Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder and endocrinopathy characterized by hyperglycemia or a persistent increase in blood glucose levels. This case describes a male domestic cat exhibiting symptoms of vomiting, loss of appetite, and yellowish discoloration of the ears and oral mucosa, which was diagnosed with DM and hepatic-biliary disorders based on serum biochemistry and ultrasonographic examinations. The treatment included insulin injections, antibiotics, antiemetics, a liver supplement, and a specialized diabetic diet. After 14 days of insulin injection and a diabetic diet, the cat’s blood glucose levels returned to normal. A diabetic diet will be provided for the cat throughout its lifetime.
Parasites pose a major threat to animal health and welfare globally, with a greater impact in Africa, particularly Ethiopia, due to diverse agro-ecological factors that support various hosts and helminths. This experiment aimed to estimate parasite infestation levels, identify associated risk factors, and detect anthelmintic drug resistance. Fecal sedimentation and flotation techniques were used to identify trematode and nematode eggs, respectively. Two drugs, Albenda-qk 600 mg and Flukash Sheep (Oxyclozanide 340 mg), were tested for resistance, and associated risk factors were analyzed using STATA (version 13). Results showed nematode and trematode prevalence of 66% and 29% pre-treatment, dropping to 7% and 3% post-treatment. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that age and deworming timing were significantly associated with parasite positivity (P 0.05). Despite significant reductions in parasite prevalence post-treatment, some sheep flocks exhibited resistance. To prevent further development of anthelmintic resistance, the following practices are recommended: avoid frequent or unnecessary treatments, apply strategic and integrated drug use, ensure proper dosages, rotate anthelmintic drugs, and regularly perform efficacy tests.
Goats are one type of livestock that has a high socioeconomic value for farmers. Most of the goats owned by farmers in Amplas Village are grazed and penned. Goats that are kept in a semi-intensive way are annually attacked by diarrhoeal diseases compared to goats that are kept intensively. This is thought to be due to the presence of gastrointestinal parasites that attack livestock due to the way they are kept. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of infection and intensity of gastrointestinal nematode parasites in goats reared with semi-intensive and intensive rearing systems. The samples examined were 60 faecal samples which were divided based on the rearing system. The samples were then taken to the laboratory of the veterinary center in Medan. The results of the observations showed haemonchus, trichuris, and capillaria sp. The highest prevalence value in Haemonchus sp. was 100%. The lowest prevalence was in Capillaria sp. with a value of 3.3%. The highest intensity was for Haemonchus sp. parasites with a value of 358 grains/ind. The lowest intensity was for Capillaria sp. parasites with a value of 10 grains/ind. Keywords: parasite, nematode, gastrointestinal, goat
Indonesia has significant potential in the beef and dairy cattle sectors but faces challenges in improving the genetic quality of livestock. Embryo Transfer (ET) is a biotechnological approach that can enhance genetic quality and livestock productivity. This study aims to examine and analyze the factors affecting the success rate of pregnancies in FH dairy cattle as recipients of embryo transfer at Balai Embrio Ternak (BET) Cipelang. Secondary data from BET Cipelang (2017-2023) were used, including variables such as embryo quality, transfer methods, recipient age, estrus synchronization methods, and embryo donor breeds. The results showed that good embryo quality (24.55%) and fresh transfer methods (35.19%) significantly increased pregnancy success (p 0.05). Synchronization methods using PGF2α and a combination of Progesterone + PGF2α increased the chances of pregnancy by 3.60 and 3.89 times, respectively, compared to natural estrus. Although not statistically significant, recipient age groups of 3-5 years and 6-9 years had higher pregnancy success rates compared to the 10-12 years age group. The donor breed of embryos did not show a significant effect on pregnancy rates. Therefore, this study concludes that good embryo quality and fresh transfer methods significantly increase the pregnancy success rate in FH dairy cattle at BET Cipelang. The factors influencing pregnancy rates include embryo quality, transfer methods, recipient age, estrus synchronization methods, and donor breed, with embryo quality and fresh transfer methods having the greatest impact. To improve pregnancy rates, it is recommended to select high-quality embryos, use fresh transfer methods, and implement effective estrus synchronization protocols, such as PGF2α injection or a combination of Progesterone + PGF2α. Further research involving various recipient cattle breeds and genetic and environmental factors is also advised.
