The problems of applying A.A.Vlasov's model for solids [1] to describe the nucleation of defect structure were considered [2,3].It is shown that the classical theory of nucleation and growth of second-phase particles in solids and Vlasov's model for solids are identically consider the formation and evolution of second-phase particles during crystal cooling after growth [2,3].
NMR Cryoporometry (NMRC) is a powerful technique for the measurement of pore-size distributions and total porosities on a pore length scale from sub 1nm to over 1micron. This technique is suitable for measuring poresizes in a wide range of polymers and porous materials, including porous glass, rock, clays and porous carbons including biochar. It offers various advantages over other techniques, including the ability to study wet samples. By swelling rubbers and polymers with added organic liquids cross-link density and nano- to micro-porous properties of the polymer may be obtained. In biochar, progressive changes to the quantity and mobility of hydrocarbons, as well as changes in pore-blocking, as a function of preparation temperature, have been demonstrated. The capabilities of NMRC have in recent years been extended in a number of directions, to greater sensitivity, to sub-nanometric pore sizes (lower temperatures) and to above micron sized pore-sizes (tiny melting point depressions). NMRC has been used to probe the effect of using different probe liquids on measured pore volume. in the nearly 30 years that Lab-Tools have been developing NMRC, the protocols have evolved. The data formats have been formalised, and the programs to access and display the NMRC control variables and results data have been optimised. Some of these protocols are now encoded into Graphical User Interface (GUIs) and their associated process and graph windows. As part of the evolution of NMRC, Lab-Tools have developed a highly compact precision NMR time-domain relaxation spectrometer, based on a Field Programmable Gate array (FPGA) module, with associated Peltier thermo-electrically cooled variable temperature probe, which together make a high-performance NMR Cryoporometry instrument. A high proportion of the R.F. circuitry in a digital form, implemented as firmware in the FPGA. The FPGA module is credit-card sized, and the NMR receiver and NMR transmitter are each even smaller. The advantage of using the Peltier cooling is that one obtains the precision temperature control and smoothness needed by NMR Cryoporometry, particularly near the probe liquid bulk melting point. This enables the NMRC measurement of pore diameters in excess of 1 micron. The measurement protocols that have been developed will be outlined. Complete with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for control and on-line analysis, this precision instrument is particularly suitable for material science studies both in the field and in university, research institute, company and even school laboratories. A range of international companies, universities and research institutes are now using NMRC as part of their arsenal of research tools to study their samples
The increased availability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates new development alternatives. This article discusses the potential for such integrated systems in the stationary and portable power market in response to the critical need for cleaner energy technology. Several issues relating to renewable energies, environment, and sustainable development are examined from both current and future perspectives throughout the theme. It is concluded that green energies like wind, solar, ground source heat pumps, and biomass must be promoted, implemented, and demonstrated from the economic and/or environmental point of view. Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, potentially rich in biomass resources. The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biogas technology. Finally, this article gives an overview of the present and future use of biomass as an industrial feedstock to produce fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher-value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, especially in remote rural areas. Anticipated future energy use patterns and consequent environmental impacts (acid precipitation, ozone depletion, greenhouse effect, or global warming) are discussed in this article. An approach is needed to integrate renewable energies in a way to meet high building performance. However, their ability to match demand is determined by adoption of one of the following two approaches: the utilisation of a capture area greater than that occupied by the community to be supplied, or the reduction of the community’s energy demands to a level commensurate with the locally available renewable resources. Adopting green or sustainable approaches to how society is run is seen as an important strategy in finding a solution to the energy problem. The key factors to reducing and controlling CO2, which is the major contributor to global warming, are the use of alternative approaches to energy generation and the exploration of how these alternatives are used today and may be used in the future as green energy sources.
The world is advancing rapidly in the field of technology, with a simple example being the drastic evolution of mobile phones over the past decade. However, when compared to healthcare, the diagnostics and treatment of diseases are still poor in contrast, and the treatment of cancer has not changed significantly in the past 50 years, with most cases managed surgically followed by chemotherapy. In the current day, even with billions of dollars funded to academics and pharmaceutical industries, we are still struggling to develop an effective vaccination against COVID-19. There is plenty of news being shared and posted in academic media promising easier diagnostics and cost-effective cures, but in reality, most of the products developed have been tested successfully in rodents but not yet translated to humans.
