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IntroductionIntroducing improved bean cultivars with desirable characteristics such as high yield, large and marketable seeds, tolerant to environmental stress, erect growth type and suitable for mechanized harvesting are most important improvement goals in releasing new bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. These characteristics are considered in the manual for the implementation of the bean agronomic value test (VCU). The aim of current research is to evaluate the agricultural value, yield and other important agricultural characteristics of a pinto bean cultivar (Negin) applying for commercialization in the most important bean growing climates in Iran. Materials and MethodsIn this experiment, candidate pinto been cultivar (Negin) along with 4 control cultivars (Sembol, Sepehr, Saleh and Kusha) were studied in 3 locations (Khomein, Ardabil and Esfahan) based on complete randomized block design experiment in 4 replications during two crop seasons (2021-2022 and 2022-2023). Characteristics listed in the "Manual for the implementation of the bean agronomic value test" include the number of days until flowering, the number of days until physiological maturity, plant height, first pod height, pods number per plant, seeds number per pod, pod shedding, the weight of 100 seeds, the yield of seeds fresh weight and water absorption capacity were recorded. Results and DiscussionResults showed that flowering occurred significantly earlier in Negin candidate cultivar (42.3 days) than control cultivars. Early flowering is considered as an important factor influencing yield of bean cultivars. This feature makes the flowering process start earlier before the onset of environmental stresses such as drought and high temperature. Also, in early flowering cultivars, the seed filling period will be longer. Seed ripening in Negin candidate cultivar occurred 5 days earlier than determinate control cultivars (mean ripening period 82.1 days) and 12 days earlier than indeterminate control cultivars (mean ripening period 89.5 days). Early ripening is not only an escape mechanism from end-season stresses such as drought, but it is also important because enables the early production and bringing to the appropriate market price, and for this reason many bean breeding programs in the world are focused on introducing of early cultivars. Among the studied cultivars, the number of seeds per pod in Kusha cultivar was significantly higher than the other studied cultivars, while this trait in Saleh, Sepehr and Negin cultivars was less than Kusha cultivar. In all 3 study locations, Sembol determinate cultivar had the highest hundred seed weight (52.9 g) and after that the other determinate cultivars (Negin and sepehr) had the highest hundred seed weight (48.9 g and 46.53 g respectively). Seed yield of determinate candidate cultivar (4235.8 kg.ha-1) was significantly more than other determinate Sepehr and Sembol cultivars (4027.1 kg.ha-1 and 34463.8 kg.ha-1 respectively) and seed yield of Negin cultivar had not significant difference with seed yield of indeterminate Saleh cultivar. In terms of performance, the Negin cultivar outperformed other determinate cultivars and matched the performance level of one indeterminate cultivar. Among the studied cultivars, Sembol showed the highest water absorption capacity, followed by Kusha, Saleh, Sepehr, and Negin. Thus, the Negin candidate cultivar exhibited the lowest water absorption capacity. ConclusionThe Negin candidate cultivar has strong potential as a new germplasm for national bean production due to its erect growth habit and ease of mechanical harvesting, early flowering and maturity, reduced water requirement (one to two times less), good marketability, and ability to produce larger seeds. AcknowledgementThis article is extracted from the research project of the Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute under the approved number 04-08-08-040-011096 dated 2024/06/15, which is hereby thanked and appreciated.

Introduction Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a vital legume, rich in protein and nutrients, that is significantly impacted by the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), leading to substantial economic losses in agricultural fields. Given the limitations of chemical control and its environmental consequences, the identification and utilization of resistant cultivars represent a sustainable approach to pest management. Various studies have demonstrated that certain bean genotypes possess morphological and physiological characteristics that effectively reduce mite populations. To date, a comprehensive assessment of bean genotype resistance to T. urticae under the climatic conditions of Ilam province has not been conducted. This research aims to evaluate the resistance of 25 bean genotypes to this pest under field conditions in Ilam, with the goal of identifying resistant varieties for integration into breeding programs and sustainable agricultural practices. Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted during the 2021-2022 growing season at the research farm of Ilam University to identify resistant and high-yielding bean varieties against T. urticae. Twenty-five bean genotypes (10 cultivars and 15 lines), including the susceptible cultivar "Akhtar," were obtained from the gene bank of Tehran University and planted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Following spring plowing, planting was carried out in June 2021, and irrigation was performed using the flood irrigation method every 3 to 4 days. Symptoms of infestation appeared during the flowering stage, and the extent of damage to the leaves was assessed using a five-point scale (0 = no infestation, 4 = severe damage). Phenological traits (days to flowering and podding) and morphological traits (plant height, pod length and width, number of seeds and pods) were measured, and the yield of each genotype was calculated based on the total weight of the seeds. Results and Discussion The results of this research indicated that there was considerable genetic diversity for all of the traits that were investigated. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the results of analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of all traits at the 1% level. Genotypes "Goli" and "D81083" were identified as the most resistant and had the highest yield (101.5 g per plant), while genotype "288" showed the most susceptibility and the lowest yield (0.42 g per plant). Cultivar "Goli" had the highest number of pods (37.7 per plant), and cultivar "323" had the lowest number of pods (2.67 per plant). Additionally, cultivar "Goli" had the highest number of seeds per pod (5.1), and cultivar "Local Azna" had the lowest number of seeds per pod (1.8). In terms of plant height, cultivar "1090" had the tallest plants at 122.7 cm, and cultivar "Khomein" had the shortest plants at 36.1 cm. The greatest pod length (10.6 cm) was observed in cultivar "Derakhshan," and the shortest length (1.6 cm) in cultivar "79EMERSON." A significant negative correlation between mite damage and yield (r = -0.78) indicated that increased damage leads to lower yield. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four groups, with genotypes "Goli" and "D81083" in the resistant group and genotypes "1090" and "288" in the susceptible group. These results confirm that the use of resistant genotypes can help reduce pest damage and increase yield. Correlation analysis showed that the level of pest damage has a negative and significant correlation with yield and its components (r=-0.78). Cluster analysis divided genotypes into four groups: resistant, semi-resistant, semi-susceptible, and susceptible. ConclusionsHigh genetic diversity was observed in the studied cultivars and lines; cultivar 288 was the most sensitive, and cultivars D81083 and Goli were the most resistant and high yielding. There was a positive correlation between the number of pods and seeds per plant with seed yield. Cluster analysis divided the cultivars into four groups, with the fourth group including the D81083 and Goli cultivars having the best performance and resistance.

IntroductionChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a key legume of the Fabaceae family, is cultivated as a winter or spring crop, primarily under rainfed conditions, in western and northwestern of Iran. To position chickpea as a viable alternative in cereal-based rotations and enhance its contribution to sustainable agriculture, agronomic practices—especially nutrient management—must be thoroughly optimized and studied. Nitrogen (N), the most critical macronutrient for plant growth and yield enhancement, is required in greater quantities than any other element. While chickpea fulfills much of its nitrogen demand via biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), a minimal "starter" N dose is essential to ensure robust seedling establishment and meet early growth requirements before effective rhizobial symbiosis is achieved. Precise determination of starter N for rainfed chickpea is critical, as excessive application increases costs, risks environmental contamination, and suppresses yields, whereas insufficient doses compromise productivity. Materials and MethodsA randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was employed during the 2022–2023 growing season to evaluate the N requirements of rainfed chickpea (cv. Ana) under cold rainfed conditions in Bukan (autumn sowing) and Maragheh (autumn and spring sowing). Treatments included five urea levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha⁻¹. Following reduced tillage (using a combination tillage implement), chickpea seeds were sown at 40 seeds m⁻². Autumn sowing occurred in October 2023, and spring sowing in late February 2024, using an ASKE 3-shank 11-row planter with 53–17 cm row spacing. Experimental plots measured 10 × 30 m. Urea was applied via subsurface banding (5–6 cm below seeds) at sowing. Measured parameters included root traits (length, volume, dry weight, nodule weight), plant height, 100-seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, harvest index, and rainwater use efficiency. Results and DiscussionEnvironmental effects significantly influenced root length, nodule weight, root volume, dry weight, plant height, biological yield, grain yield, rainwater use efficiency (p ≤ 0.01), and 100-seed weight (p ≤ 0.05). Nitrogen levels significantly affected all parameters (p ≤ 0.01), except 100-seed weight (p ≤ 0.05). Autumn-sown Bukan exhibited superior root traits, plant height, and yields compared to Maragheh. Root length, volume, and dry weight declined with increasing N, likely due to restricted root growth from urea banding at higher doses. Enhanced nodulation in Bukan may reflect its soil’s native rhizobia populations, as Maragheh lacks prior legume cultivation. Elevated soil fertility and favorable climatic conditions in Bukan further supported root development. Excessive mineral N inhibited rhizobial symbiosis, reducing nodule weight. Plant height and 100-grain weight peaked at 50 kg ha⁻¹ N in Bukan (57 cm, 6 cm above control). In autumn-sown Bukan, grain yield plateaued at 25 kg ha⁻¹ N, while Maragheh achieved maxima at 75 kg ha⁻¹ (autumn) and 50 kg ha⁻¹ (spring). The highest harvest index (48%) occurred at 50 kg ha⁻¹ N in spring-sown Maragheh. Starter N bolstered early growth and photosynthetic capacity, enhancing yields. Moderate N optimized harvest index by favoring grain over biomass allocation. Rainwater use efficiency (RUE) was higher in autumn-sown chickpea in Bukan compared to both autumn- and spring-sown crops in Maragheh. Furthermore, RUE initially increased with rising nitrogen application rates but declined at elevated doses. Regression analysis of grain yield against urea application rates revealed maximum achievable yields of 1535 and 940 kg ha⁻¹ for autumn-sown rainfed chickpea in Bukan and Maragheh, respectively. To attain these yields, starter urea doses of 62 and 61 kg ha⁻¹ were required for Bukan and Maragheh. For spring-sown chickpea in Maragheh, the peak grain yield was 835 kg ha⁻¹, achievable with a urea input of 43 kg ha⁻¹. The minimal urea requirements for maximizing net economic returns were 60 kg ha⁻¹ for autumn-sown chickpea in both regions, whereas spring-sown systems in Maragheh required 42 kg ha⁻¹. Simple correlation analyses between grain yield and yield components demonstrated that grain yield showed the strongest positive correlations with biological yield, plant height, and root dry weight, in descending order of magnitude. Similarly, rainwater use efficiency exhibited the highest positive correlations with grain yield, biological yield, and plant height, respectively. The robust correlations between grain yield and these traits suggest that these parameters likely exert direct influences on grain yield. ConclusionsExcessive nitrogen fertilization leads to salinity, toxicity, and disruption of symbiotic relationships, offsetting potential yield benefits. A minimal starter dose of 42 kg ha⁻¹ urea is sufficient for spring-sown chickpea, while 60 kg ha⁻¹ urea maximizes economic returns in autumn-sown systems. Precision in N management is critical to balance productivity, sustainability, and environmental stewardship in rainfed chickpea cultivation.

