Parental incarceration has the potential to drastically affect the social, behavioral, and physical lives of children. Such negative impacts include prenatal and chronic health conditions, behavioral and mental health issues, developmental delays, juvenile and criminal legal system involvement, and overall declines in well-being. These damaging outcomes occur for babies delivered during their mothers’ incarceration with negative lingering effects seen throughout the lifespan. Due to the stigmatization of incarceration, these children may experience bullying, engage in isolating behaviors, and struggle within the school, which may lead to the school-to-prison pipeline. While prevention and intervention services directed at these youth could not prevent their parent’s incarceration, some programs could help reduce and mediate the negative effects of parental incarceration and specifically, mothers’ incarceration. Such approaches should begin during an incarcerated woman’s pregnancy, continue throughout the birthing process, and include the use of initiatives such as prison nursery programs. Additionally, work could extend into community-based efforts seeking initiatives to help aid at-risk youth with an incarcerated mother (or father), such as family therapy options. This non-systematic literature review outlines some of the negative impacts paternal incarceration has on children—with a heightened focus on incarcerated women, their pregnancies, and their children— along with proactive and reactive suggestions to mediate the negative outcomes.
Blutch’s fictional, peplum style bande dessinée titled Peplum explores the consequences of a relationship influenced by hegemonic masculinity and a desire for the penetrator role. His protagonist Publius experiences three failed relationships because of the delusion of a destiny relationship belief. Publius’ relationship odyssey enlightens him to adopt a growth relationship belief which pushes Blutch’s message of healthy relationship dynamics. Blutch focuses on Publius’ eyes to show this belief transition and uses bande dessinée techniques of rhythm, shading, and mise en page to achieve this visual.
BACKGROUND: Nearly every fundamentally healthy human, regardless of fitness, age, or gender is incapable of walking in a perfectly straight line when visual information is removed. This is known as veering. Many different potential causes have been examined, but the most persuasive explanation is that without visual input, sensory interference (or noise) accumulates and causes random motor output errors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine veering behavior during blindfolded walking when added vestibular noise (vibration) was applied to the skull at select locations. METHODS: A handheld massager attached at the top of the head or over one ear (dominant eye side for half the sample and non-dominant eye side for half the sample) was worn during all trials and activated for half of the efforts. Fundamentally healthy participants (n=16) completed 4 trials under each of 4 experimental combinations using a balanced Latin Square block testing sequence. Effects of the presence and location of applied vibration on veering direction and magnitude were evaluated via repeated measures 2x2 ANOVA (α=0.05). RESULTS: Location and noise effects were observed for absolute veering; a 0.72° increase when located on the side and a 1.55° increase with noise. For directional veering, a significant interaction effect was identified: when noise was applied over the ear, veering was biased toward that side by 1.14°. Directional veer angles for all other combinations were functionally zero. CONCLUSION: Sensory interference caused by the vibrations of the massager increased both absolute veering and the direction of veering and was viewed as support for the accumulated sensory noise theory.
Multilingual Natural Language Generation (NLG) is challenging due to the lack of training data for low-resource languages. However, some low-resource languages have up to tens of millions of speakers globally, making it important to improve NLG tools for them. Table-to-Text NLG is an excellent measure of models' reasoning abilities but is very challenging in the multilingual setting. System outputs are often not attributable, or faithful, to the data in the source table. Intermediate planning techniques like Question-Answer (QA) blueprints have been shown to improve attributability on summarisation tasks. This work explores whether QA blueprints make multilingual Table-to-Text outputs more attributable to the input tables. This paper extends the challenging multilingual Table-to-Text dataset, TaTA, which includes African languages, with QA blueprints. Sequence-to-sequence language models are then finetuned on this dataset, with and without blueprints. Results show that QA blueprints improve performance for models finetuned and evaluated only on English examples, but do not demonstrate gains in the multilingual setting. This is due to inaccuracies in machine translating the blueprints from English into target languages when generating the training data, and models failing to rely closely on the blueprints they generate. An in-depth analysis is conducted on why this is challenging.
In the last decade, scholars of medieval art have examined how the materiality of religious objects was seen to increase the sacredness of the rituals in which they were used. Christians in the Middle Ages understood that objects had the potential to move from the material (such as glass or gems) to the immaterial (the divine presence of God). While stained glass is a medium that is defined by the mutability of its material, scholars have focused primarily on the iconography of glass windows and the workshop practices of glaziers rather than phenomenological meanings. There is recognition of the visual effect of light moving through stained glass, but few connections are made between the shifting physical conditions of the spaces that include glass and the materiality of glass itself. In this paper I will argue that while the sensorial experience of stained glass windows is a significant part of the historical experience of a building, it is not the whole story. Using the Church of Orsanmichele in Florence, Italy as a case study, I will reconsider glass’ heterochronic potential in three aspects: boundaries, senses, and temporalities. This research raises questions about how viewers’ engagement with past and present can converge to create a clearer understanding of history.
