Conventional photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) suffers from intrinsic drawbacks of poor solubility, high resin viscosity, and an unavoidable trade-off between print resolution and mechanical performance under photocurable additive manufacturing. This work...
This work provides a comprehensive overview of reaction pathways, catalyst design principles, and integrated paired-electrolysis strategies for EG electro-oxidation.
Boron-assisted carbon coating enhances both the electronic and ionic conductivity of NFPP cathodes, enabling high-power and durable sodium-ion batteries.
K(Gd 0.1 Yb 0.9 ) 3 F 10 delivers low T 0 and giant −Δ S m below 1 K, demonstrating strong potential for helium-free refrigeration in practical applications.
This review summarizes recent advances in phase-interface modulation via water-state control towards efficient photocatalytic CO 2 reduction, N 2 fixation, and H 2 O 2 synthesis.
Constructing new hydrogen pipelines or utilizing existing natural gas networks represents an effective pathway for large-scale hydrogen energy transport. However, the permeation of hydrogen atoms into metallic materials during transport can induce hydrogen embrittlement (HE), posing a severe threat to pipeline safety. Developing hydrogen barrier coatings (HBCs) with superior pipeline adaptability is a critical strategy to mitigate this issue. This paper systematically reviews four HBC material systems: metal-based, ceramic-based, 2D materials, and polymer-based composites. Beyond a comparative analysis of their barrier performance, we deeply elucidate the hydrogen barrier mechanisms, including the physical/chemical barriers and hydrogen trapping effects in inorganic materials, as well as the synergistic mechanisms between organic polymer matrices and functional fillers. A key contribution of this review, which distinguishes it from existing literature, is the construction of a comprehensive full-chain evaluation framework. This framework integrates “Preparation Quality (density, adhesion, thickness) – Hydrogen Barrier Efficiency (permeation rate, permeation reduction factor) – Protection Performance (HE resistance, fatigue resistance) – Pipeline Applicability (environmental coupling, coating–substrate interactions)”, thereby providing a standardized basis for assessment. Finally, considering the specific requirements of hydrogen transport scenarios, the paper outlines current pipeline coating application requirements and proposes future research directions to support the development of safe and efficient hydrogen transport infrastructure.
The rising concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) has created an urgent need for technologies that can both mitigate emissions and supply sustainable carbon feedstocks. Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction utilizes renewable electricity to convert CO2 into C1u2013C3 products at high rates under mild conditions, but it remains challenging to produce longer-chain molecules with high selectivity and efficiency. Biocatalytic systems are notable for forging Cu2013C bonds and assembling complex products. However, most organisms fix CO2 inefficiently and purely biological routes are constrained by thermodynamics and enzyme kinetics. This review examines how integrating electrocatalysis and biocatalysis in cascade systems combines the strengths of both approaches. We discuss the historical development and motivation for these hybrids, summarize recent progress in electrocatalytic CO2/CO conversion to C1u2013C3 intermediates, and outline biocatalytic strategies that extend short-chain feedstocks to higher-value Cn products. We further examine challenges in catalyst stability, pathway and strain engineering, and process scale-up, and propose directions for advancing electro-biosynthetic manufacturing. Together, these developments point toward a circular carbon economy in which CO2 becomes a practical starting point for complex carbon-based products.
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR) offers a promising route to convert CO2 into value-added fuels and chemicals using renewable electricity. However, most studies rely on high-purity CO2 feeds, whereas practical carbon sources such as flue gas and air contain dilute CO2 together with diverse impurities. These conditions lead to sluggish CO2 mass transport, enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and impurity-induced catalyst deactivation, thereby limiting CO2RR activity, selectivity, and durability. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in low-concentration CO2 electrochemical capture and conversion, focusing on two main technical routes. The first is capture–conversion coupling, in which CO2 is captured and subsequently converted in situ into value-added products within single- or dual-cell systems, thereby avoiding energy-intensive capture-medium regeneration, CO2 compression, and transportation. The second is direct electrolysis of dilute CO2 streams, which bypasses separate capture units through catalyst design. In both routes, catalyst design has evolved from solely optimizing intrinsic CO2RR activity toward multifunctional regulation, including captured-CO2 activation, local CO2 enrichment, and impurity tolerance. Beyond catalyst development, electrolyzer design, such as gas diffusion layer design, flow-field configuration, and operating condition optimization, is also discussed as a key factor for improving mass transport and stability. Finally, remaining challenges and future opportunities are outlined for selective, durable, and scalable low-concentration CO2 electrolysis.