IntroductionSalinity stress is one of the limiting factors for plant growth and production in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The use of potassium silicate as the second most common element in soil is one of the strategies used to reduce the effects of environmental stresses such as salinity. Considering the increasing challenge of water and soil salinity and its limiting effects on the growth, development, and production of faba bean, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of potassium silicate on improving germination and growth indices, and to determine the tolerance threshold of faba bean seeds to salinity stress. Materials and MethodsA factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with four replications at the Laboratory of Ilam University, Iran, in 2024. The experimental factors were included potassium silicate at four levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.l-1) and five levels of salinity stress (0, 1, 4, 8, and 10 dS.m-1). The germination criterion was the protrugen of a radicle length up to 2 mm. At the end of the experiment, germination indices (germination percentage, germination rate, seed vigor index) and seedling growth (root and seedling dry weight and length) were measured. Results and Discussion The application of potassium silicate under non-salinity stress conditions (salinity of 0 and 1 dS.m-1) had no significant effect on the germination percentage of faba bean seeds; however, the germination percentage increased by 20.7, 23.8, and 26.7 percent with the application of 150 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate under salinity stress conditions of 4, 8, and 10 dS.m-1, respectively. The germination rate of faba bean seeds under non-salt stress conditions was not affected by pretreatment with potassium silicate. The germination rate of faba bean seeds with application of 150 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate under salinity stress conditions of 8 and 10 dS.m-1 was 23.9 and 26.7 percent higher than without its application, respectively. Under non-salinity stress conditions, application of 100 mg l-1 potassium silicate increased the vigor index of faba bean seeds by 25.4% compared to the control. Under salinity stress conditions of 8 dS.m-1, application of 50 and 150 mg l-1 potassium silicate improved the vigor index of faba bean seeds by 73.7% and 79.0%, respectively. Salinity stress at levels of 1, 4, 8, and 10 dS.m-1 reduced the length of faba bean rootlets by 21.8, 39.7, 44.2, and 60.0%, respectively, compared to the absence of salinity stress. The highest shoot dry weight (0.414 g.plant-1) was observed with the application of 100 mg.l-1 potassium silicate under non-salt stress conditions, which was 8.5% higher compared to the control. Under 10 dS.m-1 salt stress conditions, the application of 100 and 150 mg.l-1 potassium silicate improved the shoot dry weight of faba bean by 86.5 and 66.5% compared to the control. The highest root dry weight (0.419 g.plant-1) was observed with the application of 100 mg.l-1 potassium silicate under no salt stress conditions, which was 11.5% higher compared to control. Under 10 dS.m-1 salt stress conditions, the application of 100 and 150 mg l-1 potassium silicate improved the dry weight of faba bean root by 60.1 and 65.6% compared to the control. According to the Moss and Hoffman’s equation, the tolerance threshold to salinity stress in faba bean based on relative germination without the application of potassium silicate was 0.52 and its decreasing slope was 5.48. The threshold of tolerance to salinity stress in faba bean with the application of 50, 100, and 150 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate was 0.62, 0.22, and 1.32 and its decreasing slope was 5.5, 93.4, and 22.4, respectively. Based on the three-parameter sigmoid model, the salinity stress that reduced bean seed germination by 50% by applying different amounts of 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg.l-1 of potassium silicate was 8.75, 9.41, 9.38, and 10.10 dS.m-1, respectively. ConclusionsIt can be concluded that the faba bean plant is sensitive to salinitySeed priming with potassium silicate at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg.l⁻¹ effectively mitigates salt stress in faba bean and significantly enhances the plant's tolerance to salinity.

IntroductionTo identify and introduce cultivars with high yield and stability, evaluating the genotype-by-environment interaction in multi-environment trials is of paramount importance. One of the most significant challenges for lentil breeders is selecting genotypes with high yield across diverse environments. Assessing genotypes in different environments can lead to the identification of genotype(s) with high yield potential and yield stability. Genotypes exhibiting lower responses to environmental effects typically have lower genotype × environment interactions and are desirable selections for breeders, especially if they demonstrate higher yield potential compared to control. Various univariate and multivariate methods exist for evaluating genotype-environment interactions. This study evaluated the grain yield stability of advanced lentil genotypes in tropical climates using two methods: univariate (non-parametric statistics) and multivariate (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction, AMMI). Materials and Methods Fifteen selected genotypes along with two check cultivars, Gachsaran and Sephar, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications across eight environments (four warm and semi-warm regions: Gachsaran, Khorramabad, Moghan, and Ilam over two years). Each experimental plot consisted of four rows, 6 meters long, with a plant density of 200 plants per square meter. Grain yield was measured after harvest. To analyze the data, after ensuring the homogeneity of error variances across environments using Bartlett's test, a combined analysis of variance was performed for the eight studied environments. The METAN package in the Rver4.3.2 statistical software was used for AMMI analysis, calculation of non-parametric statistics, and plotting AMMI1 and AMMI2 biplots. Results and DiscussionThe results of the combined analysis of variance for grain yield (based on the AMMI model) showed that the effects of environment, genotype and the interaction of genotype × environment were significant at the statistical probability level of 1%. Considering the significance of the genotype × environment interaction, it is possible to perform stability analyze on data in order to interpret this interaction. Stability analysis using the non-parametric TOP statistic, identified genotypes 12 and 10 as the most stable genotypes. The Kang statistic also ranked genotypes 12 and 13 as the best genotypes. Among the non-parametric statistics, TOP and Kang placed high-yielding genotypes at the top of the yield stability rankings, whereas the rankings based on Thennarasu , Nassar and Huehn statistics favored genotypes with lower mean yields. According to the Thennarasu statistic, genotypes 5, 6, and 2 were identified as the most stable, but all three had low mean yields. Similarly, genotypes with high yield stability based on the Nassar and Huehn statistics, had low mean yields. By calculating the SIIG statistic and considering all non-parametric statistics, genotype 12 was found to have the best combination of yield and yield stability. In addition to this genotype, genotypes 13, 1, and 11 could also be considered desirable, considering both yield and stability. One of the most widely used multivariate methods for stability analysis is the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. The results of the combined analysis of variance for grain yield based on the AMMI model showed that the first three principal components of the genotype × environment interaction were significant, explaining approximately 40.4%, 26.5%, and 19.8% (a total of 86.7% for the first three components and 67.1% for the first two components) of the genotype × environment interaction, respectively. The AMMI1 biplot, considering mean grain yield and the value of the first principal component, identified genotypes 10, 11, and 12 as superior genotypes. The AMMI2 biplot, considering the values of the first and second principal components, also identified genotype 12 as the most stable in terms of grain yield. The two check cultivars, Gachsaran and Sephar, showed lower yield stability than the superior genotypes based on both biplots. Genotypes positioned at the center of the biplot exhibit general stability and are recommended for cultivation across most of the investigated environments. In contrast, genotypes located farther from the center and closer to specific environments demonstrate stability exclusive to those environments. In this regard, genotype 3 exhibited specific adaptation to environment 4, while genotypes 13 and 14 showed specific adaptation to environments 2 and 1, respectively. ConclusionsBased on the obtained results, genotype 12 stands out as the best performer in terms of both high yield and stability. Therefore, it can be considered a promising candidate for release as a new cultivar in warm and semi-warm regions.

