Background: congenital anomalies are structural or functional anomalies that occur during intrauterine life and might be identified before, at birth or later in life. An estimated 6% of babies worldwide are born with a congenital disorder, resulting in 17% to 42% deaths among infants and 20% to 30% of stillbirths. In Tanzania, its prevalence is estimated to be 60.5 per 1000 live births. Majority of these are due to multifactorial including chromosomal anomalies. Its impact in our African societies extends to social consequences including stigmatization, divorce and witchcraft suspicions. Case Presentation: we present a case report of syndromic baby with major congenital malformation associated with Oral facial cleft, Congenital hydrocephalus, Acyanotic congenital heart disease VSD, Amniotic band syndrome on left lower limb and fingers of upper limbs. This is the first case to be reported in Tanzanian Context
Background: female child marriage (FCM) remains a critical challenge in Indonesia, particularly in rural and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Despite legal reforms such as the revision of the Marriage Law in 2019, FCM continues to occur at alarming rates, leading to harmful health, educational, and economic consequences for young girls. Purpose: to examine the prevalence and determinants of FCM in Indonesia through a secondary data analysis of the 2012 and 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys (IDHS). Methods: a secondary data analysis was conducted using weighted samples from the 2012 and 2017 IDHS datasets. Multivariate analysis was performed to examine associations between socio-demographic and other relevant variables with the likelihood of female children (aged 15-18 years) entering marriage. The study focused on identifying temporal trends and key risk factors contributing to early marriage among Indonesian female children. Results: this study revealed a decrease in female child marriage prevalence, from 9.15% in 2012 to 7.10% in 2017. Logistic regression analysis indicated that younger age (15–16), rural residence, and low economic status consistently increased the likelihood of early marriage. In 2012, poor STI knowledge and family planning discussions were significant predictors, while in 2017, smoking behavior and employment status became influential factors, reflecting ongoing social dynamics and structural challenges. Conclusion: female child marriage in Indonesia is strongly influenced by low education, poverty, rural residence, and limited STI knowledge. The findings highlight the need for improved education access, economic support, and tailored reproductive health programs
Background: rapid physical and psychological growth, especially fine motor development, characterizes the preschool period. Delays in fine motor skills can affect children's self-confidence and learning in the future. Purpose: this study aimed to examine the effect of puzzle-based educational stimulation on fine motor outcomes among preschool children using the Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST II). Methods: a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design was employed, involving 46 children from TK Dharma Wanita 1 Keniten, Kediri, divided equally into intervention and control groups. Fine motor outcomes were assessed based on DDST II fine motor adaptive items, including tasks such as building towers, copying shapes, and drawing. Results: the fine motor development status of preschool aged children in the intervention group increased from 60.9% at pretest to 100% at posttest, whereas the control group also showed a smaller improvement from 78.3% to 95.7%. The Wilcoxon test indicated a significant improvement within the intervention group (p < 0.005). However, the Mann Whitney U test showed no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the posttest scores Conclusion: puzzle-based stimulation effectively enhances children’s fine motor development, highlighting its potential as an engaging educational strategy in early childhood programs
Background: diastasis Recti Abdominis Muscle (DRAM), a condition characterized by the separation of the rectus abdominis muscles along the linea alba, commonly occurs postpartum and may impair quality of life. Yoga has been proposed as a non-invasive intervention to address this issue through core muscle engagement and tissue remodeling. Purpose: this study aims to determine the effectiveness of yoga in accelerating the recovery of diastasis recti abdominis muscle in postpartum women. Methods: this quasi-experimental study employed a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Forty-eight postpartum women (4–10 days postpartum) were recruited, with 45 meeting the inclusion criteria and divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group participated in structured yoga sessions (20 minutes/session, 4 times/week for 3 weeks), while the control group received routine postnatal exercise advice. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. DRAM width was measured using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests. Results: data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests. A significant reduction in DRAM was observed in the intervention group, with the mean width decreasing from 29.50 ± 3.39 mm to 9.38 ± 2.62 mm (p = 0.000), while the control group showed only a minor decrease (28.09 ± 3.05 mm to 26.03 ± 2.37 mm). Conclusion: the structured yoga intervention demonstrated consistent results with lower post-intervention variability. Yoga exercise significantly improves DRAM recovery in postpartum women by enhancing abdominal muscle strength and supporting tissue regeneration. Yoga is a safe, effective, and reproducible intervention for postpartum rehabilitation