As the first “digitally native” cohort, Gen Z's upbringing amidst rapid technological advancements has shaped their attitudes, preferences, and decision-making processes in unprecedented ways. In 2023, e-commerce sales accounted for 20 percent of total sales in financial markets. This increase creates an urgency for understanding the different ways in which Gen Z interacts with retail. The study aims to investigate the mechanisms through which social media influencers have emerged as influential figures by addressing the fundamental mechanisms that drive social engagement and purchase behaviours. The study investigated theoretical mechanisms such as self-determination theory, social influence theory, social comparison theory, and personality. Participants of the online survey were convenience and snowball sampled from Pacific University’s College of Arts and Sciences using emails and text messages, as well as through social media platforms. Results of this study yielded significant results, finding a positive correlation between social comparison and informed consumer behavior, a negative correlation between self-esteem and engagement with influencer content and marketing, a negative correlation between social comparison and self-esteem, and significant differences in the levels of self-determination and trait conscientiousness between individuals who reported following influencers and those who did not. Understanding these results may provide valuable insights for businesses seeking to effectively engage with Gen Z consumers in the digital marketplace.
John Lyly's Galatea centers the role that gender expression plays in both communal interactions and interpersonal relationships. I argue that the way in which Galatea and Phillida present themselves within the play parallels the modern interpretation of transgender theory as outlined by Judith Butler. The actions that the two take are in service of manufacturing the kind of gender expression that breaks from conventional norms. While still rooted within fundamentalist dynamics, Lyly breaks free of bioessentialist understandings of gender in favor of a more liberating approach.
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night appears to some readers as a conservative story of gender-bending, in which all is made "right" in the end. The central character, Viola, disguises herself as Cesario in order to survive. In the final scenes of the play, this character reveals herself to have been a woman all along, and immediately enters a cis-heterosexual marriage with the Duke Orsino. To other readers, the play appears to be an early depiction of what we might now call transmasculinity. In this view, the central character is not just dressing up as a man to survive; he really is Cesario. This essay intervenes in that discussion by finding a middle path that refuses to resolve Viola/Cesario's gender trouble. Thurston Wilder refers to the character as "Viola/Cesario" throughout, and uses the slash between their two names as a visual representation of what is here called "gender wobble." Placing Feste the clown's epilogue into conversation with work by Sara Ahmed and Judith Butler, the author argues that the epilogue destabilizes the apparent cis-heterosexual tidiness of the play's ending. Then, the essay reads the play backwards from the epilogue, uncovering Viola/Cesario's gender wobble from the moment they "reveal" themselves to "be" Viola at the end to the first time they step foot in Illyria at the beginning. The framework of the "wobble" embraces the messiness of gender and creates space to locate possible resonances with trans experience in Twelfth Night without asserting a definitive reading of Viola/Cesario's gender.
Sexual assault and rape in the U.S. are an ongoing public health issue. While approximately one-fifth of individuals will experience a sexual assault or rape in their lifetime, responses to survivors continues to be problematic. Many law enforcement agencies lack training specific to interact with sexual assault survivors, which can result in victim-blaming and oversight of trauma-informed responses. For sexual assault evidence kit (SAEK) completion, nurses can receive expert certification for this examination; however, in rural areas where all services are limited, survivors may not have access to such professionals. These struggles may result in SAEK issues in addition to documented backlog concerns. As such, the current review provides suggestions for best-practice measures in addressing sexual assault investigations, exams, and resource allocation.
Evaluating abiotic environmental factors that influence growth of sportfish is key to understanding population dynamics and making appropriate management decisions. This is especially true in river systems where primary and secondary productivity can vary across temporal and spatial scales. In this study, we assessed fish responses to ambient nutrient levels (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) using growth rates determined from age-1 Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, in Platte River, Nebraska. Water quality and growth data were collected from sites across the central and lower Platte River from 2007 to 2013. We analyzed Platte River water quality data to find yearly average levels of total nitrogen and phosphorus in the system. Results show a significant difference in growth rates and nutrients levels across Platte River segments, however nutrient levels did not help explain the differences in growth. For example, the mean growth rate across years was not significant between central and lower river segments (p-value = 0.202), but the mean total nitrogen and total phosphorus levels were significantly greater in the lower river segment across all years (p = 0.004 for nitrogen and p = 2.028-6 for phosphorus). While this study lacks evidence for a clear correlation between nutrient levels and Channel Catfish growth future investigations could help clarify the short-term and long-term impacts of eutrophication of rivers such as the Platte River that run through agricultural and urban landscpaes.