IntroductionMixed cropping is one of the components of sustainable agriculture, if done correctly and the appropriate plant species are selected, it increases yield, improves economic efficiency, preserves natural resources, increases the efficiency of resource use in organic farming and it can be useful in pest, diseases and weeds control. Mixed cropping of oilseeds and legumes is a type of mixed cropping systems that increases the performance of the mixed components, reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizer compared to pure cultivation, increases the efficiency of the consumption of nutrients and water, and causes disruption of specific host diseases. According to the fact that the two plants, bean and sesame have an acceptable time of simultaneous cultivation, therefore it seems that the Mixed cropping of these two plants can achieve the benefits of a mixed cultivation system and increase the productivity of production in the management of weeds. Based on the conducted research, the mixture of oilseeds and legumes increases the performance of the components of the mixture, and on the other hand, due to the potential of nitrogen biofixation in legumes, it reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizer compared to their pure cultivation and significantly suppresses facilitate weeding. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the weed control methods on yield and land equation ratio under the influence of mixed cropping bean and sesame. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted as a 6×3 factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2019-2020 in a farm of Hossein Abad village at Shirvan- Iran. The treatments included different ratios of sesame: bean at 6 levels (100:0, 25:100, 50:100, 75:100, 100:100 and 0:100) at the optimum bean and sesame density (40 pl. m-2) and weed control methods in three levels including the use of trifluralin herbicide (960 a.i ha-1) mixed with the soil surface two weeks before planting, and hand weeding 35 and 55 days after planting (DAP). Irrigation was done by drip irrigation every week until seed filling stage. When the sesame seeds were at the physiological ripening stage and the pods of the bean plant were yellow, harvesting was done from an area of ​​one square meter on 24 September. After drying the harvested plants in the open air, their biomass and seed yield were measured and the land equation ratio (LER) was determined. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that in all bean and sesame mixed cropping ratios, especially the 75:100 ratio, hand weeding treatments had a higher LER compared to the trifluralin herbicide application treatment. The highest bean grain yield (336.16 g.m-2) and biomass (953.68 g.m-2) and the highest sesame grain yield (252.68 g.m-2) and biomass (average 860.88 g.m-2) were observed in pure bean sesame cultivation + use of trifluralin. However, in all bean and sesame mixed cropping treatments, LER was higher than monoculture treatments. The highest LER (1.80) was observed in the hand weeding treatment 55 days after planting in the 75:100 (sesame:bean) mixed cropping ratio. Therefore, the aforementioned treatment can be useful and recommended in weed management as well as increasing yield and biomass in bean and sesame mixed cropping systems. ConclusionsAccording to the results of this research, mixed cropping of sesame and beans with a ratio of 75:100 (sesame:bean) + 55 DAP can be useful and recommended in this mixed cropping system and it’s weed management in Shirvan-Iran conditions. However, in pure cultivation of beans and sesame, the use of trifluralin has better results.

Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), with an average production of 439 kg.ha-1, is one of the most important pulses that holds a special place in rain-fed conservation farming systems in Kermanshah, Kordestan and Lorestan provinces of Iran. Recently, it covers 6.9% of the cultivated land area for agricultural products and accounts for 5.3% of the total rain-fed crop production, placing it fourth in rank. High distance between global mean of grain yield (1038 kg.ha-1) and Iran (439 kg.ha-1) is significant and weeds are the most important limiting factors in chickpea production systems in Iran, and due to the limited registered herbicides, increasing row spacing and using non-selective herbicides by shielded sprayers is one of the other ways for application of these herbicides in chickpea farming. Optimizing chickpea row-spacing and the application possibility of non-selective herbicides in chickpea was our objective in this experiment. Materials and Methods In order to study planting pattern and chemical control effects on weed population and yield of rain-fed chickpea farming, two experiments conducted. Field experiments were conducted in East Azerbaijan and Hamadan provinces and greenhouse experiment was in Alborz province of Iran in 2021-2022. The field and greenhouse experiments were conducted as completely randomized block design and a completely randomized design with four replications, respectively. In field experiment, two intra-rows spacing of chickpea (35 and 53 cm) and seven herbicides (including: imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%) at a rate of 100 ml.ai ha-1, imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%), at a rate of 100 ml.ai.ha-1 +cytogate (at a rate of 2%), oxyfluorfen (Goal® EC 24%), at a rate of 168 ml.ai.ha-1, phenmedipham + desmedipham +ethofumesat (Betanal progress OF®. EC 27.4%), in two rates: 160 and 300 ml.ai.ha-1, protected application of imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%), at a rate of 100 ml.ai.ha-1+ paraquat (Gramoxone® SL 20%), at a rate of 600 ml.ai.ha-1, protected application of paraquat (Gramoxone® SL 20%), at a rate of 600 ml.ai.ha-1, pyridate ((Lentagran® EC 60%), at a rate of 1200 ml.ai.ha-1 and control were evaluated. In green house experiment, different doses of Phenmedipham+ Desmedipham+ Ethofumesat (Betanal progress OF® in 411, 548, 685 and 822 ml.ai.ha-1) and its application time (2, 4, 6 and 8 leaf stages) were tested. Weed dry weight, visual evaluation and chickpea grain yield were evaluated 30 days after treatments and in the end of experiment and data were analyzed by Sas, Mstatc and Sigmaplot software and means were compared by Duncan. Results and DiscussionDominant weeds in two locations were Alyssum spp., Descurainia sophia, Acroptilon repens, Galium aparin, Polygonum aviculare, Astragalus sp., Euphorbia spp., Fumaria parviflora, Poa spp., Gypsophila spp., Allium spp., Falcaria vulgaris and Geranium spp. Field results indicated that all herbicides had the same effect on the weed dry weight and chickpea grain yield at both planting row distance. Therefore, the distance between chickpea planting rows can be increased up to 53 cm for the use of shielded sprayers. In terms of herbicide efficacy in the Hamadan and Maragheh regions, protected application of Imazethapyr + Paraquat was found to be the best treatment for weed control. This treatment resulted in an average weed dry weight of 1.7 grams per square meter in Hamadan and 7.3 grams per square meter in Maragheh. With this treatment, weed dry weight was reduced by approximately 94.4% and 69.9% compared to the control, respectively. Chickpea grain yield was highest with Imazethapyr + Cytogate and Pyridate, resulting in an increase of approximately 83% and 75.4%, respectively, compared to the control in Maragheh region. In Hamadan region, Oxyfluorfen showed an increase in chickpea grain yield up to 122.7%, Pyridate up to 125.4%, and Imazethapyr + Paraquat up to 111.7% compared to the control. Betanal progress OF® (at a rate of 3 l.ha-1) also exhibited good weed control but like Imazetapyr, is not recommended for use due to its damage on chickpea growth and grain yield. Additionally, Paraquat has been removed from the registered list in Iran; therefore, it is not recommended for application on chickpeas either. ConclusionsFor improved weed control in chickpea, it is recommended to increase row spacing to 53 cm and use a protected application of non-selective herbicides (such as Imazethapyr). However, it is important to note that Paraquat has been removed from the list of registered herbicides in Iran and cannot be recommended for weed control in chickpea. Instead, other approved non-selective herbicides can be recommended, provided they are applied using a shielded sprayer. Additionally, Betanal progress OF® is also caused damage to chickpea in both field and greenhouse conditions and it do not recommend.

