in patients with deep vein thrombosis.Warfarin act like other coumarin-type drugs with similar mechanisms of action acts as an inhibitor of VKORC1; this leads to a reduced amount of Vitamin K available to serve as a cofactor for clotting proteins.Dosing is taken as challenge due to its narrow therapeutics effect.Inappropriate dosing of warfarin can lead to a substantial risk of both major and minor haemorrhage.
Avicennia marina is the marine mangrove found abundantly along the coastal regions of Thoothukudi District.It is enriched with numerous bioactive compounds having wide range of medicinal properties.In this study, A.marina was extracted with five different solvents viz.hexane, water, isopropanol, acetone and methanol.Different solvent extracts of A. marina was subjected to biochemical assays viz.Total antioxidant activity, Protein denaturation inhibition activity, Nitric oxide scavenging activity and Metal chelating ability.Methanolic extract of A.marina shown highest activity in all the biochemical assays.Hence, the methanolic extract can be used a source of drug for various diseases.
In this study, albumin microsphere was formulated for microencapsulation of pBR322 plasmid vector which is believed to be a good vehicle of gene.Controlled release system u sing biocompatible or biodegradable polymers offer many advantages over conventional gene delivery approaches.The pBR322 plasmid loaded microsphere for targeted gene delivery of tumor was prepared by solvent evaporation technique.Albumin was derived from natural biological source (Biopolymer), Biodegradable, as well as well absorbed in tumor tissue.So, Albumin was selected polymer of dosage forms.We formulated and optimized concentration of albumin as well as DNA which will carry and deliver maximum amount of DNA in control manner.Three different concentration of Albumin with three different concentration of DNA were prepared and evaluated for DNA carrying and delivering efficacy.In future, this formulation may play huge role for huge gene delivery successfully to a tumor tissue with great safety.
Currently one of the increasing interests in lipid-based delivery systems are formation of vesicular system that is passive, non-invasive and is offered for immediate commercialization.Various such systems, which have gained an utmost importance, like vesicular systems including liposomes, niosomes, pharmacosomes, transfersomes and sphingosomes.Liposomes made of phospholipids are liable to Oxidation.Marinosomes are liposomes based on a natural marine lipid extract containing high ratio polyunsaturated fatty acids and can increase stability and increases circulation lifetime [t1/2] of drug which tends to deposit in the tissues.
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of pluronic lecithin organogel as transdermal drug delivery system of verapamil hydrochloride.Verapamil hydrochloride is an L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class.Formulations were developed using 30% oil phase and 70% aqueous phase.A 3 2 factorial design was applied to check the effect of independent variables, Pluronic F-127(X1) and Soya-Lecithin (X2) on the dependent variable (Y) Percentage drug release in 24hr.The formulated organogels were evaluated for physicochemical properties, and in vitro diffusion study.It was found that the pH of all the formulations is in the range of to 6-7 that suits the skin pH, indicating skin compatibility.Invitro permeation study were performed using modified KC diffusion cell.Kinetic data revealed that the drug release followed Korsemeyer-Peppas model and the mechanism of release was found to be non fickian diffusion.The search for the optimized formulation composition was carried out using the desirability function approach with Design Expert™ 11.1.2.0, criterion being one having the maximum desirability value.The suggested formulation was considered as optimized batch (VOT3).Hence, Pluronic lecithin organogel is efficient carrier for transdermal drug delivery of verapamil hydrochloride, thereby sustaining the action.
The human gut microbiomes play a very important role to maintain human health containing many bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoan's etc.In gut microbiota most of microorganisms are commensally bacteria that play symbiotic relationship with host.The composition of gut microbes could be affected by many factors like diet, antibiotics, geography, culture, and environment.Gut dysbiosis causes many diseases from neurogenerative to cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and some cancers also.However, regular intake of probiotics helps to maintain the gut composition and prevent many diseases.Those people which do regular physical exercise they had, a very healthy gut composition as compared to those, who does not do any physical activity.Recently, a new bacterial strain has been discovered from Senegalese boy and a new strain from Enterocacea family.Excessive use of antibiotics modulates the gut microbiota and responsible for many diseases, it is found out that giving antibiotics in the early life of infants could alter their gut microbiota development.Unhealthy sleep-wake cycle also affect the gut microbiota.This review focus on current factors which are affecting the composition of gut microbes.
