The presented paper discusses an extended (3+1)-dimensional generalized Kadomtsev-Petviashivli equation through the use of the Hirota bilinear method and the modified extended tanh method. Bilinear equations are derived using Hirota’s derivatives, which will result in the derivation of lump, breather, two-wave, and three-wave solutions. The obtained solutions have applications in fluid dynamics and are pertinent to the focus on wave and charged particle interactions in plasmas. Furthermore, the modified extended tanh method is applied to derive a solution, yielding hyperbolic, trigonometric, and rational solutions with adjustable parameters. The obtained results demonstrate the practicality, simplicity, and effectiveness of the proposed methods in wave characterization behaviors, and novel wave strategies are being introduced for a range of nonlinear equations encountered in the engineering field. The visualization of our solution is further enhanced by 3D and 2D graphs.
Waqf (Islamic endowment) is a vital socioeconomic instrument whose contemporary effectiveness depends on efficient, transparent, and mathematically grounded and optimization-consistent management. Aligned with Saudi Vision 2030, this study develops a nonlinear welfare optimization and stochastic simulation framework for sustainable Waqf allocation across Makkah, Madinah, and Qassim in the sectors of education, healthcare, and housing. The model formulates a strictly concave logarithmic social welfare function subject to affine feasibility constraints, ensuring global optimality and uniqueness of the solution under Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions. Regional allocations are endogenously optimized, while sectoral distributions follow normalized policy-determined priority weights reflecting institutional development objectives. MATLAB-based analyses integrate deterministic nonlinear optimization, sector-weight sensitivity testing, and truncated Monte Carlo stochastic perturbations to evaluate robustness under funding uncertainty. A dynamic 2025–2035 demographic simulation incorporates the closed-form population growth model to ensure intertemporal allocation consistency. By integrating Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk mechanisms, digital governance platforms, and KPI-based performance monitoring, the framework enhances social welfare, regional equity, and financial transparency. The proposed model provides policymakers with a reproducible, globally optimal, and risk-aware decision-support system for sustainable Islamic endowment management.
This paper investigates the stability of a discrete-space fractional-order Lengyel–Epstein (FO-LE) reaction–diffusion system (RDS) using Caputo–nabla (CN) and dual nabla Caputo (DNC) fractional difference operators. The classical LE model is extended to incorporate temporal memory effects through fractional calculus, and the spatial domain is discretized with finite differences under periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). We establish sufficient conditions for both local Mittag–Leffler stability (LMLS) and global Mittag–Leffler stability (GMLS) of the unique positive equilibrium point (EP). Linearization and Lyapunov direct methods are employed for the LMLS analysis, while a constructed Lyapunov function (LF) combined with fractional comparison principles is used to derive GMLS criteria. Numerical simulations using an finite difference scheme confirm the theoretical findings, demonstrating convergence to the equilibrium for different fractional orders. The results illustrate the robustness of the fractional LE system and provide a foundation for further study of memory-dependent pattern formation in discrete media.
Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) and remains a major public health concern in tropical regions, including Indonesia. In 2024, Mataram City reported 364 confirmed dengue cases, indicating a substantial local burden. This observational cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2024 to January 2025 in eight high-incidence neighborhood associations within the Karang Pule Health Center working area, Mataram City. Mosquito larvae and ovitrap samples were collected from case-based households following WHO entomological surveillance guidelines, reared to F1 adult females, and pooled (20 mosquitoes per site) for viral RNA extraction. Dengue virus detection and serotyping were performed using a one-step RT-PCR assay with serotype-specific primers, including appropriate positive and negative controls to ensure assay validity. Five of eight sampling locations were positive for DENV. DENV-3 was the predominant serotype, detected in three locations, while co-circulation of DENV-2 and DENV-3 was identified in two locations. No DENV-1 or DENV-4 was detected. Villages such as West Pagutan exhibited the highest proportion of reported cases and incidence rates. Environmental parameters (temperature, humidity, water temperature, and light intensity) were recorded at each site and analyzed descriptively. The detection of DENV in F1-generation Aedes aegypti supports evidence of ongoing local viral circulation and suggests the potential contribution of vertical (transovarial) transmission in maintaining the virus reservoir. This study provides fine-scale, sub-district-level mapping of dengue serotype distribution in an urban Indonesian setting, offering localized evidence to support targeted vector control strategies while acknowledging limitations related to sample size and geographic coverage.