Land leveling is one of the most important steps in soil preparation and cultivation. Although land leveling with machines require considerable amount of energy, it delivers a suitable surface slope with minimal deterioration of the soil and damage to plants and other organisms in the soil. Notwithstanding, researchers during recent years have tried to reduce fossil fuel consumption and its deleterious side effects using new techniques such as; Artificial Neural Network (ANN),Imperialist Competitive Algorithm –ANN (ICA-ANN), and regression and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) andSensitivity Analysis that will lead to a noticeable improvement in the environment. In this research effects of various soil properties such as Embankment Volume, Soil Compressibility Factor, Specific Gravity, Moisture Content, Slope, Sand Percent, and Soil Swelling Index in energy consumption were investigated. The study was consisted of 90 samples were collected from 3 different regions. The grid size was set 20 m in 20 m (20*20) from a farmland in Karaj province of Iran. The aim of this work was to determine best linear model Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Sensitivity Analysis in order to predict the energy consumption for land leveling. According to the results of Sensitivity Analysis, only three parameters; Density, Soil Compressibility Factor and, Embankment Volume Index had significant effect on fuel consumption. According to the results of regression, only three parameters; Slope, Cut-Fill Volume (V) and, Soil Swelling Index (SSI) had significant effect on energy consumption.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious condition in which some parts of the body such as the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, digestive system, brain, skin or eyes — become inflamed. Inflammation typically includes swelling, often with redness and pain. Many, but not all, children with MIS-C test negative for a current infection with the virus that causes COVID-19. Yet evidence indicates that many of these children were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 in the past, as shown by positive antibody test results. An antibody test with a positive result means that the child’s immune system developed blood proteins (antibodies) that fought the COVID-19 virus. Sometime this blood test is the only indication that the child was ever infected. MIS-C shares some of the same signs and symptoms as another condition called Kawasaki disease; which mainly affects children under 5 years of age. It causes inflammation in the walls of blood vessels, particularly those that supply blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries). Researchers are working to figure out if the two conditions are related or not [4]. Often toxic shock syndrome can be manifest with a similar presentation in children, which usually results from toxins produced by Staphylococcus aurous (staph) bacteria, but the condition may also be caused by toxins produced by group a streptococcus (strep) bacteria.
Over the decade, nanomaterials have drawn considerable interest due to their wide variety of potential applications to environmental health , mechanics , biomedical sciences , chemical and space industries , drug gene delivery , catalysis and optics. With the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, a phenomenal breakthrough has been achieved by exploiting the properties of materials at nanoscale dimension. In our day to day life, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are used in sunscreens as they reflect /scatter ultra vide light more effectively than larger particles. Nanoparticles are of immense scientific significance as they are a link between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structure.Nanoparticles are the essential component of nanoscience because of their unprecedented and unexpected properties , mainly due to the large surface area of the material. At nanoacale they exhibit novel and unpredictable features such as extraordinary strength, chemical reactivity, super paramagnetic behaviour and conductivity. Today these materials can be synthesized and modified with various chemical functional groups which allow them to be conjugate with legands and make them suitable for innovative technological applications such as catalysis, sensor data storage and optical devices etc.
Pulmonary fibrosis can occur in the absence of any clear-cut inciting agent & cause, that happened in IPF but it is more commonly devlope following acute and/or persistent lung injury/ damage due to many causes such as : Connective tissue disorders Chronic granulomatous diseases, Medications, and different respiratory infections ( Virals & fungals) Available clinical, radiographic, and autopsy data has indicated that pulmonary fibrosis is central to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) and MERS pathology, and current evidence suggests that pulmonary fibrosis could also complicate infection by SARS-CoV-2.