The development and validation of analytical methods is combined with R & D, quality monitoring and quality assurance. Analytical techniques perform an important protagonist in risk assessment and risk management. By the analytical method development pharmaceutical industries are able to produce products of crucial characteristics and determined quality in cost effective manner. Validation is a important tool in manufacture of quality products. validation policy should complete all regulations according to good manufacturing practices (GMP). In analytical method development quality of product is determined by checking factors like accuracy, precision, Limit of Detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), ruggedness, robustness.
Particle engineering is a technique of physical modification of the excipient at sub-particle level without altering chemical properties to achieve desired functionality [5] .For development of immediate layer of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride Treated Agar was used as disintegrating agent and was compared with untreated agar.
Biomining of copper from ores was started during ancient era without even knowing the role of microorganisms in the process. The ever-increasing demand of metals, declination of natural resources, huge reserves of low-grade metallic ores and generation of massive amount of metallic wastes from mining and beneficiation process has led to the evolution and commercial scale adoption of biomining. The ability of microorganisms to bioamine metals depends on redox reactions, organic or inorganic acid formation and the release of complexing agents. Redox reaction is the key step of biomining process which is based either on direct or indirect bioleaching. The main difference between the two mechanisms is the direct contact between the microorganisms and the reduced minerals. Apart from the economic benefits, biomining also reduces the problem of acid mine drainage (AMD). Biomining is successfully utilized in metal recovery from low grade ores, mine tailings, mine wastes, municipal solid waste dump sites, legacy wastes, incinerator ash, E-wastes and, shales and tars etc. In this way, biomining inhibits the release of heavy metals from various types of wastes to the environment and release of toxic gases from the municipal solid waste dump sites and legacy wastes.
The derived bidentate Schiff base (N-(2-((E)-4 Methyl benzylidene) amino) phenyl)-1-(p tolyl) methanamine) by condensing 4-Methyl Benzaldehyde and o-Phenylenediamine have been synthesized.The above synthesized Schiff base forms stable coordinated metal complexes, using salts of Rhodium, Platinum and Gold.The synthesized Schiff base and metal complexes were characterized by U.V, FTIR, 1 H-NMR and the percentage of elemental detections were determined by CHNS analyzer .The thermal stability of metal complexes were studied using TGA indicating the synthesized metal complexes up to 450-650 0 C. The characterization study confirms the formation of stable octahedral Rh (III) complex whereas Pt (II) and Au (III) complexes shows square planar structures.The crystal systems of the metal complexes were studied X-ray diffractometer.Further the comparative antimicrobial activities of the Schiff base and corresponding metal complexes have been studied.
Introduction: Superficial and cutaneous mycoses or dermatomycoses affect keratinized tissues of humans and animals.They can be caused by dermatophyte fungi, non-dermatophytes and yeasts.Epidemiological studies indicate that superficial and cutaneous mycoses are among the fungal diseases with the highest incidence in the world, affecting all age groups and with high treatment costs.Among mycoses, dermatophytosis are the most common fungal infections in humans in the world, followed by candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor.Objective: This study aims to review the literature of the last 20 years (2000 to 2020) on the epidemiological studies of superficial and cutaneous mycoses, their etiological agents, as well as the susceptibility and resistance factors to antifungals used for their treatment.Method: A literature review was conducted in online databases.The selected studies showed data on the prevalence of species, the profile of patients, the most affected infection sites, the diagnostic method used and the susceptibility profile of some fungal species in relation to the most used antifungals.Results: Dermatophyte fungal species T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans, M. canis and E. floccosum and non-dermatophytes, yeasts Candida spp.and Malassezia spp.were the most isolated in skin infections in several studies.The most prevalent sites of infection were skin, nail and hair.The antifungals tested against the most prevalent pathogens were ketoconazole, fluconazole, cyclopirox and terbinafine.Conclusion: The results obtained in this study point to T. rubrum as the most isolated species in skin infections.Terbinafine was the drug that presented the highest efficacy.