Solid particle erosion wear is an important wear mechanism leading to surface deformation and loss of performance in ductile materials. In this study, solid particle erosion wear tests were performed on AlSi10Mg alloy specimens produced by casting and selective laser melting (SLM) methods by impacting 300–425 μm sized silicon carbide (SiC) particles at 3 bar pressure and 30° impact angle. In the experimental process, 2.5 kg of particles were initially used and the experiments were carried out in six different stages, gradually increasing the amount of particles each time. In the last stage, 52.5 kg of particles was reached. With the experimental data obtained, weight losses and erosion rates per particle were calculated and a theoretical model considering deformation hardening was developed. In order to determine the sensitivity of the theoretical model, a sensitivity analysis was performed on the hardening exponent (n) and constant coefficient (C) found with the model. The theoretical model developed determined the hardening coefficient (n) of SLM samples to be ∿0.65, while the hardening coefficient of cast samples was found to be ∿1.71. The higher hardening coefficient of the cast samples affected the erosion rate results due to the increased particles during the erosion tests. To determine the significance of the effects of particle amount and production method on the erosion rate, a two-way ANOVA test was conducted, and both factors were found to have a statistically significant influence on the wear behavior at a high confidence level (p < 0.0001). The surface condition and structural changes were also supported by microscope and XRD analysis. When evaluated based on the condition before and after wear, the surface change caused by damage to the surface due to wear in the cast samples is approximately 50
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is widely employed as a highly sensitive technique for detecting various target molecules. Here, we prepared a metal-free graphene oxide (GO) -based SERS substrate. GO was deposited on a SiO₂/Si substrate for Rhodamine 6 G (R6G) molecule detection. The GO SERS substrate shows a significant enhancement as compared to the bare SiO₂/Si substrate due to its superior analyte adsorption and chemical enhancement effects. It demonstrates relatively higher enhancement than the graphene substrate. The intensity of the 613 cm⁻¹ peak exhibited about five times enhancement relative to the graphene substrate. Superior enhancement is likely attributed to the electronegative oxygen functional groups present in GO, which can generate strong local electric fields which enhanced the Raman signal. In addition, these functional groups may also enhance the adsorption efficiency of R6G molecules. The simple and cost-effective non-metallic SERS substrate is suitable for detecting harmful dyes like R6G, contributing to improved food safety and environmental monitoring.
Soft visco-hyperelastic micropillar arrays, elastomeric nanocomposites reinforced with graphene, MXene, or carbon nanotubes, provide tunable mechanical compliance essential for wearable sensors, soft robotics, and bio-integrated microdevices. Nevertheless, the nonlinear vibrational dynamics of rigid microstructures supported by such compliant foundations under operational base excitations remain poorly characterized, particularly when finite deformations activate strong geometric and material nonlinearities. This work develops a physics-based model that couples incompressible neo-Hookean hyperelasticity with Kelvin–Voigt viscoelasticity to capture large-strain dynamics of PDMS-based micropillar arrays supporting a metallic microplate under harmonic base excitation. Through Galerkin projection of the governing equation of motion, frequency–amplitude responses reveal four quantified design principles for engineering predictable dynamics: (i) nanofiller incorporation that raises the effective modulus from 0.4 to 1.5 MPa suppresses classical jump phenomena and reduces bifurcation interval lengths by up to 90
This study investigates nonlinear (quadratic) thermal and solutal buoyancy effects in nanofluid boundary-layer flow over the external surface of a truncated cone, motivated by applications in nanomaterial coating processes. The analysis incorporates Soret diffusion and internal heat generation or absorption, while accounting for both nanoparticle diffusion and solute mass transport. The Buongiorno two-component nanofluid model is employed to capture Brownian motion and thermophoretic effects. A non-similarity formulation yields a coupled system of nonlinear, dimensionless partial differential equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions. The governing equations are solved numerically using a bivariate pseudo-spectral local linearization method implemented in MATLAB, and the results are validated through comparison with asymptotic solutions. Parametric results demonstrate that enhanced nonlinear thermal and solutal buoyancy significantly increase surface shear stress and heat transfer rates. Increased Brownian motion and thermophoretic effects reduce heat transfer, whereas stronger Soret diffusion enhances it. Solutal mass transfer to the cone surface is promoted by nonlinear buoyancy and heat generation but is suppressed under heat absorption conditions.
