Medicinal plants have to be prepared for experimental purposes and this is the first and foremost step toward attaining an excellent aftermath. The first crucial step in the preparation of plant formulations before proceeding with the planned biological testing is extraction. Research on medicinal plants begins with the preextraction and the extraction procedures, which are essential steps in the processing of the bioactive components from the plant materials. At the level of small manufacturing enterprises or in the small research settings, the conventionally applied methods of extraction are Soxhlet and Maceration. Considerable and remarkable progressions oriented to amplify the yield at an economical rate have been formed in the way medicinal plants are processed such as the modern extraction techniques and microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. In addition to this, modifications on the techniques are constantly evolving. The selection of an apt extraction method depends on numerous factors such as the type of the plant material, the nature of solvent, solvent pH, temperature, and the ratio of solvent to sample. With such a variety of methods available, the selection of correct and accurate extraction method requires systematic evaluation. The primary objective of this study is to describe the principle, strength, and limitation of the several methods employed in the process of medicinal plant extraction in our day-to-day research which would help in the selection of an appropriate method.
Loss or absence of permanent teeth in a growing individual due to genetic or syndromic conditions, trauma, or due to extensive carious lesions requires prosthodontic rehabilitation. Conventional approaches such as removable partial dentures, complete dentures, and fixed dentures may not satisfy the needs of a growing patient due to its several disadvantages. In adults, the introduction of dental implants has offered a stable, durable, and hygienic alternative to missing teeth by restoring the function, preserving the alveolar bone and by giving excellent esthetics, restoring the individual's confidence and social acceptability. However, their use in a growing patient is still debatable. This study aims to present an in-depth review on the use of dental implants in pediatric dentistry. Implants in a growing child require special consideration because of osseointegration between implant and developing alveolar bone. The development of maxilla and mandible along with continued eruption of the remaining teeth plays an important role in ideal implant placement. Studies and case reports have advocated the use of implants in pediatric patients, but the results for ideal implant placement timing are still inconclusive. As these studies offer the evidence of the potential use of implants in growing individuals, further long-term, controlled studies should be planned to study the benefits.
Nowadays, single implant-retained overdenture (SIROD) has gained popularity over two/multi-implant-supported overdenture. Prosthetic success of SIROD depends on second-stage surgical procedure for implant exposure with surrounding tissue manipulation. The anatomy and soft-tissue support around implants are different than that around teeth. Unlike the supportive periodontal ligament around teeth, a direct anchorage of connective tissue to the surface of the implant is not possible, and the mechanical quality of this attachment is low. This is especially important because the implant-supported restoration is located beneath the oral mucosa. These differences are important to understand the susceptibility of implant for infection in case of implant-supported overdenture with inadequate width of keratinized gingiva and shallow vestibule. In the present case report with the use of pterygium sutures and diode laser, successful implant exposure without hindrance of surrounding mucosal or muscle pull could be achieved.
Dental anterior open bite is a condition which is characterised by decreased incisor dentoalveolar height. The occlusal planes in the dental anterior open bite usually diverge from the mesial to the first premolar forwardly. This case report describes the treatment of dental anterior open bite. A male patient aged 23 years presented 6.0 mm anterior open bite along with increased lower anterior facial height. Other features included incompetent lip, deficient incisor display during rest and smile, irregular upper and lower anteriors. Management included extrusion of both upper and lower anterior teeth with camouflage non-extraction therapy. There was no recurrence of anterior open bite, and a balanced occlusion was maintained during the follow up of next 2 years after treatment completion which suggested a long-term stability of occlusion.
Aim: The purpose of this study aimed to verify the mean values of cephalometric values of Tweed's facial triangle: Frankfort-mandibular plane angle (FMA), Frankfort mandibular incisor angle (FMIA), and Incisal mandibular plane angle (IMPA) of Class II malocclusion patients in Solan population and conduct comparison between male and female. Materials and Methods: Cephalometric radiographs of eighty patients having Class II malocclusion, taken from the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Baddi. Samples were divided on the basis of gender that is 40 males and 40 females. The following three angles formed in Tweed's triangle were measured for all the subjects: FMA, FMIA, and IMPA. Taking these angles, the mean of all the Tweed's parameters of male and female was depicted. Result: The mean value indicates that the people of Solan district show an average growth pattern. The FMA in males (23.625) was less than that of females (26.3), FMIA was slightly more in male (56.33) than female (55.8) and the IMPA was also more in males (100.1) than females (97.9). Conclusion: The study showed no significant difference in the values between male and female; therefore, it is not desirable to have separate norms for diagnosis and treatment planning for the treatment of Class II malocclusion in male and female.