Background: exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is critical for neonatal health, but complications like jaundice can disrupt early feeding due to mother-infant separation. Midwifery Continuity of Care (MCoC), where a known midwife provides consistent support throughout the perinatal period, may play a crucial role in maintaining EBF during such challenges. This case report aims to explore the role of MCoC in sustaining exclusive breastfeeding during mother-infant separation due to neonatal jaundice. Case Presentation: a 29-year-old woman (G2P1A0) received MCoC from early pregnancy through postpartum. After a cesarean delivery due to preeclampsia, her newborn developed jaundice with a total bilirubin level of 15.31 mg/dL and an index bilirubin of 14.96 mg/dL. It required 48 hours of phototherapy and NICU admission. Despite separation, the mother sustained lactation through regular milk expression, supported by her midwife, husband, and family. The mother had received education from the midwife about the importance of breastfeeding for the baby, starting from pregnancy until after delivery. The continuous presence and support of the midwife empowered the mother to remain consistent in expressing breast milk until the baby’s condition improved, allowing the infant to continue receiving exclusive breastfeeding. After receiving phototherapy, the infant’s bilirubin level decreased to 9.82 mg/dL and the baby was discharged in stable condition. Exclusive breastfeeding was successfully continued post-discharge Discussion: this case highlights the important role of MCoC in supporting successful exclusive breastfeeding in infants with neonatal jaundice. Through ongoing education and support, midwives help mothers continue to provide expressed breast milk during phototherapy, which contributes to lowering bilirubin levels. The MCoC approach strengthens mothers' confidence and emotional resilience, while also increasing breastfeeding success in complex medical conditions Conclusion: MCoC is a valuable model for supporting EBF during mother-infant separation caused by jaundice. It empowers mothers through continuous clinical, emotional, and educational support, ensuring continuity of care and improved breastfeeding outcomes. This case underscores the importance of integrating MCoC into midwifery practice and policy to enhance breastfeeding outcomes and maternal-infant health
Background: adolescent sexual and reproductive health remains a major global challenge, reflected in high rates of sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and unintended pregnancy. School-based sexual and reproductive health education is considered a key strategy to promote healthy knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among adolescents. Purpose: to assess the effectiveness of school-based sexual and reproductive health education programs in improving adolescents’ knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behaviors. Methods: this study employed a systematic review design following Cochrane guidelines and reported according to PRISMA 2020. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Taylor & Francis for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies involved students aged 10-19 years and evaluated school-based interventions. Of 518 records identified, nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The reviewed studies included cluster randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental designs, cross-sectional surveys, and pilot studies. Assessment of reviewed articles using JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. Data were collected using validated questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behaviors. Results: all included studies reported significant improvements in adolescents’ knowledge of sexual and reproductive health following the interventions. Most studies also demonstrated positive changes in attitudes, particularly regarding contraception and prevention of sexually transmitted infections. Effects on sexual behavior were more heterogeneous, with stronger and more consistent outcomes observed in multi-session and skills-based programs. Conclusion: school-based sexual and reproductive health education is effective in enhancing adolescents’ knowledge and often improving attitudes. However, achieving sustained behavioral change requires more intensive, participatory, and multi-component interventions that are integrated with health services and supported by school policies.