IntroductionCowpea is among the most important plants of the legume family, being a good source of protein, fiber, and essential nutrients. Cowpeas are also cost-effective and have high nutritional value. It has been shown that priming seeds with zinc can improve seedling vigor, growth, and overall plant performance. Priming seeds with ZnSO4 has been found to increase plant tolerance to environmental stress such as drought and water deficiency. Overall, it has been well-documented that priming seeds with zinc can be a promising practice for improving crop productivity under environmental stresses. Considering the simplicity of this technique and the widespread use of priming seeds with nutrients, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of priming seeds with zinc sulfate on some physiological traits, improvement in drought tolerance, and seed yield of two cowpea varieties. Materials and Methods The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of seed priming with zinc sulfate on the plant growth and yield performance of two different varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under two different soil water content conditions. The experiment was carried out as a pot experiment in 2022 at the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University. Treatments were replicated four times. The three main factors included the irrigation level (irrigation at 70% or 50% of the field capacity), the cowpea genotype (local and Mashhad), and the priming of seeds with zinc sulfate (hydropriming, prime level 1, prime level 2). Seeds were primed in either 0.14% or 0.28% zinc solution. ZnSO4.7H2O was used as the source of zinc. After surface sterilization, seeds were soaked in a solution with different concentrations of zinc sulfate (‎0.14% or 0.28%‎) for 5 hours at a ratio of 1:3 distilled seed to solution (w.v-1). 20 seeds were planted in each pot. Plants at the 4-5 leaf stage were subjected to well-watered and water-stressed conditions. At the 50% flowering stage, leaf samples were randomly taken from 5 plants in each pot, and various plant growth and physiological characteristics such as fresh and dry weight, plant height, leaf surface area and weight, as well as the rates of photosynthesis and transpiration, leaf relative humidity, and leakage rate were measured. Results and Discussion The results of the analysis of variance of the present study showed that the effect of water deficiency on some growth, physiological and biochemical traits such as leaf area and weight, photosynthesis rate, transpiration intensity, electrolyte leakage, water ratio per thousand seed weight, and harvest index was significant. Treatments affected by seed priming with zinc showed better growth performance under stress conditions than control treatments (no priming). Additionally, the effect of the variety on traits such as photosynthesis rate, and harvest index was significant. The highest leaf weight (7.10 g) was observed in the irrigation treatment with 70% of field capacity (FC), Mashhad variety, and prime level 2, while the lowest leaf weight (2.11 g) was recorded in the irrigation treatment with 50% of crop capacity, local variety, and hydropriming. The Mashhad cultivar exhibited a higher photosynthesis rate (4.99 μMol CO2.m-2.S-1) than the local cultivar (4.65 μMolCO2.m-2.S-1). The application of 70% FC led to a two-fold increase in the rate of photosynthesis (6.07 μMol CO2.m-2.S-1) compared to irrigation with 50% of FC (3.56 μMol CO2.m-2.S-1). The highest and lowest transpiration rates were observed under the conditions of no stress in the Mashhad cultivar (160.1 mmol H2O.m-2.S-1) and under the conditions of stress in the local cultivar (0.72 mmol H2O.m-2.S-1), respectively. Under low irrigation, the lowest (46%) and highest (49%) percentage of electrolyte leakage were obtained in priming level 2 and hydropriming, respectively. Regarding the traits related to yield, the highest number of pods per plant (8.22) was obtained in the Mashhad variety under well-irrigation conditions (70% FC), and the lowest amount (5.56) was obtained in the local variety with 50% FC. Under well-watered conditions (70% FC), the Mashhad variety had an 18% superiority in the number of seeds per plant compared to the local variety. The highest amount of seed yield in the pot was obtained under well-watered conditions and priming with 0.28% zinc solution resulting in a 28% increase compared to 50% FC and hydroprime. The use of the Mashhad cultivar under well-watered conditions led to the production of the highest harvest index (53.85%), while applying water deficit reduced the harvest index to 39.71%. ConclusionsDrought stress and water deficiency are the most significant constraints contributing to reduced bean yields in arid and semi-arid regions. The findings of the present study indicate that water deficit stress can significantly decline plant yield, but seed priming with zinc could mitigate the negative effects of water stress, particularly on the plant's physiological traits. Priming seeds with zinc resulted in improved photosynthesis and subsequently increased seed yield compared to control seeds

IntroductionGiven that successive droughts, particularly recent ones, have impacted most regions of Iran, drought stress is recognized as one of the major challenges for crop production in the country's arid and semi-arid regions. Beans grow in a wide range of areas that are subject to seasonal droughts and wide fluctuations in soil moisture in different years. Nevertheless, drought stress causes a significant decrease in bean seed yield, and the amount of yield decrease is different depending on the time, stress intensity and studied genotype. Due to environmental conditions in areas where bean cultivation is common, water deficit may occur more than once during the crop growth cycle. In addition, when a dry period (two to three weeks) occurs, especially during flowering, yield reduction will be significant. Drought-adapted cultivars in beans require less water for irrigation and thus help conserve water resources. Despite the desire of farmers to maximize the use of irrigation to increase production in dry and semi-arid conditions, even in the absence of water restrictions, excessive irrigation is not logical; therefore, in such a situation, the efficiency of water consumption in the farm should be optimized. Deficit irrigation is an optimization strategy that purposefully allows the plant to tolerate some degree of deficit irrigation and reduced yield. Several studies show that lack of irrigation causes a significant decrease in the number of seeds, seed weight, number of fertile pods, number of seeds in pod, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. Of the two main components of seed yield (seed number and seed weight), seed number shows higher sensitivity to water deficit. In this regard, in this research, it has been tried to evaluate the effects of drought stress on yield and yield components in 16 genotypes and cultivars of chiti beans and determine the genotypes with optimal yield under water limitation conditions. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation on some phenological and yield traits of chiti beans, 14 promising chiti bean genotypes obtained from breeding programs along with Sadri and Kosha control cultivars, in two consecutive crop years from 2022 to 2023, at Kheirabad Zanjan Research Station, in two conditions normal irrigation (irrigation cycle of 5 days) and deficit irrigation (irrigation cycle of 9 days) were investigated. The experiment was performed at both conditions and in both years, as basic of complete randomized blocks design with 3 replications. Combined variance analysis and mean comparisons were performed and simple correlation coefficients between traits and stepwise regression analysis of traits affecting grain yield in both irrigation conditions were calculated. Results and Discussion Variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the 5 and 9 day irrigation cycles in the number of plants per plot and the number of pods per plant at the 1% level, and in the plant height and yield at the 5% level. There was significant difference between genotypes in terms of all the studied traits (except the number of plants in plot) at the probability level of 1%. Irrigation cycle of 9 days decreased plant height, seed yield and its components including number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight. G8, G10, G14 and G15 genotypes had the highest and G13 and G2 genotypes had the lowest seed yield. Correlation analysis showed that in irrigation cycles of 5 and 9 days, there is the highest relationship between seed yield and the number of pods per plant. On the other hand, in the 5-day irrigation cycle, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, and the 100 seed weight, and in the 9-day irrigation cycle, only the number of pods per plant were included in the regression model and had the greatest impact on seed yield. ConclusionsThe number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod and the 100 seed are considered the most important components affecting seed yield and by justifying the large amount of changes in seed yield, they can be used as important traits to improve bean yield in breeding programs in different conditions. Therefore, G8 genotype with the highest number of pods per plant and high weight of 100 seeds can be introduced as a favorable genotype for cultivation in dry conditions.

Introduction beans Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus, is one of the most important legumes cultivated in many countries around the world. According to statistics published by the Ministry of Agriculture, the cultivated area of beans in Iran is 91798 ha with an average yield of 2307 kg.ha-1. In Markazi province, the cultivated area of beans is 13401 ha with an average yield of 2786 kg.ha-1, making it one of the major bean-growing regions in the country. The bean pod borer, scientifically known as Helicoverpa armigera Hufn. (Lep.Noctuidae), is one of the important pests. Materials and Methods To address the damage caused by this pest to bean crops, a project was conducted to study changes in the population of adult insects and larvae over two years (2022 and 2023). In each of the two study areas (Milajerd and Khomein), two infected farms (approximately one hectare each) were selected (a total of 4 farms), and 3 delta traps were placed in each farm in a triangular pattern and 100 meters apart. To eliminate edge effects for trap installation, traps were placed 5 meters inside the field and then installed. Traps were placed at a height equal to the tallest part of the plant using wooden stakes. This height was maintained throughout the experiment. Traps were installed before flowering and collected prior to crop harvest. Insects caught in pheromone traps were collected and counted weekly. To monitor larvae, two additional infested farms (each approximately one hectare and different from the farms where traps were installed) were selected. From each farm, 30 plants were randomly chosen during mid-flowering, and the number of larvae was counted every two weeks until harvest. To assess the extent of damage, 30 plants were selected from each farm after crop maturation and before harvest. For each plant, all healthy and damaged pods were identified, and the number of holes per pod, the damaged seeds in each pod, and the total seeds per pod due to pest activity were counted. Finally, the percentage of infection was estimated. Results and Discussion The findings from the pheromone trap study showed that, over the two-year period, Khomein county had a higher pest population than Milajerd. In the first year in Khomein county, the peak population was observed on Mordad 1 (July 23) in all three traps across both fields. In the second year, on the seventh of Mordad (July 29), the peak population of night moths occurred in Khomein county. In Milajerd county, the peak of moth capture happened in the first and second years on the sixteenth of Mordad (August 7) and the eleventh of Mordad (August 2) respectively. Examination of larval populations indicated that the peak of larval (First and second instar larvae) populations also occurred two weeks after the peak of night moth capture. Since local red and white bean varieties are more cultivated in Khomein and Milajerd counties respectively, the contamination level of red beans in Khomein compared to white beans in Milajerd has been higher. Therefore, to prevent pest spread, it is recommended that in areas with high contamination, cultivation of local white bean varieties should be prioritized over local red bean varieties. The investigation of the distribution and damage level of bean pod borer in important bean-growing areas of Markazi province over two years in five bean-growing regions (Arak, Khomain, Shazand, Milajerd, and Khondab) showed that Khomain and Khondab had the highest and lowest infestation rates, respectively. Red pods showed more sensitivity to this pest compared to green and white pods. In this study, the highest population of bean pod borer larvae was recorded in the mid-flowering stage (Ashtari et al., 2022). The results of this research align with findings on the sensitivity of red bean pods and the timing of bean pod borer population emergence. Studies have shown that the optimal timing for chemical control of chickpea pod borers is when the maximum number of small larvae appears, typically coinciding with the mid-flowering and early pod formation stages (Shafaghi et al., 2022). Conclusions Considering that the largest population of bean pod borer larvae was about two weeks after the peak of the flight, therefore, it is recommended that if the population of this pest is high and there is a need for chemical control, it should be done about two weeks after the peak of the flight. Also, in order to reduce the percentage of pollution, it is recommended that if possible, farmers prioritize the cultivation of white beans over Chiti and red beans.