Selective conversion of CO2 into value-added oxygenates, particularly methanol and dimethyl ether (DME), presents a promising route for CO2 utilization. However, achieving both high selectivity and catalyst stability remained significant challenges. To address this, we report the fabrication of a core-shell-structured catalyst prepared by a steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) approach, in which highly dispersed Cu-ZnO nanoparticles (2.0u20133.5 nm) are encapsulated within nanocrystalline silicalite-1 zeolite. The spatial confinement effects from silicalite-1 frameworks induce strong metal-zeolite interactions, effectively suppressing Cu-ZnO nanoparticle aggregation and sintering phenomena. This structural feature helps to preserve dominant populations of active Cu+ species on thermally stabilized Cu-ZnO nanoparticles. As a result, the optimized catalyst enables efficient tandem conversion of CO2 to oxygenates, achieving a CO2 conversion of 21.5% with an oxygenate selectivity of 83.0% toward dimethyl ether (DME, 72.5%) and methanol (10.5%), where an optimized catalyst exhibits exceptional catalytic performance for the tandem CO2 -to-DME reaction. Comprehensive characterization reveals that the spatial confinement within the protective silicalite-1 matrix not only stabilizes highly dispersed Cu-ZnO nanoparticles and Cu+ sites but also facilitates the formation and stabilization of key reaction intermediates. These synergistic effects are directly responsible for an enhanced catalytic activity, high DME selectivity, and prolonged operational durability observed during 300 h of continuous CO2 hydrogenation.
Water improves CO 2 uptake in oligomeric amine impregnated-Mg 2 (dobpdc) by increasing CO 2 diffusion into the amine films, whereas water decreases CO 2 uptake in the polymeric amine analogue by particle/pore collapse of Mg 2 (dobpdc).
Dual functional material Ru–Na supported on a monolith enables efficient cyclic CO 2 capture from air and subsequent conversión to CH 4 , which contributes to reduce atmospheric CO 2 and to store renewable H 2 .
SO 2 /NO 2 in flue gas influences the adsorptive–catalytic performance of ICCU-DRM, because of the generation of a coating layer.
This study developed a robust low-temperature SCR denitrification catalyst (3%V 2 O 5 –10%MoO 3 /TiO 2 ) with high activity and stability, achieving over 67% monthly average denitrification efficiency in a pilot plant for over two years.
Pyridine edge-functionalized g-C 3 N 4 coordinates with cobalt phthalocyanine, enabling efficient directional electron transfer and significantly boosting visible-light-driven CO 2 photoreduction to CO.
Excessive CO2 emission into the atmosphere has caused serious climate change that draws global concerns. Direct air capture (DAC) plays a crucial role in reducing atmospheric CO2 concentration and mitigating climate change. In this review, we summarize the latest advances and emerging opportunities in DAC through three key aspects. First, we introduce two different types of air contactors (adsorption- and absorption-based) and their functions, unveiling their critical roles in DAC. Second, we discuss a number of effective capture agents for DAC, including solid adsorbent materials and liquid absorbent solutions, with emphasis on the capture mechanism and efficiency. Third, we present three typical methods for CO2 release and capture agent regeneration that match DAC effectively, including temperature swing, precipitation-phase separation, and electrolysis, focusing on the CO2 release process and energy consumption. In the end, we provide insights into the existing challenges, potential solutions, and future directions for advancing DAC technologies.Keywords: CO2 capture; Direct air capture; Air contactor; Capture agent; Regeneration method.
Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is an emerging technology for the conversion of CO2 and CH4 under mild conditions. This mini review systematically summarizes recent advances in NTP catalysis for the direct conversion of CO2 and CH4 into value-added oxygenates, with a focus on two key aspects: catalyst design and reactor optimization. The metal active sites (e.g., Cu, Ni, Co) and their properties (valence state, dispersion) are critical in directing reaction pathways towards specific oxygenates like alcohols or acids, while the support material modulates performance by influencing the local electric field and stabilizing intermediates. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactors are predominant, and innovations in reactor structure, electrode design (e.g., water electrodes, surface microdischarge), and configuration (e.g., plasma bubble reactors) are crucial for enhancing efficiency and selectivity, even enabling long-chain hydrocarbon formation. Despite progress, challenges in selectivity and energy efficiency remain. Future efforts should focus on rational catalyst design and advanced reactor integration to advance the industrial application of NTP for greenhouse gas valorization.Keywords: Non-thermal plasma; Plasma catalysis; CO2 and CH4 conversion; Oxygenates.
Global agricultural sustainability faces dual threats from inorganic fertilizer overuse and soil organic matter degradation. To address this, we developed a catalytic-hydrothermal humification process that transforms lignin into high-performance potassium fulvic-like (KFA) fertilizers. Using organosolv pulping, we elucidated the structure-function relationship between lignin and derived KFA fertilizers. Optimized organosolv processing (160 degrees C, 4 h) yielded divergent lignins: acid-catalyzed ethanosolv (AEL-7/3, 96.16% yield) and base-catalyzed ethanosolv (NEL-3/7, 93.01% yield). Spectral and compositional analysis revealed exclusive hemicellulose incorporation in NEL-3/7. Subsequent catalytic-hydrothermal humification (140 degrees C, 2 h) demonstrated that potassium fulvic-like substances from hemicellulose-containing lignin (NEL-3/7) met all parameters (fulvic acid (FA), K2O, moisture, insolubles, pH) of bio-based potassium fulvate standards and even surpassed fossil-based equivalents. Crucially, hemicellulose integration enhanced conversion to small-molecular acids bound to lignin, boosting the FA content to 54.93%-confirming its superior functionality in FA formation. This strategy establishes a sustainable pathway for structure-guided lignin valorization into fertilizers, reducing agriculture's reliance on non-renewable resources while enabling green plant growth.