Background: childhood is an important stage of development. Non-fulfillment of nutrition in childhood has an impact on the health status of future generations. The use of Banjar-language flipbook educational media is one innovation that can be employed to enhance knowledge and change behavior in a more positive way. Purpose: exploring the effectiveness of using digital innovation and media nutrition education in the form of flipbooks, integrating local culture, to improve elementary school students’ knowledge and behavior regarding balanced nutrition. Methods: a one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental design study was conducted with students (n=97) from two primary schools in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, to evaluate the effectiveness of the flipbook. Data were collected from July to August 2025 and included characteristics of respondents and the effects on knowledge and behavior regarding food nutrition. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize respondents’ characteristics. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare pretest and posttest scores of knowledge and behavior. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant Results: of the 97 respondents, 57 respondents (58.79%) had good knowledge in the category, and 64 respondents (65.98%) had quite positive behavior. After receiving health education and access to flipbooks monitored by observation sheets, 77 respondents (79.38%) were in the “good knowledge” category, and 77 respondents (74.23%) showed very positive behavior Conclusion: the results of this study indicate that there is an increase in knowledge and behavior change in a positive direction after receiving nutrition education through flipbooks in the Banjar language integrated with Free Nutritious Meals (MBG) program in primary schools. The flipbooks will be integrated into the primary school curriculum
Background: Preconception services provide women with a variety of programs that start when they are teenagers and continue through pregnancy. These programs are designed to ensure a healthy pregnancy. A well-prepared pregnancy is less likely to cause problems for both mother and child. Approximately 800 women died every day in 2020, contributing to a Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) of 223 for every 100,000 live births. By 2030, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will reduce the MMR to 70 per 100,000 live births. Strengthening healthcare systems especially for preconception services are urgent to reduce maternal and child health risks. Supporting projects that aim to improve the accessibility and quality of preconception and other reproductive health services is something the World Health Organization is doing to fill the gaps that exist in these areas. Purpose: The following research efforts aim to provide a comprehensive picture of the implementation of preconception care. Methods: This study used a scoping review method that goes through several stages, including (1) Identifying scoping review questions, which refer to the PCC framework; (2) Identifying relevant articles using three databases (PubMed, Ebsco, and ScienceDirect) with keywords (implementation*) and (preconception*) or (preconception care*) and (expectant parent*). (3) Selection of articles, 303 articles were obtained which were then filtered into 6 articles; (4) Data charting and quality assessment of articles using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tools (MMAT); and (5) Presentation of data/results, discussion, and conclusions. Conclusion: Preconception services can help identify potential problems in women and men that could potentially hinder the couple from obtaining a pregnancy. Couples can be given treatment when problems are found, to prepare a safe and heathy pregnancy. Lack of awareness, unsupportive facilities, and expensive service fees become obstacles. Policies and roles of various parties are needed to support and improve the quality of preconception care.
Introduction: The Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, a severely persecuted ethnic minority of Myanmar, face numerous challenges related to their sexual and reproductive health (SRH), including access to appropriate services. This systematic review examines the SRH status of Rohingya refugee women in Bangladesh, focusing on barriers to accessing SRH services and interventions to address their specific SRH needs. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across databases, including PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, as well as gray literature, from August 2017 to July 2023. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included, with data extraction and analysis performed independently by two authors using a narrative synthesis approach. Results: Out of 394 citations, ten studies met the criteria. The findings revealed that 48.9% of Rohingya women were unaware of SRH service access, only 11% received frequent (once fortnightly) visits by family planning personnel, 70% lacked knowledge about HIV/STIs, and over two-thirds believed that family planning required husband approval. The prevalence of contraceptive use was 50.9%, with cultural and religious beliefs and gender dynamics significantly influencing family size decisions. Discussion: Cultural preferences impacted family size decisions, and limited awareness of permanent birth control widened the SRH education gap. The review emphasizes the need for comprehensive, community-based interventions, including door-to-door visits, culturally tailored outreach programs, and SRH education within refugee camps. To address the SRH needs of Rohingya women, adopting a multifaceted approach that promotes SRH education, improves service accessibility, and empowers women to make informed reproductive choices is essential.
Marriage is a physical and spiritual bond between a man and a woman to build a life together, fostering a family. West Sulawesi Province is the region with the highest rate of early marriage in Indonesia. According to the 2020 National Social and National Survey (SUSENAS) data, the rate of early marriage in West Sulawesi reached 10.05 percent. These figures demonstrate that early marriage remains prevalent in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between socioeconomic and cultural factors and adolescent marriage in the working area of the Campalagian Health Center. Methods: An analytic survey with a cross-sectional design was used in this study, conducted in 2024. The population consisted of women of childbearing age (WUS) aged 15–25 years. A total of 87 participants were selected using purposive sampling and the Slovin formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using the chi-square test with the assistance of SPSS software. Results: The findings showed a significant relationship between socioeconomic status and adolescent marriage (p = 0.000 < 0.05), and between cultural values and adolescent marriage (p = 0.000 < 0.05). Among respondents who married before the age of 20, most had lower socioeconomic backgrounds or were influenced by traditions such as early arranged marriages. Conclusion: There is a significant association between socioeconomic and cultural factors and adolescent marriage in the Campalagian Health Center area. The study recommends that the government strengthen education and advocacy programs to reduce early marriage practices and raise awareness of its long-term health and social impacts.
