Lateral movement of river causing shifting and erosion is one of the common geomorphic phenomenon in any alluvial river system. However, the magnitude and rate of shifting is different from river to river. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the socioeconomic conditions such as education, school dropout, house type, sanitation, income pattern, occupational structure within and outside the Historical Migration Zone (HMZ) of Sadiya region, Assam. The Historical Migration Zone (HMZ) is the collective area the channel occupied in the historical time framework. A cross-sectional methodology using simple random sampling has been applied in this study. To investigate this problem, a field investigation was conducted for 40 villages and 1,055 households were surveyed during 2015–2016. The villages were divided equally, with 20 located within and 20 outside the HMZ and secondary sources of data have been used to support the statements. During the study, some of the major findings can be observed in HMZ are high illiteracy rate (20.64%), school dropout (48.29%), earthen house (18.9 %), non-access to toilet (16.5%), and large proportion of people (5.71%) does not engage in any definite occupation. The study can be very fruitful for policy makers to adopt sustainable development and conservation in spite of limitations such as absence of pre-erosion baseline data, village-level exposure classification, and age of the survey data limit causal interpretation.
Healthcare accessibility combines geographical, financial, organisational and household-level conditions. This methodological illustration applies a socio-geographical framework to a 600-record tabulated household dataset attributed to six development blocks of Bahraich District, Uttar Pradesh. The original source material does not establish independently verifiable fieldwork provenance; accordingly, the reported aggregates are examined as illustrative statistical inputs rather than as population estimates. A Healthcare Accessibility Index (HAI) and Rural Social Vulnerability Index (RSVI) structure the assessment. In the supplied summaries, mean HAI is 0.650 (SD = 0.087) and mean RSVI is 0.327 (SD = 0.110). Reported HAI values differ according to household transport availability (0.692 versus 0.589) and health insurance status (0.688 versus 0.607), while the tabulated correlation between HAI and RSVI is -0.276. These comparisons indicate how linked access and vulnerability measures can be presented, but their statistical significance and generalisability cannot be independently assessed without the underlying records, variable specifications and sampling documentation. Moreover, variables potentially used to form HAI also appear as predictors in the supplied regression, introducing mechanical dependence. The illustration identifies a potentially useful framework for analysing rural healthcare access, while distinguishing methodological demonstration from verified evidence about Bahraich households. Future empirical application requires documented probability or explicitly non-probability sampling, transparent index construction, reproducible analysis and validation of figures against source observations.
Rapid urban expansion can alter vegetation cover and the spatial distribution of urban green spaces. This study examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of urban expansion and vegetation cover in Mwanza City, Tanzania, between 2015 and 2025 using Landsat 8 imagery and a geographic information system (GIS)-based Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis. Images acquired in August 2015 and August 2025 were assessed using consistent NDVI intervals to distinguish three categories: built-up areas/bare land, moderate vegetation and dense vegetation. This comparison provides a decade-long assessment of the spatial distribution of the three classes. The findings show thta, the built-up area/bare land category increased from 1,214.46 ha to 1,676.70 ha, a gain of 462.24 ha (38.07%). Moderate vegetation declined from 41,369.59 ha to 39,006.01 ha, a reduction of 2,363.58 ha (5.71%), while dense vegetation decreased from 1,066.05 ha to 506.05 ha, a loss of 560.00 ha (52.53%). The maps show outward expansion of areas with low NDVI values from the urban core and increasingly discontinuous vegetated areas. These patterns indicate that urban growth coincided with reduced vegetation cover, particularly within the dense-vegetation category. The findings provide spatial evidence to inform green infrastructure retention, sensitive hillside and shoreline zoning, and climate-resilient stormwater management in Mwanza City. Interpretation should account for the combined built-up/bare land classification and the two observation dates.
Artisanal attiéké production supports food supply and livelihoods in Côte d’Ivoire, but the wastes generated during cassava processing can adversely affect surrounding urban spaces. This study examines the environmental impacts associated with artisanal attiéké production in Daloa, with particular attention to production-site locations, wastewater disposal and reported nuisances. The investigation combined documentary research, field observations, guided interviews and questionnaire-based surveys. A total of 232 production units were surveyed using snowball sampling. Field observations indicated that processing is predominantly artisanal and generates solid residues and wastewater during peeling, washing, fermentation and other operations. Wastewater was frequently discharged directly onto the ground, where stagnant pools and muddy surfaces were observed near production sites and adjoining public spaces. Production units were distributed across the city, including densely populated neighbourhoods and areas close to major roads. Weekly production volumes were 50–100 kg for 63% of units, above 100 kg for 25% and below 50 kg for 12%. Reported nuisances included air pollution (82%), health-related or sanitary concerns (63%) and noise (23%). The findings indicate that inadequate waste management is associated with local environmental deterioration and perceived nuisance. Improvements in wastewater collection, disposal practices and production-site sanitation are therefore relevant. Because the evidence is primarily observational and survey-based, it does not establish physicochemical contamination levels.
Household participation remains the weakest link in municipal solid waste management (SWM) systems across Rwanda's secondary cities, where infrastructure gaps and affordability constraints undermine otherwise progressive national policy. This study assessed the socio-economic factors influencing household participation in solid waste management practices in Muhoza, Kimonyi, and Busogo Sectors of Musanze District, Rwanda. A mixed-methods, descriptive-explanatory design was used, combining structured household questionnaires (n = 393, proportionately stratified across the three sectors) with key informant interviews and focus group discussions involving waste collection company staff and hygiene and sanitation officers. Quantitative data were analysed in SPSS using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation; qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results showed that 56.2% of households had access to formal waste collection services, of which 75.1% received only weekly collection. Household participation varied markedly by practice: material reuse was most widely adopted (78.4% practising always or sometimes), followed by recycling (42.5%), source separation of waste (40.2%), and composting (30.0%), despite organic matter forming the largest share of the household waste stream. All six socio-economic factors examined showed statistically significant positive correlations with every participation indicator (p < 0.001). Access to waste collection services (r = 0.702 with proper disposal) and ability to pay for services (r = 0.689 with proper disposal) were the strongest correlates, followed by education level (r = 0.676 with recycling) and income level (r = 0.643 with recycling); household size showed the weakest, though still significant, associations (r = 0.462–0.538). The findings indicate that structural service constraints, rather than merely awareness or willingness, are the binding constraints on household participation in Musanze District, and that improving coverage, affordability, and public education in tandem is required to close Rwanda's household-level solid waste management gap.