Maggots are one of the fly larvae with a high protein content of up to 30-45%, so maggots can be used as an alternative animal feed ingredient. As one of the sources of animal feed raw materials, insects-based feed must also be safe from contaminants of microorganisms, including pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, this study aims to isolate and determine the screening of pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria from maggots' digestive systems. Maggots are cultivated on media based on animal faecal and organic waste for ± 2 months. Then, the bacteria are isolated and purified using nutrient agar media, and hemolysis tests are carried out on blood agar media and Gram staining. Eighty-seven bacterial colonies with various morphological characteristics were successfully isolated from the maggot digestive system. Most isolated bacteria are classified as Gram-negative bacteria with a bacilli form. Based on the results of the hemolysis test, as many as 16% of bacterial isolates are indicated by pathogenic bacteria because of their ability to hemolyze blood. However, only about 2% showed b-hemolysis. Thus, it can be concluded that the screening results of non-pathogenic bacteria are still more numerous compared to pathogenic bacteria present in the maggot digestive system.
Fasciolosis is a disease caused by fluke infestation Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica. Usually, these flukes infect ruminants such as cattle, goats, sheep and wildlife. Infestation F. gigantica can cause a decrease in the immune response, so that livestock become more susceptible to infection with other microorganisms. The emergence of microorganisms such as bacteria can cause foodborne disease for those who consume liver infestation by F. gigantica. This study aims to see the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the liver of cattle infestation by F. gigantica. Isolation of bacteria present in beef liver was conducted by culturing it on culture media such as blood agar media. Blood agar media can be used to determine pathogenic bacteria. Pathogenic properties of bacteria are seen based on the ability of bacteria to hemolyze blood on blood agar media. Based on the results of the hemolysis test on blood agar media, four colonies were found that were potentially pathogenic, namely alpha hemolysis (isolate S2-A) and beta hemolysis (isolate S1.1-A, S2-B, and S3-A). Furthermore, the results of bacterial identification were based on morphological observations and Gram staining tests as well as biochemical tests and spore staining, isolate S2-A identified as bacteria Staphylococcus sp., while isolates S1.1-A, S2-B, and S3-A were identified as bacteria Bacillus sp. Thus, it can be concluded that in the liver of cattle infestation by F. gigantica, bacteria are found that have the potential to be opportunistic pathogens.
Dadih is a traditional food product that is produced by storing buffalo milk in bamboo tubes and left for 2-3 days. During the process of making Dadih, milk ferments into Dadih in a bamboo tube. The aim of this research is to determine the quality of buffalo Dadih from pH values, acidity degrees, and total bacterial colonies with different storage durations and temperatures. This research used 12 bamboo tubes with two treatments and three repetitions. This research used a laboratory experimental method with a 2x3 factorial pattern. This research showed that the highest room and refrigerator pH values were found in the first week, with an average of 7.13 ± 0.15 and 7.9 ± 0.1. The highest acidity degree values from room temperature and refrigerator were in the third week, with 359.47 ± 16.95 and 254.03 ± 6.34. Another finding was that the highest total bacterial colonies at room temperature and in the refrigerator were in the third week, with 3.33 ± 0.89 and 2.8 ± 0.76. It can be concluded that the buffalo Dadih from Gayo has a pH value and a total value of bacterial colonies that meet SNI standards. Meanwhile, the total titrated acid in Dadih does not yet have an SNI standard.
This research aimed to study the effectiveness of katuk leaf extract in lowering blood triglyceride levels in male local rabbits treated with hypercholesterolemia. The research was done at the Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and the Animal Experimental Unit of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kual. This experiment used the Split Plot design, comprising two factors. The first factor was treatment (P1, P2, and P3) that gives katuk leaf extract 2.5 cc, 5 cc, and 10 cc, whereas the second factor was the sampling time (I, II, III, IV, and V). The results of this research showed that the treatment did not significantly (P0.05) on levels of triglycerides in the blood of local rabbits. Still, different sampling times were very significant (P 0.01) on levels of triglycerides in the blood of local rabbits. After doing Duncan tests, the results test showed that the sampling time between a decrease of local rabbit blood triglyceride levels was not significant (P0.05) by giving katuk leaf extract. The treatment of katuk leaf extracts of 2.5 cc, 5cc, and 10cc has not been able to reduce levels of triglycerides in the blood of male local rabbits treated with hypercholesterolemia.