Background: One of the unfavorable outcomes of endodontic treatment in primary molars is furcal perforation. During treatment, bacterial infection at the site of perforation should be prevented for better prognosis. Aim: This article compares the Sealing Ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biodentine, and Cention N Cement in the Repair of Furcation Perforations. Methods: Sixty freshly extracted, caries free permanent mandibular molars with non-fused, well developed roots were selected for this study. Perforations created in the pulpal floors of 36 extracted molars were repaired with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biodentine and Cention N. After that pulp chambers and access openings were filled with composite resin, the teeth were then immersed in 2% Methylene blue dye for 48 hrs. After longitudinal sectioning of the teeth in bucco-lingual direction, dye penetration was measured using stereomicroscope. Results: Biodentine and MTA showed no statistically significant difference in their sealing ability. CN showed better sealing ability compared to Biodentine and MTA. Conclusion: All materials used for sealing of the furcal perforation showed some microleakage. Cention N showed better sealing ability than MTA and Biodentine.
Radiation is used in the treatment of a broad range of malignancies. Exposure of normal tissues to radiation may result in both acute and chronic toxicities that can result in an inability to deliver the intended therapy, a range of symptoms, and a decrease in the quality of life. Radiation therapy kills cancer cells by damaging their deoxyribonucleic acid. There are different types of radiation therapy for different malignancies. Radiation therapy can also deteriorate the normal cells, leading to side effects. A radiation countermeasure that can be used before radiation exposure to protect the population from the harmful effects of radiation exposure remains a major unmet medical need and is recognized as an important area for research. There are certain compounds that act to increase the radiosensitivity of tumor cells or to protect the normal cells from the effect of radiation termed as radiosensitizers and radioprotectors. Other agents termed mitigators may be used to minimize toxicity even after radiation has been delivered. The aim of this article is to critically review the available compounds used as radiosensitizers, radioprotectors, and mitigators for different types of cancers.
Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common childhood disease, deemed as a chronic, infectious, and preventable disease. The etiology of ECC is complex and multifactorial; hence, early preventive measures should be implemented. Several strategies have been investigated in the past for ECC prevention. The use of probiotics in the management of gastrointestinal diseases has shown promising results. In this context, effectiveness of probiotic bacteria to re-establish a balanced oral microbiota has gained interest in the dental research community during recent years, with focus on caries prevention. To our knowledge, there is only one review, published in 2016, on the prevention of ECC with probiotic bacteria. This paper aims to present an in-depth review of probiotics as a preventive strategy for ECC. The efficacy of probiotic bacteria may be strain specific. Results of the studies investigating the effect of probiotic administration on reduction of caries risk are contradictory, with some showing reduction in Mutans streptococcus and Lactobacillus counts, while others showing no change. Long-term studies also have reported contradictory findings, with either no difference or decrease in the prevalence of caries when evaluated later in life following early administration of probiotics. As these studies offer ample evidence of the potential of probiotics in the prevention of ECC, further long-term, controlled studies should be planned to study the benefits.
Permanent canine agenesis is a rare condition but absence of permanent canines in both the maxillary and mandibular arches are even rarer. It can happen on its own or in combination with other dental issues. There are very few reports of such cases in the literature. This is the third case in the Indian population that has been reported, to the best of our knowledge. It is critical to have a correct diagnosis and treatment strategy in such rare cases. In an 8-year-old male child, we report an unusual case of canine agenesis of both maxillary and mandibular permanent canines, as well as congenital absence of mandibular central incisors and appearance of shovel-shaped incisors.