Statement of the Problem: Gas turbines produce energy at very high temperatures. Usually, creep, spallation and delamination occur in the metallic parts of gas turbines leading to deterioration of the turbine blades resulting in decrease in gas turbine efficiency. Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are provided to protect the metallic parts of gas turbines from the high inlet temperature. During thermal cycling at higher temperatures TBCs get damaged due to spallation on account of hot corrosion and oxidation of the metallic components of TBCs. In the present study, two types of TBCs were investigated for their thermal cyclic resistance at 1000�?? for 500 cycles: conventional TBC having NiCoCrAlY bond coat and 8-YSZ top coat and new TBC with glass-ceramic bond coat and 8-YSZ top coat. Methodology: Assessment of weight change, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were performed for both TBCs after thermal cyclic tests at 1000�?? for 500 cycles. Findings: Weight change measurement indicated that formation of thermally grown oxide (TGO) dominated over the coating spallation up to 300 cycles in case of both TBCs. On the contrary, coating spallation was much more than TGO formation beyond 300 cycles for both TBCs. Further, TGO was not appeared at the bond coat/top coat interface of glass-ceramic bond coated TBC system whereas it was clearly observed in the interfacial region of bond coat and top coat of conventional TBC system after completion of 500 cycles at 1000oC. Conclusion & Significance: Glass ceramics as a bond coat in a TBC system can provide better heat resistance, oxidation resistance and good stability towards thermal cycling compared to conventional TBC system. Moreover, TGO formation could be avoided by using this new TBC system, which is the most significant controlling factor for the TBC degradation.
Antioxidant systems perform essential protective functions in living organisms. In this regard, cerium dioxide can be a promising antioxidant that works is due to the presence of a large number of surface structural defects, in particular, oxygen vacancies. The surface defects of ceria can effortlessly accumulate and release oxygen and also function as active centers for binding and neutralizing active oxygen radicals, which are usually fatal to living organisms. In this work, we studied the antioxidant properties of CeO2 nanoparticles obtained by laser ablation. The nanoparticles were obtained by ablation of a CeO2 target with the help of a nanosecond pulse laser of high intensity in the air. Particle sizes were monitored using transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. X-ray diffractometry of samples annealed at temperatures up to 1200 °С indicates the high thermal stability of ablated nanoparticles. Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy, as well as luminescence spectra, indicate the presence of oxygen vacancy defects in the surface atomic layers of ablated nanoparticles. With decreasing particle size, the concentration of oxygen vacancies increases. The antioxidant properties of the nanoparticles in oxidative processes based on the Fenton reaction were studied. It was showed the nanoparticles with the smallest size have the highest antioxidant effectiveness. These results indicate prominent prospects for the use of the ablated nanoparticles in biological systems, where they can serve as highly effective antioxidant protectors..
Molecular organic chemical vapor deposition was employed for the growth of 3D epitaxial (117) Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d (Bi-2212) thin films on (110) SrTiO3 and (110) LaAlO3 substrates. Substrates were vicinal with off angles up to 20°. X-ray diffraction j - y scans demonstrate that films grown on a flat substrate are composed of twinned grains, while the films on vicinal substrate are twin-free. When growth of the film is performed at two temperatures (growth starts at 550-600 °C and continues at 700-750 °C) a higher quality is obtained. The twin-free film grown by the two-temperature route has a zero-resistance critical temperature of 37 and 32 K when the measuring current is applied in-plane parallel and perpendicular to [001] direction of the substrate. The concept of novel planar THz devices is presented and suitability of the twin-free non-c axis thin films for their fabrication is discussed.
Mobile techonology is connecting world, devices and complete world.It could be voice call, sms, data connecting with clould or anything. Portability,Connectivity,Interactivity is the key ares in Mobile Networks.Now after 1,2,3,4G it is a time for 5G , IoT and telco cloud which is key area of inventions, main advantges are bandwidth and latency. And major challenge is the build infra and security issues. The industry consortium setting standards for 5G is the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). It defines any system using 5G NR (5G New Radio) software as “5G”, a definition that came into general use by late 2018. Minimum standards are set by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). Previously, some reserved the term 5G for systems that deliver download speeds of 100s of GBPS as specified in the ITU’s IMT- 2020 document.