Mesoporous silica (MS) is an excellent adsorbent for removing methylene blue (MB) in solution. However, the adsorption process only transfers mass from the solution to the MS surface, leading to adsorbent saturation and a disposal issue for solid waste. To address this, zinc (Zn) at 10–30
This study examined the physicochemical characteristics, antibacterial activity, and anti-biofilm efficacy of Curcuma longa nano-emulsions formulated using a lactic acid–menthol–based hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent as the oil phase and Tween 80–propylene glycol or Tween 20–propylene glycol (1:1, v/v) as surfactant systems, designated C. longa-T-80-8 and C. longa-T-20-8, was evaluated. Droplet size, PDI, and zeta potential were determined for both formulations, and their morphological characteristics were analysed using SEM. The C. longa-T-80-8 formulation demonstrated superior physicochemical performance, exhibiting a smaller droplet size (235.2 ± 6.4 nm), lower PDI (0.219 ± 0.008), and greater electrostatic stability (− 36.6 ± 3.7 mV). Antibacterial assays revealed strong inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (0.1–0.3 / 0.1–0.6
Landslides are recurrent disasters in Aceh Jaya Regency, driven by steep topography, intense rainfall, and the increasing rate of deforestation. These events frequently disrupt communities and damage critical infrastructure, causing economic losses and the displacement of residents. Therefore, precise landslide susceptibility mapping is crucial for effective disaster-risk mitigation. For this purpose, GIS-based Frequency Ratio (FR) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approaches were applied to develop a rapid and operational landslide susceptibility map at the regional scale. The eight causative factors of landslides considered in this study were slope, lithology, lineament density, rainfall, drainage density, elevation, soil type, and land use/land cover (LULC). Causative factors were divided into sub-factors and weighted based on the FR and AHP approaches. The landslide susceptibility maps were categorized into five levels: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. The results show that the high to very high landslide susceptibility categories for FR and AHP were 40
The controlled production of submicron magnetite is critical for emerging applications in targeted drug delivery and advanced functional materials, where particle size, crystallinity, and magnetism must be tuned simultaneously. In this work, natural magnetite from Indonesian iron ore is milled in a PPF–Ultimate Gravity Shaker Mill (PPF–UG) to systematically elucidate the coupled effects of milling time and grinding media (alumina, steel, zirconia) on its physicochemical properties. X-ray diffraction reveals a progressive loss of crystallinity with increasing milling time, with zirconia media producing the strongest peak attenuation, consistent with higher impact energy and partial amorphization. Particle size analysis shows an initial comminution stage (up to 2 h) followed by agglomeration-dominated behavior; the highest submicron fraction (10.58 wt
Tropical soil degradation and the microplastic pollution associated with conventional geosynthetics have motivated the development of bioengineering strategies based on renewable materials intended to perform within a limited service window. This study assesses the technical feasibility and functional durability of geotextiles produced from Typha domingensis and Syagrus coronata and applies probabilistic modeling to propose engineering specifications grounded in chemical and mechanical degradation under real field exposure. Within the studied species pair, fiber chemical architecture, particularly the lignin-to-cellulose ratio (L/C), appears to modulate biodegradation kinetics, although the limited two-species dataset precludes broader generalization. For Typha domingensis, alkaline mercerization with 6
The development of copper-doped iron sulphide ( Cu_xFe_1-xS ) thin films was accomplished by the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. The morphological and optical measurements were done to see if the films may be suitable for optoelectronic applications. The copper-doped iron sulphide material that was formed by changing the concentrations of copper exhibits a micrograph with a variety of irregular and rough grain sizes and shapes. EDX analysis of the deposited films showed that the stoichiometry and the thickness depended on copper concentrations. The linear optical results of the copper-doped iron sulphide films revealed that the band-gap ( E_g ) values were decreased from 2.25 to 1.40 eV by increasing the copper content in the analysed samples. Further, the rise in copper content enhanced the refractive index from 2.25 to 2.66. As the copper concentration was changed, the absorbance of the films decreased. Simultaneously, it was discovered that other optical constants changed as the copper level increased, including an increase in transmittance and reflectance, both of which are critical for optimising the performance of optoelectronic devices. According to the results, these samples can be used as a novel absorber layer in optoelectronic applications, particularly due to their improved optical properties and efficiency at varying copper concentrations.
Global energy demands and fossil fuel environmental impacts necessitate sustainable renewable alternatives. Seaweed (macroalgae), as a third-generation feedstock, offers a promising solution. This review evaluates the potential of seaweed-derived biofuels, including bioethanol, biogas, and biodiesel. It examines the classification, morphology, and biochemical composition of brown, red, and green algae, highlighting their suitability for biomass conversion. Furthermore, the review analyzes cultivation methodologies, essential pretreatment techniques, and specific biochemical pathways for biofuel production. While acknowledging seaweed’s potential, critical challenges are addressed, including cultivation demands, species specificity, complex biomass structures, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Special emphasis is placed on regional perspectives and policy hurdles in the Arab world. By synthesizing current advancements, this review provides strategic insights into seaweed-based biorefineries’ role in fostering a circular bioeconomy, contributing to global energy security and environmental sustainability.