Context: It is essential to identify cancer at an early stage to reduce the disease's morbidity and mortality. Noninvasive methods such as serum and saliva analysis, in comparison to existing biopsy, can provide a cost-effective approach for screening a large population. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate sialic acid (SA), protein, and sugar in serum and saliva of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients with controls to assess their role as a diagnostic marker. Settings and Design: Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected. Subjects and Methods: Unstimulated whole saliva and serum were collected. From sixty controls and 78 squamous cell carcinoma patients. Serum and salivary total sialic acid, total protein, and total sugar estimation were carried out. Statistical Analysis Used: The results were tabulated and analyzed statistically using the t-square test, Pearson correlation with SPSS 21 version statistical software. Results: A significant rise in the salivary and serum SA as well serum protein was observed in OSCC study patients as compared to controls. Salivary protein, serum, and salivary sugar also show significant results. Furthermore, serum and salivary SA levels were found to be significantly increased with histopathological grading. Conclusions: The present study showed a significant and gradual increase in serum and salivary SA, protein, and sugar from control to oral cancer. From this study, we can suggest that SA can be used as a reliable biomarker in saliva for screening and early detection of oral cancer.
Around 700–1000 kinds of microorganisms exist in the human mouth, the main inhabitants are Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus. Dental caries is a common chronic infectious disease in the world. Plaque-induced gingivitis is the inflammation confined to the gingiva only and is correlated with dental plaque. Periodontitis is the inflammation of supporting tissues of teeth, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament. Antibacterial agents, including erythromycin, penicillin, and tetracycline are used to inhibit bacterial growth, but excessive use may cause side effects. Recently, natural products have been investigated and considered as promising agents to prevent plaque related diseases. Cinnamon has shown strong antibacterial activity against a large range of bacteria. It is high in cinnamaldehyde substance, which can reduce infections, caries, and bad breath as it has antifungal and antibacterial properties. This concise review is about the antibacterial properties of cinnamon mainly for dentistry.
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between dental arch width and vertical facial morphology in the Assamese population and also to investigate the differences in dental arch width dimensions between male and female subjects. Materials and Methods: Ninety untreated adults aged from 18 to 45 years, divided into three test groups, Group-I: MP-SN angle: low <27°, Group-II: average 27–37°, and Group-III: high >37°. Measurements of Intercanine width, first and second interpremolar width, first intermolar width, tooth-size arch material discrepancy were performed on maxiillary and mandibular cast. Results: The results indicate a high correlation with Pearson's correlation coefficient values (r) from intercanine width to interpremolar width, medium correlation for intermolar width. The relationship was found to be an inverse, as SN-MP angle increased, the dental arch widths decreased. Arch width varies as low SN-MP > average SN-MP > high SN-MP angle. The dental arch widths of males were found to be wider than females. Conclusion: The relationship of dental arch width and vertical facial pattern is determined by the steepness of the mandibular plane in the Assamese adult population. Since dental arch width is associated with gender, vertical facial morphology, and population groups, it is suggested to use individualized archwires according to each patient's pretreatment arch form and widths.
The Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS) or encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis is specifically congenital, nonhereditary, and rare condition of unknown etiology. It belongs to a group of disorders collectively known as the phakomatoses (“motherspot” diseases). In its complete tri-symptomatic form, SWS is physically characterized by port-wine stains over the trigeminal area, leptomeningeal angiomas usually over the parieto-occipital region, and eye abnormalities. Clinical manifestation of SWS depends on the affected organs and can include seizures, mental retardation, and glaucoma.
Periodontal disease is a multifactorial disease affecting the supporting tissues of the teeth and many etiologic factors are implicated in etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. Although pathogenic bacteria have been the main causative factor in periodontal disease, host response accounts for the majority of periodontal destruction by releasing various inflammatory mediators, which has a negative impact on the periodontium. The host immune responses are regulated by various classes of T-cell subsets. Initially, periodontal disease can be explained with the T-helper 1/T-helper 2 paradigm. However, the discrepancies associated with it have led to the discovery of T-helper 17, which is responsible for the secretion of the cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17). IL-17 is mainly a proinflammatory cytokine associated with periodontal inflammation, but controversies still exist with regard to whether they have a protective or destructive role in periodontal disease. Thus, the emergence of IL-17 has opened a new perspective of periodontal disease pathogenesis, but more number of researches is needed in this field to consider IL-17 as a predictable biomarker for periodontal disease.
