INTRODUCTION. The most important quality indicators of a radiopharmaceutical (RPh) are its radiochemical purity (RCP) or radiochemical impurity content (RCI), the values of which are standardized. Mandatory control testing of lyophilisates to assess composition, authenticity, apyrogenicity, and sterility is guaranteed by the manufacturer. Evaluation of the technetium-99m labeling process for lyophilisates, which can be influenced by numerous factors, is usually the responsibility of the end user. The methods presented in quality regulatory documents were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and some of them require adjustment due to the upgrading of measurement instrumentation and the emergence of new materials.AIM. To summarize the 10-year experience (2015–2025) of an accredited testing laboratory by analyzing the quality control results of 99mTc-RPhs routinely used in clinical practice, to adjust existing analytical methods specified in manufacturers’ quality documents, and to develop new ones.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Quality control of technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals was performed using the most significant parameters, RCP/RCI, following the methods presented in the approved quality documents of the manufacturers. The radiopharmaceuticals were prepared from lyophilisates and eluate (Na99mTcO4 solution) from 99Mo/99mTc generators of the GT-2M, GT-4K, and GT-5K types.RESULTS. During the 10 years of operation, the accredited laboratory tested 1106 radiopharmaceuticals. Analytical methods for determining RCP/RCI based on thinlayer chromatography (TLC) were identified and tested for the radiopharmaceuticals “Macrotech, 99mTc,” “Bromezida, 99mTc,” and “Pentatech, 99mTc,” replacing the previously used filtration and high-voltage agarose gel electrophoresis methods. For the radiopharmaceutical “Technemek, 99mTc,” a chromatographic method was tested instead of determining the radiochemical composition indicator. This method allows simultaneous determination of the technetium-99m complex with dimercaptosuccinic acid (retardation factor, Rf 0.45–0.70), free Na99mTcO4 (Rf 0.9–1.0) and hydrolyzed reduced technetium-99m (Rf 0–0.15).CONCLUSIONS. Of the total number of radiopharmaceuticals tested over the 10-year period, only a limited number of radiopharmaceuticals (3.2%) had an RCP below the acceptable level. The advantages of the proposed methods lie in the simplification of the analytical procedures, which will allow their use in a medical facility immediately before administration of the radiopharmaceutical to the patient, as well as reliable determination of the most important quality indicator of the radiopharmaceutical (RCP), which is responsible for accumulation in the target organ. The developed methods can be proposed for inclusion in draft pharmacopeial monographs and to the manufacturers of lyophilisates for their incorporation into quality regulatory documents.
INTRODUCTION. Lipid nanoparticles represent a promising platform for targeted drug delivery, including nucleic acids, as demonstrated by COVID-19 vaccines. Unlike conventional dosage forms, lipid nanoparticles are complex supramolecular systems where the formation of critical quality attributes occurs during nanoparticle self-assembly and is not subject to post-production correction. The traditional approach based on end‑product testing is insufficient, which justifies the implementation of the Quality by Design philosophy integrating the requirements of ICH Q8, Q9 and Q10.AIM. Systematic analysis of existing methodological approaches for the determination, assessment, and quality control of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA, and identification of critical quality attributes in accordance with the requirements of ICH guidelines Q8(R2), Q9, and Q10.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A systematic analysis of ICH Q8–Q10 guidelines was performed. For quantitative risk assessment, the Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis method was applied with the calculation of the Risk Priority Number (critical threshold ≥ 50). The Ishikawa diagram was used to systematically identify factors affecting the critical quality attributes of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA.RESULTS. The highest Risk Priority Number values were obtained for encapsulation efficiency (100), particle size (80), mRNA content (75), polydispersity index (64), and lipid composition (60). pH and osmolality were non‑critical (8). Five categories of risk factors were identified: manufacturing process, equipment, raw materials, working conditions, and personnel. Based on the identified critical quality attributes for mRNA, a three‑level manufacturing control strategy was developed for lipid nanoparticles for mRNA: incoming raw material control, in‑process control using Process Analytical Technology, and final release testing with validated methods according to ICH Q2(R2).CONCLUSIONS. The implementation of Quality by Design in the development and manufacturing of lipid nanoparticles for mRNA is scientifically justified. The proposed approach, including Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis and the Ishikawa diagram, can be adapted for specific processes and products. Based on the identified critical quality parameters, a three-level quality strategy was developed covering every stage of lipid nanoparticle manufacturing for mRNA.