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03175.].
The talk will concentrate on various approaches being used to engineer materials at the nanoscale for various applications in future technologies. In particular, the case of clay, carbon nanostructures (e.g. nanotubes, graphene), metal oxides, bionanomaterials (cellulose, starch, and chitin) will be used to highlight the challenges and progress. Several polymer systems will be considered such as rubbers, thermoplastics, thermosets and their blends for the fabrication of functional polymer nanocomposites. The interfacial activity of nanomaterials in compatibilising binary polymer blends will also be discussed. Various self-assembled architectures of hybrid nanostructures can be made using relatively simple processes. Some of these structures offer an excellent opportunity to probe novel nanoscale behavior and can impart unusual macroscopic end properties. I will talk about various applications of these materials, taking into account their multifunctional properties. Some of the promising applications of clay, metal oxides, nano cellulose, chitin, carbon nanomaterials, and their hybrids will be reviewed. Finally, the effect of dewetting up on solvent rinsing on nanoscale thin films will also be discussed.
Proanthocyanidins (PCs), a component of grape seed extract (GSE), have recently being used for the treatment of wounds. However, poor absorption, poor stability and rapid elimination from the systemic circulation limit its acceptance. In addressing these problems, we herein report the development of PCs based nanoformulations (PCs/SOLU) for the first time based on 1% GSE and assessed its wound healing potential in-vivo on the wistar rats. GSE and PCs/SOLU nanodispersions 1% were prepared by incorporating them into the ointment base via uniform mixing to form ointment which could be easily applied topically to wounds. The antibacterial activity of PCs/SOLU against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria strains proved that the cell membranes became more permeable with disrupted cell structure. While carrageenan and histamine induced rat paw edema analyses show there was no inflammatory signs in animals treated with 1 wt% of PCs/SOLU nanodispersion. Excision wound measuring about 3 cm in depth was created on the wistar rats. The ointment was applied topically on the wounded site and the wound contraction was measured daily. Grape seed extract (GSE) ointment, ointment base and povidone‑iodine (Povi-Iod) ointment of about 1% was used as the control, positive and negative standards. PCs/SOLU nanodispersion heals the wound by mobilising the fibroblasts in the wound site and inhibits the inflammatory response through decreased expression of monocyte. The macroscopical, immunological and histopathological assessments revealed that PCs/SOLU nanodispersion ointment usage improves the cell adhesion and proliferation.
The dynamic fragmentation and reaction behavior of ZrCuNiAl bulk metallic glass (BMG) was investigated by using of a quasi-sealed chamber. A series of impact tests were conducted via launching ZrCuNiAl BMG specimens into the test chamber filled with air or argon (Ar). The results demonstrated that in air atmosphere the ZrCuNiAl metallic glass experienced chemical reaction after impacting the target, the energy released by such reaction caused significant over-pressure inside the chamber. The reaction was related to the fragmentation and the critical fragment size for reaction was determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) images; In Ar atmosphere, the fragment distribution of ZrCuNiAl BMG was following a power-like function. A model was established by combining the dynamic fracture distribution with chemical reaction of ZrCuNiAl BMG can predict the quasi-pressure inside the chamber under a certain range of velocities with acceptable accuracy.