Every dental clinician may have encountered instrument separation during root canal treatment. Separation of endodontic instrument in the root canal affects accessibility to the apical foramen of root thus compromising cleaning and shaping, which ultimately affects success of treatment. The traditional methods to recover separated instruments often require removal of large amount of tooth structure, potentially leading to perforation and even root fracture. Today, these dangers can be minimized with innovations in technology such as dental operating microscope and ultrasonics. The present two cases highlight on the successful retrieval of separated instruments from the coronal and middle third of the root canals using ultrasonics under dental operating microscope.
Context: We examined the content of YouTube™ videos on oral cancer and evaluated their usefulness in promoting the early detection of oral cancer. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the videos available on YouTube™ related to dentistry and the oral cancer. Settings and Design: An analytic observation was performed. Subjects and Methods: The top 245 English-language videos on oral cancer with at least 300 views were analyzed. Demographics of videos, including target audience, source, country of origin, content, number of views, time watched, average views, duration, like/dislike ratio, and two researchers independently assessed the videos for usefulness in promoting the early detection of oral cancer. Statistical Analysis Used: Total video information and quality index (VIQI) scores were calculated, consisting information, accuracy, quality, and precision indices. Nonparametric tests were used for the analysis. Results: A total of 245 YouTube™ videos (147) patient-oriented educational videos and 98 testimonial videos) were analyzed. There was no significant association between video usefulness and viewing rate, viewers' involvement, or video duration, and the most valuable videos were ranked last on the viewing list. When compared to videos produced by professional organizations or health-care professionals, videos uploaded by individual users were less useful. A comparison of the indices according to the relevance of the videos showed statistically significant differences in the videos' information and precision indices and total VIQI scores. Conclusions: By uploading beneficial videos and referring patients to credible information sources, health-care professionals, academic institutions, and professional organizations can improve the content of YouTube™ regarding oral cancer.
Occlusal discrepancy after direct restorations often leads to discomfort to the patients. Newer methods are developed to overcome the previous problems and to reduce the time required. A stamp technique is proposed which is an easy procedure to recreate accurate occlusal topography for a direct composite resin restoration effectively and efficiently. This technique is indicated when the preoperative anatomy of the tooth is intact and not destructed or lost due to the carious lesion.
Aim: Aim of the study was to assess the various shapes of soft palate and determine the gender using velar morphology. Material and Methods: The study sample comprised of Digital Lateral cephalograms of 120 normal individuals which consisted of 60 males and 60 females between the age group of 11 to 45 from the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology PMNM Dental College and Hospital Bagalkot. The velar morphology was examined and classified into 6 types according to you et al, the associated velar length, velar width was measured. The results obtained were subjected to a statistical analysis to find the association between variants of soft palate with gender. Results: Six types of velar morphologies were observed. In this study leaf shape (type 1) had highest incidence rate among the subjects i.e; 50%, followed by rat tail (type 2) i.e; 27.5%. S shaped showed the lowest incidence. Velar length and width was found significantly greater in males than females. Conclusion: It was found that gender determination can be done using length, width and morphology of the soft palate.
The concept of lesion sterilization and tissue repair (LSTR) therapy involves the use of a triple antibiotic mixture in a suitable vehicle, which is used to disinfect the root canal systems. This series highlights three cases where pulp therapy using modified 3 Mix antibiotic paste and chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and zinc oxide-eugenol paste was attempted in primary molars with or without pulpal and periapical involvement. Successful clinical and radiographic assessment after 6 months advocates LSTR therapy as an alternative option to conventional pulp therapy.
Aims: The study aims to quantity the variation in dental interns' self perceived levels toward cultural competence. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 84 dental interns from dental college during December 2019. Subjects and Methods: 84 dental interns were participated from college during the month of December for this study. Data were collected through interview using pretested and prevalidated form, consisting of demographic variables such as age, gender, and community with cross-cultural care survey that concerning about the ability to deliver diverse patient's care. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software, and mean, standard deviation, paired t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test were applied for the analysis of the data, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: It showed that males had significantly higher mean ± SD knowledge (3.29 ± 0.60), skill (3.55 ± 0.52), and attitude (3.32 ± 0.51) scores, respectively, as compared to females; however, while comparing the various domains on the basis of religion factor, the difference was not found statistically significant. Conclusions: The current study suggests that cultural competence knowledge, skill, and attitude of the study participants were inadequate. Hence, there is a need to conduct training programs for interns to enlighten them on the sensitive issue of cross-cultural competency in oral health services.