Background: Adolescents are an age group highly exposed to social media in their daily lives. The high intensity of social media use has raised concerns about its negative impact on adolescent mental health. Purpose: This review aims to map the scientific evidence related to the impact of social media on mental health in adolescents. Methods: Using the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework, this study followed five key stages: formulating the research question, identifying relevant literature, selecting appropriate studies, organizing the data, and reporting the findings. Articles were searched through the PubMed database and the Google Scholar search engine, covering publication years 2021–2025. A total of 80 articles were screened using the PRISMA flowchart and critical appraisal, following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines, resulting in eight articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Results: Three main themes emerged: intensity of social media use, disturbed sleep quality, and mental health disorders such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Most adolescents use social media for more than three hours per day, with TikTok and WhatsApp being the dominant platforms. High usage correlates with increased sleep disturbances and the risk of depressive symptoms and stress. Conclusion: Social media has a significant impact on adolescent mental health. Digital literacy education and parental supervision are crucial to prevent these negative impacts.
Background: Breastfeeding success plays a crucial role in optimizing child growth and development. Maternal knowledge, satisfaction, and self-efficacy are key influencing factors, all of which can be enhanced through support from health professionals in the form of guidance and counseling during the breastfeeding period. In Indonesia’s Midwifery Professional Education curriculum, one of the learning outcomes for students is providing care for breastfeeding mothers. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the One Student One Breastfeeding Woman program on breastfeeding success. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study using a pre-post design without a control group. The study involved 23 breastfeeding mothers in Padang City who participated in the One Student One Breastfeeding Woman program. Data collection employed three instruments: the Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale (MBES) to measure satisfaction, the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) to measure self-efficacy, and a breastfeeding knowledge questionnaire developed by Susiloretni et al. The study received ethical approval. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The findings showed significant improvements across all variables. The mean knowledge score increased from 20.7391 (SD = 2.32022) before the intervention to 23.3043 (SD = 1.94082) after (p < 0.001). Maternal satisfaction improved from 62.4348 (SD = 9.42832) to 67.6522 (SD = 7.14530) (p = 0.049). Self-efficacy increased from 38.9565 (SD = 10.85641) to 45.6087 (SD = 8.02688) (p = 0.036). Conclusion: The One Student One Breastfeeding Woman program was found to be significantly effective in improving breastfeeding success by enhancing maternal knowledge, satisfaction, and self-efficacy. This program can bze integrated as part of the learning outcomes in postpartum and breastfeeding care within the Midwifery Professional Education curriculum and may serve as a strategy to support exclusive breastfeeding achievement. This finding highlights the potential of student-led breastfeeding support as an innovative model for maternal and child health promotion.
Background: Breast milk is an ideal food for babies. Breast milk has benefits not only for the baby but also for the mother and the environment. However, the exclusive breastfeeding rate in Indonesia and the world is still low. Purpose: This study aims to find the factors that cause low exclusive breastfeeding in rural areas in Indonesia. Methods: this study is quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The sample involved in this study was 164 mothers who had children aged 0-6 months in 6 villages. The analysis used in this study is bivariate and multivariate. Results: There was no statistically significant association between mothers' work and exclusive breastfeeding in rural areas. The mother's age and parity are also unrelated to exclusive breastfeeding. Income, education, infant age, first breastfeeding opportunities, delivery methods, and delivery aides contributed 20.1% to exclusive breastfeeding of infants aged 0-6 months in rural areas. Conclusion: This study is useful to find out the factors related to exclusive breastfeeding in rural areas in Lampung.