This work discloses the role strategic of 2D materials, including graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) materials, in membranes designed to water desalination. Nanocomposite membranes have been realized to be worked in membrane distillation (MD) and membrane crystallization (MCr) devices in order to shift the productivity-efficiency trade-off beyond the state of the art. Herein, interesting achievements related to higher production of fresh water and recovery of better-quality crystals have been discussed, envisaging chemisorption mechanisms as responsible for enhanced performane of MD and MCr processes. Comparative analyses have been done, thereby identifying suitable chemistry-transport relationships to get competitive membrane operations dedicated to water desalination. The results discussed have been achieved within the framework of 2DMEMPUR project with the financial grant from ‘the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation’ - Great Relevance International Project Italy (MAECI)-China (NSFC) 2018-2020 - New Materials, with particular reference to Two-dimensional systems and Graphene (Prot. n. MAE0065611, 2019/10/04)
A new carbon based material, Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is becoming an advanced multifunctional material for its novel chemical / physical properties including nanometer size, good electrical conductivity, abundant edge defects, high mobility, stable photoluminescence and better photoelectric properties making them promising for various energy storage and conversion devices. The glucose derived water soluble crystalline GQDs with uniform size less than 7nm are synthesized by using microwave assisted hydrothermal method. GQDs composite with conjugate polymers was successfully synthesized in situ chemical polymerization, they have exhibiting superior optical, electrical and electrochemical properties are encourages for various application in energy storage devices. To fabricated double layer electrode of PPY- GQDs composite and observed a high specific capacitance, good stability. The obtained composites were characterized using FT-IR to study the chemical interaction, Surface morphology of prepared samples was investigated using FESEM, and Optical properties were studied using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The application of the PGC composites is evaluated as a supercapacitor material by using CV and galvanostatic charging discharging techniques. The specific capacitance of composite film was 228.7F/g shows that reported electrodes has faster power response capacity and better cycle stability. Obtained results shows high specific capacitance and good stability of polymer nanocomposite may encourage the promising application in high performance energy storage devices.
In recent years, the impact evaluation of cyber-physical security of the smart grid has become highly notable and extremely important and critical research direction due to several recent cyber-attacks attempts in different countries. The smart grid is vulnerable to cyber-attacks due to its integration with communication and control technologies. The cyber-attacks can affect operations and decision-making at the energy management system or effectively destroy the critical components, even shut down the power operations and can disrupt service for its customers. Inaccurate information leads to triggering inappropriate actions by the operators. The cyber-attacks either can directly target a power component of the smart grid system or can be triggered through the communication network to the power system. In this talk, I will discuss cyber security issues with a case study to explore the cyber-physical situational awareness.
Surface nanotopography has been reported as an important physical parameter in the stem cell niche for regulating cell fate and behaviors for various types of cells. Substrates featuring arrays of increasing nanopillar or nanohole diameter were devised to investigate the effects of varying surface nanotopography on the responses of various cells such as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), fetal liver kinase 1-positive mesodermal precursor cells (Flk1+ MPCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs). hESCs demonstrate a propensity to organize into more compact colonies expressing higher levels of undifferentiated markers towards a smaller nanopillar diameter range (D = 120–170 nm). Cell-nanotopography interactions modulated the formation of focal adhesions and cytoskeleton reorganization to restrict colony spreading, which reinforced E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesions in hESC colonies. hESCs also generate clusters of pancreatic endocrine progenitors (PDX1+ and NGN3+) on the nanopattern with nanopore diameter range (D = 200–300 nm). The nanopattern-derived clusters generated islet-like 3D spheroids and tested positive for the zinc-chelating dye dithizone. The spheroids consisted of more than 30% CD200 + endocrine cells and expressed NKX6.1 and NKX2.2. In addition, pancreatic beta cells expressing insulin and polyhormonal cells expressing both insulin and glucagon were obtained at the final stage of pancreatic differentiation. Flk1+ MPCs showed increased cell proliferation and colony formation on the nanopattern plates. Nanopatterns with nanopillar diameter range (D = 200–280 nm) increased cardiomyocyte differentiation and expression of the early cardiac marker gene Mesp1. Vinculin and p-Cofilin-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization was observed, and the induced cardiomyocytes had cardiac sarcomeres with mature cardiac gene expression. Nanopatterns with much smaller nanopillar diameter range (D = 70±10 nm) activate transcriptional coactivator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ), which stimulates osteogenesis of MSC. TAZ activation via the nanotopological cue was mediated by actin polymerization and Rho signaling. The FAK and MAPK pathways also play a role in TAZ activation. Nanopillars with nanopillar diameter range (D = 120 - 200 nm) caused the cell area and perimeter of hECFCs to decrease and their filopodial outgrowth to increase. The structure of vinculin was modulated by nanostructural stimuli. The gradient nanopattern plates generate size-specific nanostructural stimuli via ROCK signaling for manipulation of the response of hECFCs
