). Addressing these obstacles could reduce initial costs, enhancing accessibility and positively impacting low-income populations. By overcoming these hurdles, PFALs have the potential to drive innovative and sustainable solutions to food, environmental, and social issues, ultimately contributing to equitable global development.
The lack of an equitably distributed water supply for human and agricultural use has led to source management as complex as interbasin water transfer. Besides its benefits, this redistribution of water also produces pollutant transport from one basin to another. In this sense, this work studies the impact of the water transfer from two rivers in Puebla, Mexico. The Atoyac River water is transferred to Nexapa River to provide water for agricultural usage, but although the irrigation needs are covered, the pollution load of the Atoyac River is also transferred to the Nexapa River. It is observed that chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total and fecal coliforms values increase abruptly in the water transferring point.
Blood parameters are important for monitoring the health status, growth perfomance, nutritional status, and early of problem diagnosis. Blood parameters provide important information on the metabolic, immunological and nutritional status of calves. For this reason, there is a need to determine the ideal values of blood values obtained under different conditions in calves and to determine blood values for herd management planning. The study was carried out with 54 healthy Holstein calves blood sample between October and May in an intensive dairy herd in the Mediterranean region. The average birth weight of the calves was 37.52±0.424 kg and the average weaning weight was 72.25±0.32 kg. The calves were fed colostrum milked from their mothers half an hour after birth by using a bucket with a nipple. After the colostrum period, calves were fed with whole milk (Table 2) from the milking cows of the facility for 56 days for a total of 4 kg twice a day from the bucket until weaning. From the 4th day until weaning, starter feed, dry alfalfa grass and water were given freely to the calves during the liquid feeding period. In the study, the veterinary surgeon collected blood samples from the tail vein in non-anticoagulant tubes within the framework of the necessary rules after birth and at weaning. Blood samples were transferred to the laboratory as soon as possible. The blood samples were stored at -20 °C until analyzed. As a result of the analyses, the effect of sex on the analysis of blood parameters at birth and weaning period in male and female Holstein calves in Mediterranean climatic conditions was found to be different at the level of P<0.037 for glucose value and P<0.059 for Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase GGT value. For Phosphorus (P) value, the interaction effect was found to be different at P<0,037 level. The GGT values of female calves were 34,88 Ul/l at birth and 26,85 Ul/l at weaning, while the values of male calves were 31.06 Ul/l at birth and 23,59 Ul/l at weaning. Glucose levels of female calves were 55,06 mg/dl at birth and 38.08 mg/dl at weaning, and 53,67 mg/dl at birth and 37,73 mg/dl at weaning in male calves. Phosphorus value in female calves was 9,80 mg/dl at birth and 7,73 mg/dL at weaning; in male calves it was 8,37 mg/dL at birth and 8,79 mg/dL at weaning.
We introduce a Bayesian probability model for making inferences about the unknown number of individuals in a sample, based on known sample weight and on information provided by subsamples with known weights and corresponding counts. Inherent in the Bayesian approach, the model allows for an incorporation of prior information that is often available about the sample size and other uncertain parameter values. As a result, the model provides an estimate of the number of individuals in the sample in the form of a posterior probability distribution that includes both the prior information and the interpretation of the observed data. Such a result cannot be obtained using the frequentist approach. The model presented here can be applied to a wide range of similar problems. Here our main focus is stock assessment, where the task is the conversion of the catch weight into the number of individuals in the catch. The model is easy to use due to availability of general purpose MCMC simulation software, and it can be used either in a standalone fashion or embedded into more complex probability models.