IntroductionChickpeas, with 37.8 % of the total production of pulses, ranked first in Iran and produced 168142.5 t.ha-1 in 439872 ha of area harvested. The largest area under cultivation of chickpea is located in Kermanshah, Kurdistan and Lorestan provinces in Iran. Various strategies for weed management can be used in autumn-sown chickpea, including application of interrow cultivator, crop management (crop rotations) and application of herbicides. Herbicide can be considered as one of the effective measures to reduce weed damage in chickpea. Like other pulses, chickpea is more likely damaged by post (post emergence) herbicides than PRE (pre emergence) herbicides. This indicates the limitations of herbicides, especially post-emergence herbicides for broadleaf weeds in chickpeas. Ccurrently, only few herbicides are recommended for chickpea in Iran. Farmers in Iran prefer to manage weeds, by hand weeding or using cultivator between rows, due to potential risk of herbicide damages, high cost involved in herbicide applications, and limited herbicide options for selective weed control. Considering the wide range of weed species in chickpeas in different regions of Iran, autumn-sown requires herbicides that provide a broader spectrum of weed control. Furthermore, the preventing of weed resistance to herbicides makes it necessary to increase the diversity of herbicides. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to compare new PRE-herbicide (flumioxazin) with different rates as IBS, PRE, and early-post with previously used herbicides, in terms of weed control and subsequently increase grain yield of chickpea. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out in Kermanshah, West Azerbaijan and Hamadan during crop year 2021-2022, Iran. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 12 treatments and four replicates. Treatments included pre-emergence (PRE) application of novagap (aclonifen 600 SC) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1, oxyfluorfen (SC 24%) at 0.7 l.ha-1, clean sheet (flumioxazin, WP 50%) at100 g.ha-1, post-emergence (POST) application of aclonifen at 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 l.ha-1, PRE application of oxyfluorfen at 0.7 l.ha-1+POST application of aclonifen at 1.5 l.ha-1 and hand weeding. 30 days after post-emergence spraying, density and dry weight of weeds per plot were determined and compared with untreated control. At harvesting, grain yield, plant height and dry weight of chickpea was measured per unit area. Variance analysis of chickpea data was also done through SAS software, and then the averages were compared based on Duncan's test (p<0.05). Results and DiscussionAt kermanshah visual evaluation results showed that the highest reduction in weeds (87 to 90%) was observed in PRE application of aclonifen at 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1 and flumioxazin without any significant difference. In addition, PRE application of aclonifen 2 l.ha-1 had a very good efficiency (91-100%) in reducing the density and dry weight of weeds of R. rugosum, C. album and C. orientalis. Also, C. intybus and C. oxycantha were controlled by this treatment with a lower percentage (72-81%). The highest grain yields of chickpea in Kermanshah (590.5 to 609 kg.ha-1) was observed in the PRE aclonifen at 2 and 3 l. ha-1 that had no significant difference with hand weeding. At Hamadan, the highest weed control efficiency (95%) found in aclonifen at 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1, flumioxazin, oxyflourfen and oxyfluorfen + aclonifen. The results in Hamedan showed that flumioxazin, post aclonifen 2.5 l.ha-1 and PRE aclonifen 2, 3 and 4 l.ha-1, oxyfluorfen and oxyfluorfen + aclonifen favorably reduced the density of D. Sophia, Alyssum spp. and total weeds. In the visual evaluation, the highest efficiency belonged to aclonifen at 4 l.ha-1, followed by PRE aclonifen at 2 and 3 l. ha-1, flumioxazin and oxyfluorfen + aclonifen. At Hamedan, PRE aclonifen at 2 l. ha-1 and flumioxazin had the highest grain yield of chickpea with 309 and 322 kg.ha-1, respectively, and there was no statistically significant difference with each other and hand weeding treatment. At West Azerbayjan, the highest weed control (84 to 86%) belonged to a PRE application of aclonifen at 3 and 4 l.ha-1 and POST application of aclonifen at 2.5 l.ha-1 that there was no significant difference between them. At West Azerbayjan, after hand weeding, aclonifen 3 l. ha-1 and flumioxazin had the highest grain yield of chickpea with 1251 and 1254 kg.ha-1, respectively. ConclusionsAccording to the results, aclonifen is recommended as a pre-emergence application at 2 to 3 l.ha-1 and flumioxazin at 100 g.ha-1 for the control of broadleaf weeds in rainfed autumn- sown chickpea.

IntroductionSustainable production is essential for ensuring food security of a growing population. Despite having a high potential for paddy fields in the northern provinces of Iran, unfortunately, most of these paddy fields are planted only once a year and farmers suffer from seasonal unemployment after rice harvesting until the next year. Second crop is one of the ways to increase land productivity and paddy farmers' income which in turn, prevents their migration. The second crop is a type of multiple cropping where the first crop is harvested before planting the second crop. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an annual legume with a high protein content. Faba bean is considered an important food legume crop in Iran, especially in the northern provinces. Cultivation of faba bean as a second crop in paddy fields can help sustainable production. Efficient access to the optimum level of nutrient elements in the soil is very important for plant growth and development. The application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is one of the most appropriate methods to increase crop production. Determining the optimum levels of chemical fertilizers plays an important role in increasing the yield and sustainable production of faba bean. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate morphological traits, yield and yield components of faba bean under different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in paddy fields. Materials and MethodsIn order to investigate the effects of different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers on morphological traits, yield and yield components of faba bean in paddy fields, a factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in two consecutive seasons at the research fields of Rice Research Institute of Iran in Rasht. Experimental treatments were three levels of nitrogen (46, 69 and 92 kg.ha-1 from urea fertilizer source), two levels of phosphorus (48 and 96 kg.ha-1 from triple super phosphate source) and three levels of potassium (50, 75 and 100 kg.ha-1 from potassium sulfate source). A treatment without fertilizer usage was considered for an independent comparison. For measuring the yield and yield components of faba bean, ten plants in each plot were selected randomly after removing marginal effects and the traits were measured. The protein content of samples was determined by the Kejeldahl method. After measurement of the sample total nitrogen by applying factor 6.25, the seed protein content was measured. Data was analyzed using SAS 9.1 and mean comparisons were done by least significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% probability level. Results and DiscussionThe orthogonal analysis results revealed that the fertilizer treatment had a significant effect on all measured traits of faba bean. The results of variance analysis showed that nitrogen fertilizer had significant effects on all studied traits of faba bean except seeds per pod. The application of phosphorus fertilizer significantly affected branch number, pods per plant, seeds per plant, protein content, pod yield, biological yield, grain yield and protein yield. Among nitrogen levels, the highest plant height, branch number, pods per plant, seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, pod yield, biological yield, grain yield and protein yield were obtained by applying 92 kg.ha-1. The yield and yield components of faba bean were improved with increasing rate of phosphorus fertilizer, and the highest pods per plant (18.8), seeds per pod (4.6), seeds per plant (46.5), grain yield (3996.9 kg.ha-1), pod yield (13385 kg.ha-1), biological yield (34442 kg.ha-1), and protein yield (1233.2 kg.ha-1) were obtained due to addition of 96 kg.ha-1. The pods per plant, seeds per pod, pod yield, grain yield and protein yield were significantly increased with increasing rates of potassium up to 100 kg.ha-1. ConclusionsAccording to the results and due to large areas of paddy fields in northern provinces of Iran, use of the areas for faba bean cultivation after rice harvesting can be a helpful solution for sustainable rice production, achieving self-sufficiency and ensuring food security. Overall, the results suggest that applying nitrogen (92 kg.ha-1), phosphorus (96 kg.ha-1), and potassium (100 kg.ha-1) fertilizers is recommended to achieve maximum yield and sustainable production of faba beans as a second crop in the paddy fields of Guilan province.