Microorganisms are believed to play a significant role in impaired healing of chronic wounds which affect millions of people around the world.This problem is increased by emergence of multidrug resistant micro-organisms, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa present in hospital and community acquired infections.Medicinal plants are rich in phytochemical contents and having antimicrobial properties.Aim: Thus, aim of the present work was to investigate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum and Bryophyllum pinnatum extract against wound pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Methods: Antibiotic resistance profile of the wound pathogens as well as antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of both the extracts was carried out.Results: Antibiotic resistance profile of wound pathogens showed that 80% of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin while all P. aeruginosa (100%) were found to be resistant to Trimethoprim.Antimicrobial activity of both the extracts showed that out of five S. aureus 80% were found to be sensitive to Ocimum sanctum as well as Bryophyllum pinnatum extract.On the other hand only 40% P. aeruginosa were sensitive to both the extracts.Conclusion: Both the extracts were found to be synergistically active in combination with antibiotics against the wound pathogens.Phytochemical analysis showed that in Ocimum sanctum extract Alkaloids, Glycosides and Flavonoids were present.In Bryophyllum pinnatum extract Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Saponins were present.
Background and Aim: D Dimer is a soluble fibrin degradation product, the estimation of which is used to identify intravascular thrombosis.Different types of D Dimer assays are available commercially which help to diagnose VTE/PE/DIC.The aim of this study was to compare plasma D Dimer values on POCT and Semi-auto analyser over random samples received in the lab and correlate the performance of both.Method: A prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Telangana.Results: Main outcome measures were the statistical correlation of the two methods.The results showed that there was strong correlation of POCT D-Dimer values with Semi-automated method.The correlation between the two was significant with r value of 0.846.When subjected to regression analysis, it was not significant indicating that both values were almost comparable and that POCT was not superior to Semi automated method.Conclusion: The POCT device was comparable with existing Semiautoanalyzer and can be used for reliable estimation of D Dimer.
Water solubility and bioavailability of drugs are the major challenges in the therapeutic field today.Low solubility of drugs often affects bioavailability, which is a key determinant of drug efficacy and release.The 40% of new active ingredients have high molecular weight, which in turn increases the lipophilicity of the drug and reduces the drug's solubility in water.Better solubility of the drug leads to better bioavailability, and reduce dose frequency which further reduces toxicity.This review focuses on utilization of new technique i.e.Liquisolid technology, and its impact on the drug's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics behavior.This study discusses how the liquisolid technology increases the solubility and the drug release patterns during drug formulation design and its impact on human organs and tissues.With the advancement in technology it is observed that most of the BCS Class II and IV drugs possess high lipophilic character which in response affects the solubility and thus bioavailability of the drug.Liquisolid technology is cost effective as the production process is similar to the production of conventional tablets.This technique can effectively improve the poor dissolution characteristics and can also improve the drug release patterns.Numerous drugs have been undergone this process for the solubility enhancement, such as Valsartan, Propranol Hydrochloride, Naproxen, Glibenclamide, Carbamazepine, and Endomethazine.Powder solution technology is thought to be a viable option for improving drug solubility and may play a key role in the development of oral formulations for future generations.
The derived bidentate schiff base (N-(2-((E)-4 hydroxy benzylidene) amino) phenyl)-1-(p tolyl) methenamine) by condensing 4-Hydroxy Benzaldehyde and o-Phenylenediamine have been synthesized.The above synthesized Schiff base forms stable coordinated metal complexes, using salts of Rhodium, Platinum and Gold.The synthesized Schiff base and metal complexes were characterized by U.V, FTIR, 1 H-NMR and the percentage of elemental detections were determined by CHNS analyzer.The thermal stability of metal complexes was studied using TGA indicating the synthesized metal complexes up to 450-650 0 C. The characterization study confirms the formation of stable octahedral Rh (III) complex whereas Pt (II) and Au (III) complexes shows square planar structures.The crystal systems of the metal complexes were studied X-ray diffractometer.Further the comparative antimicrobial activities of the Schiff base and corresponding metal complexes have been studied.