Background: One intervention that can be undertaken by pregnant women to support optimal pregnancy outcomes is prenatal yoga. Yoga is a discipline that integrates physical, mental, and spiritual practices aimed at achieving holistic health, which can be incorporated into daily life. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of prenatal yoga on pregnancy outcomes among primigravida women at Independent Midwifery Practices in Batang Hari, East Lampung, in 2025. Methods: This study employed a quantitative research approach, using a quasi-experimental design with a post-test only control group. The study population included third-trimester primigravida women, and data collection was conducted at the independent midwifery practices of Bd. Amelia Agustina, S.Keb., and Bdn. Sri Umi, S.ST., between January and March 2025. The Mann-Whitney test was used for data analysis. Result: The findings revealed that the average post-test score for maternal outcomes in the prenatal yoga intervention group was 0.40, while the average post-test score for perinatal outcomes in the same group was 0.27. In the control group, the average post-test score for maternal outcomes was 1.80 with a standard deviation of 0.775, and the average score for perinatal outcomes was 0.93. A statistically significant difference was observed between the intervention and control groups, with a p-value of 0.000. Conclusion: These results indicate that prenatal yoga is effective in improving pregnancy outcomes among primigravida women at the Independent Midwifery Practices in Batang Hari, East Lampung, in 2025.
Background: Antenatal classes serve as a learning platform for pregnant women regarding pregnancy and childbirth preparation. This literature review aims to map the literature and evidence-based practices related to antenatal class implementation. Purpose: This scoping review aims to assess the implementation of Antenatal Classes. Methods: This study adopts a literature review design. Initial searches for journal articles were conducted on the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases from 2019 to 2024. The study identified 78 articles, of which only six journal articles met the inclusion criteria. Literature review procedures: collecting library data, reading, and note-taking, as well as critically assessing research materials. Results: According to the literature review, the implementation of antenatal classes yields numerous benefits, reducing stress and anxiety symptoms for both pregnant women and their partners in facing pregnancy and childbirth. Providing comprehensive and continuous material can enhance pregnant women's knowledge, attitudes, and behavior changes in preventing complications. Conclusion: Antenatal classes benefit mothers in preparing for a healthy pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, transitioning into motherhood, and enabling early detection. Support from husbands and families to attend antenatal classes can boost the mother's confidence. A research gap identified for future studies is the variation in facilitators (healthcare professionals) of antenatal classes between developed and developing countries. Interprofessional Collaboration (IPC) is implemented in developed countries by involving specialized doctors, midwives, and nutritionists as facilitators in antenatal class implementation.
Background: Modern contraception is one of the key strategies in controlling birth rates and improving reproductive health, particularly in developing countries. However, its use still faces various barriers influenced by sociocultural factors. Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of the sociocultural factors influencing the use of modern contraception in developing countries. Methods: This scoping review utilized the PRISMA-ScR checklist, the PCC framework, and the Critical Appraisal assessment. Data were obtained from the PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and the Science Direct databases. Results: A total of 174 relevant articles were identified, but only seven met the inclusion criteria. Key findings included sociocultural factors influencing the use of modern contraception and the effectiveness of its use. Conclusion: This review highlights that sociocultural dynamics, particularly gender norms, religious beliefs, and community perceptions, remain key determinants of modern contraceptive use in developing countries. Strengthening culturally sensitive counseling, engaging male and spiritual leaders, and utilizing digital health platforms are crucial to enhancing uptake and sustaining progress toward universal reproductive health goals.
Background: According to the Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) data, the exclusive breastfeeding rate in Indonesia in 2022 was 67.96%. Data from 2021 indicated that Jambi Province had a rate of exclusive breastfeeding below the national average. Providing counseling to breastfeeding mothers and offering additional support through the use of galactagogues aims to enhance knowledge, attitudes, and practices among postpartum mothers to support the process of milk production. Purpose: To assess the impact of educational videos about galactagogues on the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of postpartum mothers. Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group was used. Sampling was conducted using probability sampling with a systematic sampling technique based on odd-even selection, with an average sample size of 16 postpartum mothers per group. The instruments used included questionnaires for knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, and educational videos. Data analysis employed the Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test, and MANCOVA. Results: The study found significant p-values for the educational video media in pretest-posttest assessments: knowledge (p-value = 0.001), attitudes (p-value = 0.001), and behaviors (p-value = 0.002). Educational videos were found to be more effective than lecture-based media, with p-values of 0.000 for knowledge, 0.005 for attitudes, and no significant effect on behavior with a p-value of 0.137. The test MANCOVA showed that age, education, and occupation did not significantly affect changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Conclusion: There is a significant impact of providing galactagogue education through video media on the knowledge and attitudes of postpartum mothers. Although there were changes in behavior before and after the video intervention, no significant difference was found between the video and lecture media regarding behavior. It is recommended to use video media as an educational tool in classes for pregnant and postpartum mothers, because it is more interesting, efficient, and easily accessible to mothers.