IntroductionIn contemporary agriculture, the monoculture system of cereal crops is prevalent. Legumes are the most important plant family for crop rotation and sustainable agriculture due to their nitrogen fixing capabilities. Rainfed agricultural ecosystems are the largest food-producing biomes globally, with water scarcity and fluctuating rainfall being the most significant limiting factors for crop production. The growing demand for freshwater resources will increase the agricultural sector's vulnerability under future climate conditions, restricting production. Kermanshah province, where 78.4% of the land is arid, faces unique weather conditions and is particularly affected by drought stress. In rainfed farming systems, a suitable solution to conserve water at the farm scale is to create a suitable planting bed. The most common method of seed bed preparation among farmers is the normal flat planting method. The flat planting method, which is easy to prepare, is associated with a series of basic problems, such as reducing the efficiency of water use, reducing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use, reducing plant establishment, and the soil capping. Preparing the planting bed by changing the physical conditions of the seed bed, i.e. the thermal, humidity, ventilation and resistance characteristics of the soil, can affect the seedling emergence and the growth of the plant. By creating a ridge and furrow bed and nylon mulch, the soil moisture can be saved for different stages of plant growth. Materials and MethodsThe current research was carried out in the research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University during the cropping years of 2019 and 2020 as a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. The treatments included nylon mulch (without nylon, nylon on the plant and nylon on the soil) and the method of planting in the bed (flat planting, planting in a 50 cm furrow, planting in a 100 cm furrow). The dimensions of each of the experimental plots were 2 m x 2m. In each plot, there were four rows of cultivation at a distance of half a meter, and the distance between the plants on each row was 10 cm. The distance between the experimental plots was one and a half meters. The traits studied included nitrogen use efficiency, leaf specific weight, leaf area index, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, number of leaves per plant, plant height, dry weight of broadleaf weed, dry weight of narrow leaf weed, crude protein of green seed, and leaf greenness index. After Bartlett's test, the results showed that the dry weight of broad-leaved weeds, the dry weight of narrow-leaved weeds, seed protein and leaf greenness can be analyzed as a combined analysis of variance over two years, and the rest of the traits can be analyzed separately in each year. The data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.1 and the mean of the treatments were compared with the LSD method at a probability level of 5%. Results and DiscussionAccording to the results of analysis of variance per year, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, specific leaf weight and nitrogen consumption efficiency (first year) and specific weight leaf (second year) were affected by the double interaction of nylon and planting bed. The combined analysis of variance showed that broadleaf weed dry weight and leaf greenness were affected by the triple interaction effect of year, nylon and planting bed. According to the mean comparison results (first year), the highest and lowest leaf area index values were obtained in the treatment of nylon on the plant with planting in a 50 cm furrow (3.82) and treatment without nylon with planting in a 50 cm furrow (3.26), respectively. The highest and lowest efficiency of nitrogen use were related to the treatment of nylon on soil with planting in a 50 cm furrow (152 kg.kg-1) and treatment of without nylon and flat planting (81 kg.kg-1), respectively. According to the comparison of the mean of the combined analysis of variance, the highest dry weight of broadleaf weeds was obtained in the treatment of the first year, nylon on the plant and flat planting (489 kg.ha-1), and the lowest in the treatment of the first year, nylon on soil and planting in a 100 cm furrow (71 kg.ha-1). ConclusionsIn this study, the plastic cover on the soil had the highest nitrogen use efficiency and the lowest weed growth due to weed suppresion. These two factors are acceptable reasons for increasing the growth under treatment of plastic cover on the soil. In line with the report of various studies, the treatment of planting in the 50 cm furrow floor reduced the drought stress and increased the growth of the plant by affecting the available water, and this drought stress reduction was more evident in the second year due to the low amount of rainfall.

IntroductionPulses, including red beans, are a significant source of protein in human nutrition. Increasing yield per unit area is one of the most important factors for increasing crop production. Todays the increase in crop yield occurred by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, including nitrogen fertilizers, which caused environmental hazards and consequently human health. Humic acid is a natural organic polymer compound that results from the decay of soil organic matter, peat, lignin, etc., which can be used to increase the product and its quality. One of the important benefits of using humic acid is the ability to chelate various nutrients such as potassium and magnesium and other elements to overcome the lack of nutrients. Humic acid also creates more space for water to penetrate through physical modification and improved soil granulation. Plant density is another important agronomic factor that manipulates micro- environment and affects growth, development and yield of plants. Within certain limits, increase of plant population density declines the growth and yield per plant but the reverse occurs for yield per unit area. The optimum plant density to attain highest yield may vary with the genotype and agronomic factor. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of sulphurous humic acid and plant density on growth and yield of red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (Ofogh, Dadfar and Yaghoot). Materials and MethodsThe experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the Bojnord city located in north east of Iran during the year 2022. The experimental factors were: plant density at three levels (18, 25, and 40 plants per m2, sulfur-containing humic acid (0 (no application humic acid) 4 and 6 liters per hectare) and red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (Ofogh, Dadfar and Yaghoot). Humic acid treatments were applied in the stages of two to four leaves, before flowering and after pod formation, depending on the level of treatment. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that Yaghoot cultivar had the highest plant height (71 cm) while, Dadfar had the lowest plant height (40 cm) at all three plant densities. Yaghoot cultivar also had the highest seed number per pod (4.1) and seed yield (4450 kg.ha-1) with application of 6L per hectare humic acid while, Dadfar cultivar had the lowest seed per pot (2) and seed yield (766 kg.hac-1). Results showed the best cultivar was Yaghoot and then Ofogh due to growth traits. The best plant density was 40 plants per m2 and among the humic acid levels, application of 6 lit per hectare had the best results. In the absence of fertilization, the amount of total chlorophyll of cultivars Yaghoot and Ofogh was not affected by the density, However, increasing of humic acid significantly increased the amount of total chlorophyll in all three cultivars and the highest amount of chlorophyll obtained at the highest level of humic acid and plant densities 18 and 25 for Yaghoot and the density of 18 plants for Dadfar. ConclusionsIn general, it was concluded that humic acid and plant density have been able to have a positive effect on most of the growth traits and photosynthetic pigments of red bean plant. The best cultivar was Yaghoot variety and then Ofogh variety and the best plant density was 40 plants per square meter. Among the humic acid levels, the consumption of 6 liters per hectare had the best result. By observing the appropriate level of density, variety and humic acid, we will be able to harvest the maximum yield of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (Ofogh, Dadfar and Yaghoot) in Bojnord region.

IntroductionDrought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that has an undesirable effect on crop production and their quality and leads to osmotic, ionic, and nutritional limitations as well as growth delay, metabolic disorders and oxidative stress in plants. Iran has a dry and semi-arid climate. Due to this problem, there is a possibility of drought stress during the growth period of plants. Presently, the production of legumes in the country is mostly under rainfed conditions and drought stress is one of the main factors reducing the yield of legumes. Mung bean is a small grain of valuable legume. Evaluation of the performance of different cultivars is considered a starting point in identifying drought-resistant cultivars. Cycocel is one of the most important growth retarders for tampering with growth and performance. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar application of cycocel on morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes under water deficit conditions. Materials and MethodsThis study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of foliar application of cycocel on the morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes under water deficit conditions, split-split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications, in the research farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Experimental factors included 3 levels of drought (non-stress, mild stress, and severe stress), 3 levels of cycocel foliar spraying (0, 400, and 800 mg.l-1), and 2 levels of mung bean cultivars (Hendi landrace and Zarbakhsh). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.4 and comparing the means was based on the LSD method at a 5% probability level. Results and DiscussionThe experimental results showed that the effect of drought stress, cycocel, genotype, and the interaction of drought stress and cycocel as well as drought stress and genotype on height, stem diameter, relative water content, stomatal conductance, leakage of electrolytes, greenness and chlorophyll content were significant. Severe stress, compared to non-stress conditions, caused a decrease in height (53%), stem diameter (30%), relative water leaf content (29%), stomatal conductance (68%), greenness (37%), chlorophyll a content (25%) and chlorophyll b content (30%) and leakage of electrolytes increased (60%). The results showed that both drought stress and cycocel caused a decrease in the height of the plant. At all levels of drought stress, the Hendi genotype had a higher plant height. Drought stress caused a decrease in the diameter of the stem, while the application of cycocel reduced the decrease in the diameter of the stem due to drought stress. Drought stress caused a decrease in the relative content of leaf water, while the application of cycocel reduced this decrease. Also, Drought stress reduced the stomatal conductance, while the application of cycocel slightly compensated this reduction. At all levels of drought stress, Zarbakhsh genotype had higher stomatal conductance, but the difference between the two genotypes in the treatment of non-stress was not significant. Drought stress increased the leakage of membrane electrolytes, and the use of cycocel reduced the increase in electrolyte leakage due to drought stress, and it was also found that the increase in electrolyte leakage due to drought stress was more intense in the Hendi genotype. Drought stress reduced the greenness of the leaf, while the application of cycocel slightly compensated this reduction. Also, at all levels of drought stress, the Zarbakhsh genotype had higher leaf greenness, but the difference between the two genotypes in the treatment of 100% crop water requirement was not significant. The chlorophyll a content of leaves decreased due to drought stress, while the application of cycocel reduced the severity of this decrease. Also, at all levels of drought stress, the Hendi genotype had lower leaf chlorophyll a content. ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that under drought stress, there was a decrease in plant height, stem diameter, relative water content, stomatal conductance, greenness, chlorophyll a and b content, along with an increase in electrolyte leakage. Among mung bean cultivars, the Zarbakhsh cultivar showed superiority in tolerance to water shortage conditions compared to another one. The use of cycocel reduced the negative effects of drought stress on the plant. It appeared that the use of cycocel under drought stress conditions is effective for improving plant performance.