Vitis Vinifera peel (Red) has major components such as Organic acids, Malate, higher moisture content and it is the source of medicine with high antioxidant activity for hundreds of years, Vitis vinifera belongs to family Vitaceae.But in our present work is designed to identify the possible phyto-chemicals compounds present in the Aqueous extracts, methanolic extract, and Ethyl acetate extracts of of Vitis vinifera peel by using GC-MS spectrum with their retention times indicating the peaks.This Vitis vinifera peel were shown nearly Thirty to Forty compounds from the Aqueous, Methanol and Ethyl acetate extracts the major chemical compounds were Xylose, Cyclo-hexanidiol, Octane, Butanoic acids and Octa-deca-diyndioic acids etc and from the Aqueous extracts we synthesized the AgNPs for preliminary characterization studies such as UV, DLS and SEM analysis.
The desired pyrimidines were prepared by using ethyl 3-amiononaphtho [2,1-b] furan-2carboxylatye 1.It was treated with various acid chlorides/anhydrides to obtain corresponding acyl derivatives 2a-f, which were then hydrolyzed to get respective acids 3a-f.The 2substituted-4H-naphtho[2,1-b] furo-m-oxazin-4-ones 4a-f, were synthesized by cyclode hydration of acids 3a-f by using acetic anhydride.The compounds 4 a-f on nucleophilic substitution reaction with aliphatic and aromatic amines afforded 2-substituted-3-hydro/aryl-3,4-dihyro-4-oxo-naphtho[2,1-b] furo [3,2-d] pyrimidines 5a-f and 6a-f respectively.The structures of newly synthesized compounds were established by analytical and spectral studies.Evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds was carried out by agar well diffusion method, antioxidant activity by DPPH method.Encouraging results were obtained.
Ricinus communis L. is commonly called castor plant.The plant belongs to family Euphorbiaceae.Plant has a great medicinal value.Each part of the plant is used in the treatment of different disorders.The roots of Ricinus communis are widely used in the treatment of different diseases from the very ancient time.Roots of castor plant are used in the treatment of rheumatism, fever and inflammation etc.In the present work phytochemical profiling of Ricinus was done through GC-MS analysis.The phytochemical profiling of castor root reveals the presence of different active phytochemicals.Preliminary physicochemical analysis shows total ash content 5.21%, acid insoluble ash 91 %, water soluble ash content 10%.Phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of carbohydrate, protein, phenols, saponins.For the GC-MS profiling of Ricinus two water and methanol extracts were used.Methanol extracts shows more 78 compounds while water based extracts shows 6 compounds.
Benzodiazepines and Benzothiazepines are seven membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds.These are important drugs possessing various biological activities.These are widely used as anticonvulsant, antianxiety, sedative, antidepressive, hypnotic and neuroleptic agents.In the present study, a novel series of 2-( 4 [1,4]thiazepines were synthesized and screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Background: Hypothyroidism, a clinical condition of reduced TSH, is responsible for various body changes which includes obesity and dyslipidemia.Studies show with medication and integrated approach involving nutrition and lifestyle counseling will benefit the hypothyroid clients.Possible is a research and nutrition based healthcare company providing super foods, nutritionist and Ayurveda physician consultation, health education through videos by experts and a scientifically built mobile application to track food intake and lifestyle.Objective: The broad objective was to assess the effect of the integrated approach involving nutrition and lifestyle counseling among the obese hypothyroid dyslipidemia clients on lipid profile and thyroid profile along with weight loss.Methodology: The study was ten month clinical data analysis of 101 obese hypothyroid clients with dyslipidemia.The parameters assessed were initial and final weight, BMI, biochemical parameters such as Lipid Profile and Thyroid Profile.The data analysis was carried out using SPSS 2.0 for Windows.Paired "t" test was used to test the significance before and after the program.Results: Mean age was 49 + 8.85 yrs, 57.43 per cent were females.Along with obesity, hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia, other noncommunicable diseases like hypertension (46.53 per cent), Knee /Joint pain (32.67)Diabetes (31.68 per cent), exists.Significant reduction in weight and BMI (p<0.05).The mean value of Total cholesterol (202.18;179.85)LDL-C (129.33:112.04),Trig (190.37:142.63)and TSH (6.33:3.32)decreased significantly (p<0.05)following the integrated approach involving nutrition and lifestyle counseling.Conclusion: Nutrition, Lifestyle counseling and health education could result in behavioral and diet modifications.Along with medications, these modifications will result in better management of dyslipidemia among hypothyroid clients.