Background: The widespread use of mobile phones and electronic media devices (EMDs) has raised public health concerns, particularly regarding their potential effects during pregnancy. Pregnant women may be at increased risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes due to exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and prolonged screen time. Despite the growing body of research, comprehensive syntheses specifically addressing gadget use during pregnancy remain limited. Purpose: This systematic review synthesizes evidence on the effects of gadget use during pregnancy on maternal health and fetal development. Methods: This study employed a systematic literature review approach guided by the PRISMA framework. Relevant literature was retrieved from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases using specific keywords related to gadget use and pregnancy. The inclusion criteria comprised peer-reviewed articles published between 2015 and 2025, written in either English or Indonesian, that involved pregnant women and examined physical, mental, or developmental outcomes. The quality of the 19 selected studies was evaluated using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), and data extraction covered study design, outcomes, and key implications. Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion and quality criteria, comprising mostly quantitative non-randomized designs. The findings show that excessive gadget use during pregnancy—particularly prolonged screen exposure and mobile phone use—is associated with increased maternal anxiety, depression, hypertensive disorders, lower birth weight, shortened gestational periods, and developmental issues in children, including speech delays and poor motor skills. However, a few studies reported no significant cognitive impact on offspring. Conclusion: Prolonged electronic device use during pregnancy has been associated with adverse maternal and fetal health outcomes. Given the potential risks, healthcare providers should recommend limiting screen exposure and developing clearer guidelines for safe gadget use during pregnancy. Further research is needed to define exposure thresholds and explore long-term impacts on child health.
Background: Pain during labor can be caused by unmanaged anxiety, then causing tension in the lower uterine segment, cervix, and ischemia in the uterine muscles so the sensation and intensity of pain felt during labor is getting stronger. Hypnobirthing is one of the actions that can be done to reduce pain during labor. Purpose: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of hypnobirthing in reducing the scale of pain in mothers giving birth. Methods: This type of research is a narrative literature review using PICO. Article searches are accessed through several databases, including Pubmed, Sciencedirect, Google Scholar, and Portal Garuda. then the articles are selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and then analyzed. Based on 19 journal articles that have been analyzed, the implementation of the hypnobirthing method in mothers in labor has proven effective in reducing pain during the labor process. Conclusion: The benefits of hypnobirthing that directly affect the mother are that it can make the mother feel comfortable and relaxed during the labor process, and reduce the production of catecholamine and adrenaline hormones but increase the endorphin hormone in the mother, proven to be successful in reducing the scale of pain in mothers giving birth. However, there are several factors that affect the effectiveness of hypnobirthing, such as when hypnobirthing is done, how consistently the mother does hypnobirthing and also how focused the mother is on doing deep relaxation as one of the stages of hypnobirthing itself. Further research should be conducted on the combination of the hypnobirthing method with other pain management to determine the effectiveness of this management in reducing pain during the labor process.
Background: Illness is a state in which the body physically, mentally, and socially experiences weakness, disability, and discomfort. Newborn babies are more susceptible to disease because the antibodies in their bodies are not yet fully formed. Breast milk is the first intake to help the formation of the immune system because breast milk contains antibodies and other protective substances. Purpose: To determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of illness in infants aged 6-12 months at Kendalsari Health Center, Malang City. Methods: This study used a case control design with a retrospective approach. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The sample in this study consisted of a case group (sick babies) as many as 35 mothers & babies in the Kendalsari Community Health Center MTBS Clinic and a control group (healthy babies) as many as 35 mothers & babies in Jatimulyo Village in March-April 2024. Results: The results of the Chi-square test value of exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of illness obtained a significant p-value of 0.001 (<0.05). Conclusion: Exclusive breastfeeding has a significant effect on the incidence of illness in infants aged 6-12 months. Thus, it is expected that mothers can provide exclusive breastfeeding for infants aged 0-6 months. Future research can examine other factors (maternal condition, maternal psychology, and environment) that can affect exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of illness.