The aim of our research was to isolate and identify wild type Pseudomonas putida from soil in various cities of San Gabriel Valley. P. putida iscapable of biomineralization. Biomineralization can potentially be used as a method of phosphorus recovery by using bacteria to produce phosphate rich struvite. In isolating bacteria for further observation, fluorescence was used as a primary determinant in identifying possible Pseudomonas strains as fluorescence is a common trait shared among varying Pseudomonas species; P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, P. cichorii, P. chlororaphis, P. syringae,and P. aureofaciens. King’s B agar was used to promote the production of pyoverdine in these strains (allowing for direct identification based on a green fluorescence under UV light) as this medium has specific ingredients that enhance pigment production.These fluorescent bacteria were then further isolated from each other and identified using biochemical methods including catalase, oxidase, nitrate reduction, and gelatin hydrolysis tests to differentiate P. putida from the six other fluorescent Pseudomonas species. Of the 21 total samples isolated based on fluorescence, 5 of the samples were determined to be potential P. putida. While the biochemical assays were conducted, the isolated samples were placed in refrigeration for 3 weeks. After the biochemical tests were completed and 3 weeks had passed, visible crystals had formed in the potential P. putida. Albert’s metachromatic staining was performed to determine the presence of polyphosphate granules. Ultimately, each potential P. putida that produced crystals also showed polyphosphate granules when Albert’s stained, which further connects crystal formation with prior polyphosphate formation.
Researchers have established an association between curiosity and decision-making, in that curiosity can influence subsequent cognitions and actions either positively or negatively. The authors developed the present study to better understand how various facets of curiosity can predict decision-making. Additionally, we were interested in how decision-making could predict one’s outcome expectations (i.e., expectation of escape versus capture in a simulated experience). As experts have understood curiosity to be understood in multiple facets (Litman, 2008; Lindgren et al., 2010), the initial hypothesis of the present study was to determine which facet of curiosity (e.g., diversive, intolerance, competency, problem-solving) was most appropriate in understanding its effects on risky decision-making. Additionally, the authors hypothesized that participants inclined to make more risk-taking decisions would be more likely to anticipate their escape from the simulation rather than their capture. Results found that people with high diversive curiosity made more risk-averse choices. Additionally, results suggest that participants with higher risk-taking decisions were significantly more likely to predict their escape rather than capture in a simulated experience. The authors provide implications for future research.
This paper evaluates the psychological facets of the nature of evil; particularly, the relationships between evil and the concepts of neurobiology, personality characteristics, and social environments are explored. The notions of what constitutes evil and what causes it are also discussed in order to synthesize and formulate an established definition of evil. Furthermore, the idea that all people have evil capabilities is analyzed in this paper. All in all, this paper is centered around the complex nature of evil and the factors that contribute to evil in the world.
Historically, and at the time of this study’s project, many minor league baseball players in the United States were paid below the federal minimum wage, which has been recently circulating in the media and has been a source of ongoing controversy (McDaniel, 2022). This article is a write-up to the first author’s end-of-term course project, which was supervised by the second author. The objective of the present study was to perform a historical and philosophical analysis of the public debate on minor league pay as well as describe ethical arguments within the debate. This should guide future debates on labor rights and fairness within sport, including professional leagues. Methods for a single-artifact descriptive case study (March 2021) were used to describe opposing views on the issue of minor league pay in baseball, which were then analyzed using historical and philosophical perspectives. The case study material was a 2019 popular press article of journalism covering both sides of the debate. Two modes of qualitative research were used: qualitative critical analysis and discourse analysis. Qualitative critical analysis entailed comparing discourse within the case article to information within one peer-reviewed research article, which presented historical and jurisprudence discourse and research on why Major League Baseball team-owners have been allowed to legally pay minor league players below the federal minimum wage cut-point. Fourteen parsimonious concepts from one undergraduate course on physical activity perspectives were used to describe and analyze data extracted vis-à-vis the qualitative critical analysis, followed by a discourse analysis of the extracted data. We discuss the study results, then present recommendations for future research. We conclude with a reflection from the first author about her project experience.