In contrast to the homogenized biodiversity of intensive agriculture, the argan forest is shaped by low-intensity, traditional silvo-pastoral practices that foster a highly heterogeneous landscape. This study addresses a critical research gap by examining how indigenous systems, such as the Agdal, and argan canopy microclimates support endemic and stress-tolerant species. Consequently, these traditional management regimes preserve unique weed assemblages that would otherwise be lost in high-input agroecosystems. While weeds cause significant economic losses in agroecosystems, their communities within Morocco’s argan biosphere remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to identify weeds in argan cultivation and analyze their distribution, diversity, and impact in relation to area, location, and year. Across all study sites, we recorded 147 weed species from 34 families, with Asteraceae (17.7
The work presented a numerical solution of the parabolic delay convection diffusion equations involving a singular perturbation, coupled with an integral boundary condition. Adopting a numerical scheme uniform with regard to the perturbation parameter, utilizing the implicit Euler scheme as a solution approach with respect to the time component, as well as a cubic spline with tension approach as a solution scheme with respect to space components, to which the simulation of an integral boundary condition is done by adopting the Simpsons 1/3 rule. It should be noted here that this numerical approach does not require any a priori information related to the value or position related to boundary layers. Uniform convergence and a related stability are presented as a second order related to space component alongside a first order related to time. The method’s applicability is demonstrated using numerical examples, reproducing the convergence order correctly as presented by this theory.
Steppes are specific terrestrial herbaceous ecosystems and play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle and climate regulation. The resilience of steppe ecosystems is measured by the key indicator of net primary productivity (NPP), which reflects the combined influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors. Assessing productivity in combination with climatic factors allows us to predict the ecosystem responses under global climate change and increasing human impact. The NPP components of steppes at the southeastern slope of Mount Aragats were quantified during 2019–2024 and the role of annual and climatic drivers were assessed. This study provides a novel, integrated analysis of biomass allocation within closely spaced grasslands of the South Caucasus, accounting for soil, vegetation, and climatic variability. Above and belowground biomass sampling was conducted randomly using 1 m2 and 0.4 m2 folding meters across six steppe sites each sized one hectare. Based on the collected data, total biomass and the ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass were calculated. The climatic conditions created contrasting growth environments, with high temperatures generally associated with low precipitation, and vice versa. Temperature fluctuations were more pronounced during the active growing season, while precipitations were distributed relatively evenly throughout the season. The results showed that the ratio of belowground to aboveground biomass varied widely (2.3–31.4), with high values observed in relatively dry grass-forbs steppes and low values for mix grass-legume-forbs ones. It was found that temperature during the growing season and precipitation during the non-growing season explained 75
Pesticide use for controlling agricultural pests is now a significant public concern, primarily due to the associated risks to health and the environment. This paper explores the growing field of biopesticides. We analyze the development, production methods, and agricultural uses of these biological alternatives, along with a discussion of market trends and novel technologies in their extraction and formulation. To assess current trends, more than 7000 Scopus-indexed documents on biopesticides from 1985 to 2024 were analyzed via VOSviewer software. The three classes of biopesticides—biochemicals, microbials, and plant-incorporated protectants—are distinguished by their active ingredients. Representing 5
Photovoltaic (PV) technology is a cornerstone of the global transition toward low-carbon energy systems, yet its performance and durability remain strongly constrained by temperature-induced efficiency losses and accelerated material degradation. As PV deployment expands into high-irradiance and harsh climatic regions, effective thermal management has become a critical requirement for sustaining energy yield and long-term reliability. Over the past decade, significant research efforts have advanced a wide spectrum of PV cooling strategies, broadly classified into active and passive approaches. Active cooling methods, including air-based, water-based, thermoelectric, and nanofluid-assisted systems, can deliver substantial temperature reduction and efficiency gains but introduce parasitic energy consumption, added system complexity, and resource-use considerations. Passive solutions, such as phase change materials, heat sinks, heat pipes, and radiative cooling surfaces, offer energy-free operation and enhanced sustainability, although their effectiveness is often constrained under extreme thermal loads. This review critically synthesizes recent developments in both active and passive PV cooling technologies, with particular emphasis on performance, system scalability, and environmental and sustainability considerations. Emerging trends, including hybrid architectures, eco-friendly nanofluids, bio-based phase change materials, and thermoelectric integration for both cooling and waste-heat recovery, are discussed in the context of real-world deployment constraints. By linking thermal performance with lifecycle sustainability, resource efficiency, and net energy benefit, this review provides a holistic perspective on next-generation PV cooling strategies to support efficient, reliable, and environmentally responsible solar power generation.