INTRODUCTION. Medicinal oxygen is a vital medicinal product. The current General Pharmacopeial Monographs (GPM; in Russian, OFS) of the 15th edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (SP RF), regarding the control of impurities in medicinal gases, are excessively voluminous and duplicate the requirements of the Pharmacopeial Monographs (PM; in Russian, FS), which complicates their practical application. The standards require updating based on international harmonization, taking into account the national specifics of analytical control.AIM. To systematize and comparatively analyze global and national quality standards for medicinal oxygen to optimize the structure and content of the GPMs and PMs of the SP RF.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A comparative analysis of monographs from leading foreign pharmacopeias (European Pharmacopoeia [Ph. Eur.], United States Pharmacopeia [USP], Indian Pharmacopoeia [IP], Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China [ChP], Japanese Pharmacopoeia [JP], and State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Belarus [SP RB]) and draft GPMs/PMs of the 15th edition of the SP RF was conducted. The requirements for medicinal oxygen were evaluated depending on the production method (cryogenic rectification and short-cycle unheated adsorption). RESULTS. It was established that international pharmacopeias regulate the quality of medicinal oxygen regardless of the production method, relying on highly selective physicochemical methods. Discrepancies in the impurity limits between the USP, Ph. Eur., and IP were identified. The case for retaining gas chromatography in Russian practice, successfully implemented both in domestic production control and in control laboratories, has been substantiated, provided that the general approaches to describing methods in the GPMs are harmonized.CONCLUSIONS. A strategy differentiating methodological approaches was developed: the GPMs contain general testing principles, while the PMs specify the specific analytical parameters. Draft PMs for medicinal oxygen (93%, liquid, and compressed) have been prepared and approved, ensuring a balance between integration into international standards and retention of proven national competencies.
INTRODUCTION. Cell-based medicinal products are among the most complex biomedical medicinal products, with manufacturing processes associated with a high risk of microbial contamination and the impossibility of terminal sterilization. Ensuring the sterility of these products requires the implementation of a comprehensive risk-based microbiological control system throughout all stages of the manufacturing process.AIM. A review of current approaches to developing a sterility assessment strategy for cell-based medicinal products.DISCUSSION. The analysis demonstrated that conventional pharmacopeial sterility testing approaches have limited applicability to cell-based medicinal products due to their short shelf life, limited sample volume, and the interference of cellular components with microbiological test results. The major sources of contamination are starting biological material, personnel, the manufacturing environment, equipment, culture media, and transportation stages. Current international GMP, EMA, FDA, PIC/S, and EAEU requirements are focused on the implementation of a contamination control strategy, continuous monitoring of aseptic processes, and a risk-based approach. Alternative rapid microbiological methods are becoming increasingly important, as they significantly reduce the time required to obtain results and improve the speed of batch release decision-making.CONCLUSIONS. The modern strategy for sterility assessment of cell-based medicinal products should be based on an integrated microbiological risk management system that incorporates aseptic manufacturing, monitoring of critical process parameters, a contamination control strategy, and the use of validated alternative microbiological testing methods. Such an approach improves the reliability of microbiological safety assurance for cell-based medicinal products throughout all stages of their manufacturing and clinical application.
INTRODUCTION. The current regulatory framework of the Republic of Kazakhstan does not provide for a special legal regime governing the compounding and circulation of radiopharmaceutical medicinal products (RMPs) in healthcare organizations. As a result, the requirements of legislation regulating pharmacy operations, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and medical activities apply to this sphere simultaneously, creating legal uncertainty and difficulties in the application of legislation. This necessitates the development of a differentiated approach to the legal regulation of this activity.AIM. To analyze the legal and regulatory framework for in-hospital compounding of radiopharmaceutical medicinal products in the Republic of Kazakhstan and to assess the compliance of current requirements with the practical conditions of healthcare organizations' activities.DISCUSSION. Pharmacy compounding of RMPs in the Republic of Kazakhstan is regulated by several normative legal acts belonging to different regulatory regimes: pharmaceutical, medical, and radiation safety. The Code “On Public Health and the Healthcare System” exempts pharmacy‑compounded radiopharmaceutical medicinal products from state registration; however, it does not establish a specialized regulatory model for this category of products. The Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) standard is primarily oriented toward non-radioactive medicinal products and does not fully account for the specific characteristics of radiopharmaceutical medicinal products. The Standard for the Organization of Medical Care in the Field of Nuclear Medicine introduces requirements that are close to an industrial manufacturing model, including infrastructure elements and quality systems comparable to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) principles. While such an approach is reasonable for large-scale production facilities, it appears excessive for healthcare organizations that prepare RMPs solely for their own clinical use. The analysis revealed the need to develop a dedicated set of regulatory legal acts based on a risk-oriented approach, taking into account the dual nature of RMPs as both medicinal products and sources of ionizing radiation.CONCLUSIONS. To achieve a balance between the accessibility of radiopharmaceutical technologies and the assurance of quality and safety of RMPs, it is advisable to establish a clear regulatory differentiation between the in-hospital compounding of RMPs (including their clinical use as methods of personalized medicine) and the industrial production of RMPs subject to state registration. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop a risk-based regulatory model for the preparation of medicinal products, tailored to the practical conditions of healthcare organizations' activities in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The implementation of these approaches will reduce regulatory risks, enhance legal certainty, and create a sustainable foundation for the further development of nuclear medicine in the Republic of Kazakhstan.