IntroductionPulses, including red beans, constitute a significant protein source in human nutrition. Beans exhibit symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. In recent years, the growing concern for the nutritional quality of products derived from diverse agricultural systems, particularly in relation to chemical fertilizers and their impact on human health and the environment, has prompted the adoption of sustainable agriculture practices. Beans, being water-intensive plants, are susceptible to dehydration. Consequently, this research, driven by persistent drought occurrences, diminishing groundwater levels, the deleterious effects of chemical fertilizers on agricultural lands, and escalating fertilizer costs, as well as the availability of various cultivars of red beans, has advocated for the implementation of drip irrigation, biological fertilizers, and the cultivation of new bean varieties with enhanced seed yields. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was conducted in the years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 under farm conditions in Aligudarz city, using a 3-replicate split-plot factorial RCBD. The primary factors examined were irrigation methods (furrow and drip), while cultivars (Akhtar and Yaghout) and fertilizers (NPK applied according to the bean fertilizer table, application of biochemical fertilizer, and pure nitrogen application at 30 kg during the three-leaf and five-leaf stages) served as secondary factors. The dimensions of each plot were 6 meters in length and 2.5 meters in width and included 5 rows of planting. weed and pest and disease control were carried out. The traits of the efficiency of remobilization of dry matter to the seed, the share of seed yield from remobilization of plant dry matter and the share of seed yield from plant current photosynthesis, the capacity to accumulate photosynthetic materials and seed yield evaluated and measured. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using the GLM procedure in SAS. The least significant difference test (LSD) was used to assess the significance of differences in treatment means at the 5 percent probability level. Results and DiscussionThe highest efficiency of remobilization dry matter to seeds in this experiment was of Yaghout cultivar using NPK fertilizer in 2019, which due to the longer vegetative growth and more leaves, led to more photosynthesis and the conditions for producing more reproductive organs. As a result, The highest efficiency of remobilization of dry matter (22%) during the growth period, compared to Akhtar variety (9%) had the highest efficiency of remobilization of dry matter to the seeds. In this experiment the highest and lowest efficiency of remobilization of dry matter to seed was with the use of furrow irrigation in 2019 and the use of drip irrigation in 2020. Also, in each of the irrigation methods, the efficiency of remobilization of dry matter to the seed in 2019 was significantly higher than in 2020. The difference in years from the point of view of this attribute should be considered due to the difference in atmospheric parameters in these two years. Remobilization of dry matter to seed and current photosynthesis of the plant are two important components of the final yield of the plant, and investigating their role as components of seed yield is one of the goals of this experiment. The highest share of seed yield was obtained from remobilization of plant dry matter from the Yaghout cultivar and with the application of NPK fertilizer in 2019 (39.69%) and in 2020 (34.3%). However, the highest share of seed yield from current photosynthesis was assigned to the Yaghout cultivar with the use of NPK fertilizer in both years of the experiment. The share of seed yield from current photosynthesis of the plant is the result of the remobilization of dry matter to the seed as well as the current photosynthesis of the plant. The highest capacity to accumulate photosynthetic materials was obtained in Yaghout cultivar under drip irrigation. while the lowest amount was observed in the Akhtar cultivar with furrow irrigation. Akhtar and Yaghout cultivars in drip irrigation showed capacity to accumulate photosynthetic materials more than furrow irrigation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the physiological parameter of capacity to accumulate photosynthetic materials had the most significant correlation with seed yield in this experiment. The highest seed yield was obtained from the Yaghout cultivar with the application of bio-chemical fertilizers, and the lowest seed yield was of Akhtar cultivar with the application NPK fertilizer. Moreover, the correlation between the variables suggests that the high capacity for assimilating substances in the storage of seeds is the most critical factor influencing the increase in seed yield per unit area. ConclusionsCorrelation coefficients between traits showed that seed yield had the most positive and significant correlation with the share of seed yield from current photosynthesis of the plant and the accumulation capacity of photosynthetic materials. In other words, the two-year results of this experiment showed that the seed yield is mainly the final result of the current photosynthesis of the plant and the capacity for material accumulation in the seeds. Considering the persistent challenges of drought, significant depletion of groundwater, and the escalating costs of chemical fertilizers in recent years, coupled with their adverse impacts on agricultural soils, alongside the genotypic diversity of red beans, there exists a potential to markedly enhance seed yield. This can be achieved by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and adopting a combination of biochemical fertilizers and the drip irrigation method in conjunction with the use of genetically modified cultivars of red beans. Strengthening these physiological components emerges as a key pathway to realizing this improvement.

Introduction Considering the limitation of arable land, the most effective factor in increasing the production of beans is to conduct research in the field of agronomic and breeding in order to increase the yield per unit area. In order to determine the effect of genetic or environmental factors on a trait, different genotypes should be studied in multiple environments. The varying responses of genotypes in different environments, coupled with the interaction effects of genotype in the environment, render the selection of genotypes from one environment to another challenging. Therefore, examining genotypes in diverse environments holds significant importance in determining the appropriate breeding strategy for the release of adapted cultivars to the target environments. Considering the role of genetic diversity in the advancement of breeding programs, the study of morphological and phenological characteristics that determine yield is a suitable method to achieve selection criteria for improving yield and improving and introducing compatible and high-yielding cultivars. Seed yield is a complex trait that is controlled by a large number of genes, and selection based on yield alone is often not successful. For this reason, one of the ways to identify high-yielding genotypes is to study traits that have a significant relationship with seed yield, so that by selecting or removing them, the accumulation of desirable genes in improved cultivars can be done. Considering the climatic conditions of different regions of Iran, this research was conducted in order to investigate the yield and yield components of red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in 4 major bean growing regions in the country. Materials and Methods 14 red bean genotypes along with Yaghout, Ofogh and Dadfar varieties (Controls) were studied in randomized complete block design with three replications in four research stations of Khomein, Broujerd, Shahrekord and Zanjan for 2 crop years (2018-2019). At the time of harvest, each plot was harvested separately and the yield of each plot was weighed after threshing. After collecting data related to yield and its components, combined variance analysis, simple variance analysis related to each location and mean comparisons were performed. Also, correlation analysis and step-by-step regression were used to investigate the relationship between yield and its components. Results and DiscussionThe results showed that there is a significant statistical difference between the studied locations, years and genotypes in terms of all traits at the probability level of 1%. The significance of genotype × location interaction for all traits made it necessary to analyze the variance separately in each investigated location. The significance of double interactions indicates the relative instability of the traits of different genotypes in different times and places. The highest seed yield was observed at Khomein station in G12, Yaghot and G4 genotypes, Borujerd in G14 and G13 genotypes, Zanjan in Yaghot and G12 genotypes and Shahrekord in G12 and G16 genotypes. Based on the days to maturity the Ofogh variety, G9, G16 and to some extent G4 genotypes, and based on its yield and yield components, the G12 genotype and Yaghuot and Dadfar varieties were introduced as desirable genotypes. Correlation analysis showed that there is a positive but non-significant correlation between seed yield and number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and number of seeds per plant. Regression analysis showed that the traits of number of seeds per pod, days to maturity, number of pods per plant and 100 grain weight are included in the regression model as effective traits and among these traits, days to maturity with a negative coefficient and the number of pods per plant with a positive coefficient were more effective in seed yield. Conclusions This study showed that according to the yield and its components in red beans, it is better to introduce a specific variety for each region. Based on the number of days to maturity, Ofogh (check) and G9, G16, and to some extent G4 genotypes, and based on its yield and components, genotypes G12 and G5 can be reported as favorable genotypes. Besides the seed yield, the yield components including the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and the 100 grain weight also played a role in selecting better lines; therefore, indirect selection through the selection of these traits can be effective in increasing seed yield. Finally, it can be concluded that apart from seed yield, yield components including the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per plant, and the weight of 100 seeds can also be effective in selecting superior genotypes; therefore, indirect selection through these traits can be effective in increasing grain yield

IntroductionFaba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the oldest cultivated legumes, widely grown in temperate regions and at high altitudes in tropical areas. This crop thrives in wet and cool conditions, while hot and dry weather can severely damage its yield. Therefore, the sowing date must be carefully selected to avoid excessive heat, particularly during the flowering period. In field data analysis, the 'environment' refers to any recommended management practice for producers, such as sowing date, planting density, or fertilizer application. GGE biplot (Genotype plus Genotype-by-Environment biplot) and PLSR (Partial Least Squares Regression) can be used to analyze these datasets. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the interaction between variety and sowing date by multiplicative models such as SREG and GGE biplot and to evaluate the quality of varieties using a sensory panel. Materials and MethodsThe present experiment was carried out in a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Soamesera, Gilan province. The main factor in this experiment was sowing date (11 November, 11 December, 10 January and 9 February) and the split factor was faba bean varieties (Guilan landrace, Barakat, Feiz, Shadan and Mahta). Evaluation of the effect of sowing date was caried out by analysis of variance, mean comparison, GGE biplot and PLSR methods by GEA-R software. A sensory panel was used to evaluate the quality of taste in the fresh seeds of bean varieties obtained from the first sowing date by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U using SPSS software. Results and DiscussionAnalysis of variance showed that the effect of variety were significant on all traits including days to emergence, days to pod formation, plant height, green pod length, stems per plant, seeds per pod, pods per plant, hundred seed weight, green pod yield, biological yield and harvest index. The effect of sowing date was significant on all traits except stems per plant. The interaction effect of two factors was also significant on all traits except days to emergence and stems per plant. For traits with significant interaction between two factors, the mean comparison of variety (sub factor) was carried out at each level of sowing date (main factor). Days to pod formation, plant height and pods per plant in all varieties had a downward trend from the first to the fourth sowing date. Feiz had the longest length of green pods and the highest number of seeds per pod in all of sowing dates. Mahta and Shadan with smaller seed size had more pods per plant than other varieties. Shadan and Faiz had more hundred seed weight compared to other varieties in the late sowing dates. The highest seed yield was obtained in Shadan (431.65 g.m-2) on 11 November and the lowest yield was obtained in the Guilan landrace (75.65 g.m-2) on 9 February. With the delay in sowing, the seed yield decreased in Barkat, Feiz and Guilan landrace, but in Mahta and Shadan, with the delay in sowing, the seed yield decreased until the third sowing date, and again increased on the fourth sowing date. GGE biplot analysis showed that Barkat, Feiz and Shadan had the highest; and Mahta and Guilan landrace had the lowest seed yield. Also, Faiz and Guilan landrace had more stable yield in different sowing dates. Based on another view of GGE biplot, the best genotype for first sowing date was Guilan landrace; for second sowing date, Feiz; for third sowing date, Barket; and for fourth sowing date, Shadan and Faiz. In PLSR approach was investigated the relationship between the dependent variable (seed yield, Y) and the climatic explanatory variables (X variables). The results showed that the genotypes had different responses to different sowing dates and also their climatic needs were different, so that Mahta, Shadan and Barkat were more under the influence of temperature factors at the end of the growing season, and Faiz and Guilan landrace were more under the influence of temperature factors at the beginning of the growing season, as well as the amount of precipitation and evaporation in whole period of growth. Wide temperature range (difference between high and low temperature) at the end of the growing season has a negative effect on the yield of Feiz and Guilan landrace, while low temperature at the beginning of the growing season has a positive effect on these genotypes. Evaluation of the quality of taste with a sensory panel in the fresh seeds showed that Feiz had the highest rank of taste among the varieties. ConclusionsIn conclusion, although Guilan landrace and Feiz had more stability of yield in comparison with other varieties, considering the higher yield of Faiz compared to Guilan landrace and also its superiority in the sensory panel, this variety can be considered as a substitute for Guilan landrace faba bean in Guilan province. Also, the results of this study show the significant reaction of the seed yield of all five varieties to the sowing date and the necessity of timely sowing to achieve high yield. According to the results of this study, the best time to sowing broad beans in all five varieties was on the 11 November and 11 December; and in case of delay in sowing, Feiz are more recommendable than other varieties.

IntroductionChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a plant from the legume family, which is usually cultivated under rainfed conditions. This crop is mostly cultivated in late winter or early spring. In these conditions, there is a high probability of heavy rains (short or long term) and there is a possibility of waterlogging in early spring and during the early growing stages of chickpea. In waterlogged conditions, due to the lack or absence of oxygen in the plant roots occur anaerobic conditions and greatly reduced the amount of energy production in the roots. In this case, the root does not have the necessary energy to transport materials from the cell membrane, and plants face ionic stress, reduced hydraulic conductivity, and reduced water absorption. Reduced and disrupted root growth leads to diminished shoot growth, impaired water and nutrient absorption, and ultimately lower grain yield. In general, the extent of damage caused by oxygen deficiency depends on the plant species, variety, growth stage, soil type, and environmental conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of waterlogging on chickpea cultivars (Desi and Kabuli), physiological characteristics, root growth and yield. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications in the research farm via pot of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2013-2014. Factors included chickpea cultivars ILC482 and Azad (from Kabuli type) and Kaka and Pirooz (from Desi type) and duration of waterlogging including no waterlogging (control), 4, 8 and 12 days at 30 days after planting (vegetative stage). Physiological traits (relative water content, membrane stability and pigments) as well as total root length, root dry weight, number of nodes, main root length and root volume in a destructive way in the pod setting stage, as well as in the ripening stage, root traits, remobilization, relative water content, membrane stability, pigments, seed protein, biological yield, seed yield, 100-seed weight and plant height were investigated. Planting was done in the first year on March 11, 2013 and in the second year on March 15, 2014. The size of plastic pots was 30 x 30 cm. 30 days after planting were applied treatments. Compound analysis of data was done with SAS software and means comparisons were performed using the least significant difference (LSD) at the 5% level. Results and DiscussionThe results of compound analysis showed that there were significant differences between the two years in seed yield and the number of seeds per plant. In the second year, the seed yield and the number of seeds per plant compared to the first year increased by 16.9% and 12.1%, respectively. In the second year, the ambient temperature was lower. At a lower temperature, the waterlogging damage is more severe to plants. The total dry matter yield of chickpea cultivars in waterlogged conditions was significantly different and Kaka, Pirooz, ILC482 and Azad cultivars were 4.42, 3.19, 2.99 and 2.54 g.plant-1, respectively. The highest damage to seed yield in waterlogging in 12 days was related to Azad variety (71% compared to the control). In waterlogged conditions, the seed yield was in Kaka (1.51 g.plant-1), Pirooz (1.16 g.plant-1), ILC482 (0.95 g.plant-1) and Azad (0.97 g.plant-1). There was a significant difference between Kabuli type and Desi type, however, grain yield in Desi type was 28.3% higher than Kabuli type. In the pod setting stage, the Pirooz cultivar in the control treatment had the highest total root length with 7741 cm (in the first year) and 7432 cm (in the second year), but the lowest was in the second year at the Kaka cultivar and 12 days with 440 cm. In general, with the increase of the duration of flooding in chickpea cultivars, the total root length decreased significantly and between 4 days, 48.4 to 60.4 percent, 8 days to 8.8 to 70.8 percent, and 1.12 days from 81 to 89.4 percent. In all treatments, the control treatment (without waterlogging) had the highest chlorophyll a, and the amount of chlorophyll a decreased in other treatments. However, no reduction was observed in Pirooz in 4, 8 and 12-day treatment. Chlorophyll b had a different response to waterlogging levels and cultivar. Chlorophyll b was the highest in ILC482 in control treatment, while in Azad, Kaka and Pirooz treatments, chlorophyll b increased with increasing duration of waterlogging. Pigment carotenoids in ILC482 and Azad significantly decreased with increasing duration of waterlogging, but it was not significant in Kaka and Pirooz cultivars. Overall, carotenoids were less fluctuating in the desi type. ConclusionsWaterlogging in the vegetative stage even for 4 days with a decreasing effect on total root length, number of nitrogen fixing nodes, plant height, total dry matter, chlorophyll and carotenoids content, membrane stability index, relative leaf water content, biological yield, seed protein, the number of seeds per plant and the weight of 100 seeds and finally caused a decrease in seed yield. Among the components of seed yield, the amount of damage was higher on the number of seeds per plant. In general, the seed yield of ILC482 and Azad (Kabuli type) was lower than that of Kaka and Pirooz (Desi type). In the second year, due to the lower air temperature compared to the first year, the damage to the total root length and total dry matter decreased. This experiment provides valuable results on the response mechanisms of chickpea to waterlogging stress and can help develop strategies to improve its performance in waterlogged environments, which are expected to waterlogging increase due to climate change. However, more research is needed to investigate the response of different chickpea species to short-term and long-term waterlogging conditions.

IntroductionLentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) from the Fabaceae family, is a self-fertilizing and diploid annual plant (2n=14), herbaceous and botanically has a short and branched stem with a bright green color. Drought stress is one of the most common climate-related challenges in nature, and few plants can fully overcome it. It is a major factor limiting plant growth. Given that over 80% of the area under lentil cultivation in Iran relies on rainfed agriculture, drought has the greatest impact on reducing yield during various stages of the plant's growth and development. Supplementary irrigation technique is effective in reducing the possible risk and increasing the reliability of crop yield under rainfed conditions. Planting density can play an important and strategic role in plant yield. Materials and MethodsThe present experiment was conducted in the crop year 2023. The soil of the study site, first, was plowed and then disked and finally leveled with a trowel. Before planting, the seeds were disinfected using Captan fungicide to prevent lightning disease. After the initial preparation of the land, planting was done at the end of March 2023. The experiment was carried out in the form of split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor (main plots) included two levels (irrigation at the time of planting and no supplementary irrigation) and the sub factor (subplots) was related to planting density (100, 200 and 300 plants per m2). All crop care was done at a certain time according to the customs of the research area. In this research, the characteristics of plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of branches per plant, dry weight of a whole plant (biomass), total weight of seeds of a plant (seed yield), 100-seed weight and the SPAD value were measured. Relevant measurements were performed with standard methods. SPSS version 26 software was used for statistical analysis of data. Results and DiscussionThe results of this study showed that there is significant genetic diversity for the studied traits. Based on the Analysis of variance results, in the case of supplementary irrigation factor, the traits of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield, 100-seed weight and SPAD value at the probability level of 1% (P≤ 0.01) and for traits of plant height and seed yield were significant at the 5% probability level (P≤ 0.05). Regarding the planting density, traits of number of pods per plant, biological yield, seed yield, 100-seed weight and SPAD value were significant at 1% probability level (P≤ 0.01). Considering the interaction effect of these two factors (supplementary irrigation and planting density), the number of seeds per plant was significant at the 5% probability level (P≤ 0.05) and the 100-seed weight was significant at the probability level 1% (P≤ 0.01). Mojdeh cultivar with a density of 100 and 200 plants per m2 and with additional irrigation conditions at the beginning of flowering had the best yield (3.26 and 2.93 g, respectively). Correlation analysis (Pearson method) of traits showed that there is a significant correlation between the yield and other evaluated traits (P≤ 0.01 and P≤ 0.05), which indicates the relationship between yield components and yield which can pave the way for future agricultural and plant breeding research on the same topics as current research. Conclusions According to the results of this experiment, it seems that the density of 100 or 200 plants per m2 is suitable for lentil cultivation in conditions similar to the location of this research. The results also showed the significant diversity and difference for most traits, which can be useful and practical in future agricultural and breeding programs.