Vaccination is one of the important measures in controlling FMD in livestock. Therefore, to assess the success of FMD vaccination in livestock, it is necessary to evaluate the immune response of vaccinated animals in field conditions. This research aims to examines the effectiveness of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccination in North Sumatra Province and the factors influencing its success. The calculations using multiple logistic regression showed that the factors that significantly influence the effectiveness of FMD vaccination are time of vaccination, maintenance system, disinfection of cages, and farms implementing biosecurity. Based on the research that has been carried out, the advice that can be given to the North Sumatra Provincial Government is to pay attention to small-scale breeders. Because many smallholder farmers still lack knowledge, especially in implementing biosecurity.
Basic life support (BLS) is a first-aid measure performed to restore vital organ functions in cardiac or respiratory arrest patients. This research was conducted on the students of the Veterinary Medicine Faculty in the 2018th and 2019th entry years from November 15th – 30th, 2021. This study was a descriptive observational study using a cross-sectional research design. Two hundred two respondents in this study were selected by stratified random sampling. Data from respondents were collected using an online questionnaire via Google Forms. The results of this study indicated that most respondents were 20 years old (46.5%), female (65.8%), and the number of respondents from each generation was the same. The data analysis of the respondents' basic life support showed that they possessed a minimal level of knowledge (60.9%), good attitude (66.8%), and good awareness (56.9%). According to these findings, most students had positive attitudes and awareness of basic life support. The aspect of knowledge about basic life support practices among these students falls into the poor category; therefore, there is a need to step up the socialization and training process.
An intact female tabby Persian cat, 26-month-old, was brought to IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital on the 21st of February, 2023, due to vaginal discharge, inappetence, and lethargy. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen, mammary gland enlargement, and fever (40.1 °C). The heart and respiratory rates were 128 beats per minute and 32 times per minute, respectively. The patient body weight was 3.87 kg. The veterinarian palpated masses inside the abdominal cavity and observed obvious purulent and haemorrhagic vaginal discharge. Haematology showed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and the eosinophil percentage of white blood cells was increased (eosinophilia). Blood chemistry analysis showed hyperglycaemia. Ultrasonography showed two hyperechoic masses inside two hypoechoic pouches in the queen’s uterus, suspected as two dead foetuses (no heartbeat). Roentgen revealed abnormalities in the vena cava caudalis, bronchial pattern in the lung, radioopaque masses in the ventral abdomen, radio-opacity changes in the small and large intestines, and abnormalities in the spleen. The patient’s diagnosis was pyometra, and ovariohysterectomy surgery was performed on the patient. The patient was treated with additional medicines (antibiotics and others) according to the symptoms. The patient’s symptoms disappeared, except for the fluctuating febrile and pale mucous membrane. A blood smear performed on the 1st of March 2023 revealed Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) in the white blood cells, and immediately doxycycline treatment (10 mg/kg body weight, twice daily) was given. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 14th of March, 2023, with no febrile or other symptoms reported. This case is the first report of open cervix-type pyometra and anaplasmosis co-occurrence in a Persian cat from IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Indonesia.
Otitis is a disease that is often found due to the cat's ears being unclean and causing earwax to build up along with fluid. Otitis is caused by inflammation of the epithelium of the ear canal and also surrounding structures such as the external auditory meatus and pinna. A 3-month-old Ragdoll cat, male, with white and black hair on the ears, was examined with complaints of head tilting and frequent head shaking, pus in the ears, and inflammation. Clinical examination revealed erythema. The ear wax swab examination results showed an Otodectes cynotis mite infection. The results of the bacterial culture examination showed the presence of Klebsiella sp bacterial infection. The animal was diagnosed with otitis externa. Treatment for otitis externa is given by Dexamethasone, Erlamycetin® (Chloramphenicol 1%), Ivermectin, and lidocaine. The accumulated earwax is also cleaned using a cotton bud and saline. Five days after therapy the cat showed recovery.
