This article analyzes the current state and prospects for planning and integrated socio-economic development in the Luhansk urban district, influenced by the digitalization of municipal governance. The relevance of the study stems from the need to integrate new constituent entities of the Russian Federation into a single digital space, as well as the requirements of federal programs to achieve digital maturity in public administration by 2030. The article applies methods of formal legal analysis, comparative analysis (using the cities of Cherepovets, Kazan, and Moscow as examples), and modeling key areas of digitalization. Based on the authors' developed model of municipal governance digitali-zation and an analysis of the capabilities of generative artificial intelligence, proposals are formulated to improve the efficiency of management processes, engage citizens, and reduce the digital divide. The results can be used in developing a digital transformation strategy for the Luhansk urban district and similar municipalities.
This article presents the results of an analysis of international approaches to environmental monitoring and ensuring the electromagnetic safety of urbanized areas near cellular base stations. The authors consider key international regulatory documents, including the recommendations of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2020), EU Directive 2013/35/EU, as well as national standards of Russia, the USA, China and the countries of the European Union. A comparative analysis of approaches to the standardization of electromagnetic fields in different countries is carried out, general trends and regional features are revealed, and it is also shown that the maximum permissible levels of electromagnetic fields in the Russian Federation established by SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 and SanPiN 2.1.8/2.2.4.1190-03 are the most stringent compared to foreign recommendations, which is due to differences in methodological approaches to hygienic rationing. The paper also focuses on the need to use modern methods of instrumental monitoring, taking into account the spatial overlap of base station sectors. The study examines integration processes within the EAEU, BRICS and SCO, where uniform approaches to electromagnetic safety and harmonization of technical regulations are formed and the need to harmonize national electromagnetic safety standards with international standards in the context of the deployment of 5G networks is justified. At the same time, the authors proposed areas for improving monitoring systems using the Internet of things and geographic information technologies.
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the problem of «ricochet losses» in the system of tort obligations of Russian civil law. The authors analyze the legal nature of ricochet losses as a variety of pure economic losses arising in a situation where direct physical harm is caused to the property or personality of one person, while property losses are borne by a third party who is not the holder of the damaged absolute right. The provisions of Articles 15, 393, 1064 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation are examined in the context of their applicability to ricochet losses, and the contradiction between the principle of full compensation of harm and the need to limit the scope of tort liability is revealed. The positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the issues of compensation of damages and the limits of civil liability are analyzed. Proposals are formulated for improving doctrinal and normative approaches to determining the boundaries of compensation for ricochet losses in Russian tort law.
At the national level, efforts have long been underway to identify the most effective model for differentiating procedural forms of criminal investigation; however, for just as long, these efforts have continued to boil down to establishing, alongside the main form, a specific simplified form of proceedings. The unsuccessful experience accumulated through this approach raises the question of whether there are other ways to organize the differentiation of procedural forms in pretrial proceedings. These were examined in detail using the example of variations in the structure of procedural forms of investigation in the models of three countries—Russia, Kazakhstan, and Armenia. The patterns identified through a comparison of national experiences have made it possible to substantiate the existence of two dialectically linked methods for organizing the differentiation of procedural forms in pretrial proceedings: the parallel and the unified approaches. To date, in Russia—which has adhered to parallel differentiation—the requirements for its organization have not been fully met. A number of problems associated with this approach have become chronic, which has sparked interest in the possibilities of organizing unified differentiation within the Russian pretrial process. It appears that the necessary prerequisites for this already exist in Russia, stemming from the technical nature of the current differentiation. Restructuring it could not only provide the desired solution but also open up prospects for rethinking the foundations of all procedural forms of the preliminary proceedings.
The article is devoted to a comprehensive financial and legal analysis of theoretical approaches to understanding the nature of the budget and budgetary process in the context of achieving the national development goals of the Russian Federation. Based on historical-legal, formal-legal, and systemic research methods, the article traces the evolution of the category "budget" from the pre-revolutionary "statement of income and expenditure" to the modern multifaceted legal institution combining economic, legal, and strategic dimensions. The author analyzes the scientific debate regarding the independence of the stages of the budgetary process, substantiating the position on the need for their clear regulatory consolidation in the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. It is proven that in modern conditions, the budget ceases to be merely a descriptive financial plan, transforming into a key program-targeted instrument through which targeted and priority financial support for national projects is ensured, forming the legal framework for the implementation of demographic policy, family support, healthcare, and education.