This study aims to determine the effect of heating time in the combustion process on Staphylococcus aureus contamination in grilled meatballs. A total of 9 samples of meatballs obtained from 3 sellers of grilled meatballs were divided into 3 treatments, namely burning at temperatures ranging from 56˚C-59˚C for 1 minute, 3 minutes, and 5 minutes, with 3 repetitions. Determination of the number of microbes was carried out using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The research data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA analysis of variance followed by Duncan's test. The results showed that the duration of burning affected the amount of Staphylococcus aureus contamination in grilled meatballs. The best combustion was shown at 5 minutes, with a microbial count of 3.6 × 101 CUF/g. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference (P0.05) in the average value of Staphylococcus aureus microbial contamination in grilled meatballs given treatment. Based on the calculation results, it can be concluded that 5 minutes of burning time is the most effective for decontaminating the amount of Staphylococcus aureus microbial contamination in grilled meatballs.
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019 to evaluate the occurrence of ectoparasites and associated skin diseases in ruminants in and around Bishoftu town, central Ethiopia. A total of 437 ruminants (216 cattle, 141 sheep, and 80 goats) brought to the open-air Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, were sampled using simple random sampling. Accordingly, the occurrence of ectoparasites and associated skin diseases was found to be 59% (258), and out of these animals, 195 (44.6%) were infected with ectoparasites, of which 111 (25.4%) were bovine, 27 (6.2%) were caprine, and 57 (13%) were ovine. The major ectoparasite species identified were Amblyomma variegatum (13%), A. gemma (0.7%), A. cohaerens (1.8%), A. nymph (3.2%), H. truncatum (2.7%), Boophilus decoloratus (6.2%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (1.8%), R. eversi (0.7%), Damalinia ovis (3%), Linognatus vituli (5.5%), Psoroptes (0.7%), Demodex bovis (0.5%), Ctenocephalides canis (0.7%) and Ct. felis (5.03). On the other hand, the associated skin diseases infesting animals were: 63 (14.4%), lumpy skin disease (0.9%), sheep pox (5.5%), goat pox (5%), dermatophilosis (0.2%), contagious ecthyma in caprine (2.1%), and contagious ecthyma in ovine (0.7%). The findings of the present study suggest that ectoparasites and associated skin diseases in and around Bishoftu are still widespread and economically important constraints for the productivity and use of ruminants. Hence, stringent adherence to the control of ectoparasites and associated skin diseases is required as a responsibility of the concerned government body based on professional research results in the study area.
Infection with Ascaridia galli still attacks poultry farms, especially chickens in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the causes of changes in anatomy pathological and histology in small intestine of broiler. The study was taken from Alif which had clinical symptoms of weakness and anorexia on July 5, 2022 in Gresik Jawa Timur. The results of anatomical pathology and histological examination showed changes in the duodenum and jejunum organs showing hemorrhagic and inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of parasite examination found A.galli worms in the lumen of the small intestine and A.galli worm eggs from feces. In this study, clinical symptoms and anatomy pathological and histology changes of the small intestine in the broiler were caused by infection with A. galli worms.
Herbal antioxidants have gained attention recently as possible treatments for disorders of male reproductive function linked to oxidative stress because of their ability to neutralize free radicals.The investigation into herbal flavonoids for preserving oxidative stress-impaired testicular physiology has been effectively conducted through the visualization of bibliometric analysis. Bibliometric data of published papers collected from the PubMed and Scopus databases in 2018-2023. Network visualization was performed using VOSviewer software on the set keywords that occur (n=15). The literature review was conducted according to the research trends identified by the clusters that appeared in the network visualization. The result revealed that a total of 266 records have been published based on the specified search set keywords since 2018. Through the analysis of keywords, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the relevant content of papers, 11 articles were identified as suitable for conducting a literature review. Network visualization revealed that the research falls into two general categories: (1) toxicity to the testicles caused by oxidative stress and (2) prevention of oxidative stress impact on tissue through herbal medicine. Examination of the paper's content revealed that certain antioxidant compounds from plants can stabilize free radicals in the testicles. These antioxidants include vitexin, diosmin, hesperidin, phenolic acids, naphthoquinones, fisetin, pachypodol, sciadopitysin, carvacrol, and morin. However, further research is needed to compare active antioxidant content in different herbal plants and identify optimal concentrations for therapeutic effects.
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a complex patient condition caused by many factors. This case is the reason why pet owners always need veterinary assistance. Cats with urinary tract disorders show almost similar symptoms such as pollakiuria, hematuria, stranguria, urethral obstruction, and even urination outside the litter box. Urethral obstruction is a common complication in cases of FUS, which often occurs in male cats. Based on this, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate of FUS in the cat patient population at RSHP in 2022. The total number of patients treated at Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) Prof. Dr. Noerjanto Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala was 849, and 38 cases of cat patients experiencied FLUTD. This research is an observational study to see the prevalence rate of FLUTD in a population of cat patients treated at the VTH. Based on the research that has been done, the prevalence value of animals experiencing FLUTD is 4.47. The number of cases of FLUTD in male cats is (97.3%) and for female cats (2.63%). The incidence of FLUTD that occurred in cats aged 2 to 4 years old.
Birds are organisms that can be found in a variety of habitats. One of the bird habitats is paddy fields. Birds found in paddy fields generally carry out activities such as foraging, breeding, and competing. This study aims to determine the diversity of birds in paddy field habitats during the paddy ripening phase (Oryza sativa L.). The study was conducted from April to June 2022. The location of the study was Jurong Peujera Village, Ingin Jaya District, Aceh Besar Regency. This study used the Point Count method with a radius of 50 m and a distance between points of 150 m. Observations were made at 9 observation points with 4 repetitions, in which the duration of observations was 10 minutes at each observation point. The observation was conducted in the morning and evening at 06.30-10.00 AM and 03.30-05.00 PM. The results obtained were 2586 bird individuals consisting of 14 species from 11 families. The species with the highest number of individuals are Lonchura punctulata with 1535 individuals and Bubulcus ibis with 637 individuals. The highest percentage of families by species is Ardeidae (22%), and Estrildidae (15%). The Shannon-Wiener bird species diversity index in the paddy field area during paddy ripening phase was obtained H'=1.24 which indicates the level of diversity of the bird species is moderate. Meanwhile, based on the dominance index, Simpson shows a value of C=0.42 which indicates a low bird dominance level. The low level of bird dominance is due to the moderate diversity of species in the paddy field area.
The gut microbiota has a major contribution in human physiology and influences disease pathogenesis, including in tuberculosis (TB) lung infection. Gut-lung axis has demonstrated the interplay of these two organs, mediated by metabolites produced by the gut microbes or derived from host molecules transformation. Tryptophan (Trp) is one of the essential aromatic amino acids catabolized as kynurenine, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), and indole derivatives, including indole propionic acid (IPA), via 3 pathways. The latter was microbiota-derived Trp catabolism, which has known to have an immunomodulatory role, as ligands for Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). Intriguingly, Mycobacterium tuberculosis required Trp as a nitrogen source, especially in CD4+ T cells-generated stress, to survive in the phagosome of macrophage and to cause disease. Recently, IPA is identified as a new anti-mycobacterial compound, which is specific and has broad spectrum of anti-mycobacterial activity. The structural similarity of this gut microbiota-derived metabolite and Trp allows IPA to inhibit the TrpE anthranilate synthase in Trp biosynthesis pathway in Mtb. In this review, we summarize findings from recent work by focusing on the role of Trp metabolites in host cells in TB infection. A better understanding of this chemical signal could potentially serve as a novel strategy for managing this chronic inflammatory disease.
This research aimed to determine the accuracy of the progesterone test kit for milk and blood as means of early pregnancy diagnosis in Ettawa cross goats (PE). Five lactating PE goats were used in this study and were synchronized with PGF2α intramuscularly. The result is that all goats showed a sigh of estrus. Four goats were mated naturally, while one other was not mated. The determination of day-0 was when the females were standing heat. Early pregnancy diagnosis using dairy cow test strips performed 18-22 days after mating or post-estrus. The accuracy of the diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasound examination on day 35 after mating/post estrus. Diagnosis using the milk progesterone kit showed negative results for five days of examination in all goats, whereas using the blood progesterone kit showed positive results in four goats. When confirmed, using ultrasound showed one goat was diagnosed as not pregnant, and four other goats were diagnosed pregnant. It can be concluded that the use of progesterone dairy cow pregnancy test strip kits is effectively used to diagnose early pregnancy in PE goats with high accuracy in blood samples (100%) and low accuracy in milk samples (20%).