In this interview, E.A. Mamashina, Deputy Head of the Testing Centre for Medicinal Products Quality Control, discusses the objectives and tasks of laboratory quality expertise within the framework of registration procedures and the introduction of medicinal products onto the market. Data on the activities of the Testing Centre for Medicinal Products Quality Control in 2025 are presented (1702 assignments, 2140 medicinal product names; a 22% increase in the volume of products released onto the market). The impact of the transition to Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) regulations (98% of assignments under the Union), sanctions-related and logistical challenges faced by applicants, and regulatory mechanisms for overcoming them, including remote testing, are discussed. Special attention is given to pre-registration services provided by the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products: the procedure for preliminary sample calculation (60% increase in requests in the first half of 2026), method development and validation, stability studies, raw material control, and training workshops.
INTRODUCTION. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent used in organ trans plantation, for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and also in ophthalmology. Cyclosporine-based medicinal products (MPs) are registered in the Russian Fede ration in various dosage forms (DFs); the most widely used are “capsules” and “oral solution”. Since the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (SP RF) does not include pharmacopeial monographs for the pharmaceutical substance (PS) and DFs of cyclosporine, it is relevant to conduct a comparative analysis and summarize the requirements of foreign pharmacopeias regarding the control of their quality.AIM. To perform a comparative analysis and summarize the requirements of foreign pharmacopeias for the quality of cyclosporine-based medicinal products (selection of quality attributes, regulatory requirements, and analytical methods) in order to prepare recommendations for drafting a national pharmacopeial monograph for the pharmaceutical substance cyclosporine and for developing corresponding specifications for cyclosporine-based medicinal products in the dosage forms “cap sules” and “oral solution”.DISCUSSION. To define the pharmacopeial quality standards for the PS of cyclospo rine, the current monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.), British Phar macopoeia (BP), United States Pharmacopeia (USP), Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP), Phar macopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (ChP), International Pharmacopoeia (IntPh), and Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) were analyzed; for the DFs of cyclosporine, the monographs included in the USP, IP, BP, and ChP were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the following attributes were identified for inclusion in the phar macopeial monograph for the PS of cyclosporine in the SP RF: “Description”, “Solu bility”, “Identification”, “Clarity of solution”, “Color of solution”, “Specific rotation”, “Related substances”, “Loss on drying”, “Bacterial endotoxins”, “Microbiological puri ty”, “Heavy metals”, “Sulfated ash”, and “Assay” along with their acceptance criteria and determination methods (infrared [IR] spectrometry, ultraviolet [UV] spectro metry, and high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]). Data on impurities (process-related impurities formed during fermentation; degradation products) and the control of their content in the PS of cyclosporine were summarized. Methods for the identification of the active substance in the DFs of cyclosporine (a combination of two methods, e.g., HPLC and thin-layer chromatography [TLC]) and for the assay of cyclosporine (HPLC) were determined; assay limits were established, as well as specific attributes requiring control: for the “capsules” DF, “Dissolution” and “Uni formity of dosage units”; for the “oral solution” DF, “Ethanol content” (if ethanol is used as a solvent), “Deliverable volume” (if a multidose package is used), and “Uniformity of mass (volume) of doses” (if a dosing device is used).CONCLUSIONS. Based on the results of the comparative analysis and summariza tion of the requirements of foreign pharmacopeias for the PS of cyclosporine and cyclosporine-based MPs in the DFs “capsules” and “oral solution”, recommendations were prepared for the development of a pharmacopeial monograph in the SP RF for the PS of cyclosporine and corresponding specifications for cyclosporine-based MPs in the DFs “capsules” and “oral solution”, covering identification methods, im purity limits, and the inclusion of other necessary attributes.
In the context of the transition to a common market for medicinal products within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and further har monization of national legislation with supranational requirements, assessment of the impact of regulatory framework updates on the development of the Rus sian pharmaceutical sector is of great importance. A sequential analysis of cur rent regulatory legal acts was carried out. Key provisions approved by the new documents that entered into force in the Russian Federation in early 2026 in connection with the transition to the common market for medicinal products in the EAEU include extension of the validity of national registration certifi cates, transition to the unified registration rules in the EAEU, and regulation of the manufacturing and circulation of individual biotechnological medicinal products. These regulatory changes are aimed at creating a balanced system of circulation of medicinal products, on the one hand, ensuring the continuity of the supply of medicinal products to the population and minimizing the risk of shortages of these products, and, on the other hand, improving their quality and safety. Of particular importance is the development of regulatory frame work for personalized medicine, which opens up new opportunities for the treat ment of serious diseases using innovative technologies.
INTRODUCTION. Gadobutrol is a macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent used in diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In accordance with pharmacopeial requirements, the determination of elemental impurities in this substance is mandatory. The high concentration of gadolinium in the matrix, relative to the regulated permissible limits of target impurities, necessitates specialized methodological approaches for elemental analysis.AIM. To develop and validate a method for determining elemental impurities in gadobutrol using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The method was developed using model mixtures containing standard solutions of the elements analyzed (Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Co, V, Ni, Tl, Au, Pd, Ir, Os, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Pt, Li, Sb, Ba, Mo, Cu, Sn, and Cr). The oxidant mixtures and digestion methods were varied. Validation samples were prepared using a 200-fold dilution of gadobutrol (blank solution), to which varying amounts of standard solutions of the elements were added. The elemental content was determined using an Agilent 7900 inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. When selecting the measured Pt and Se isotopes, isobaric interferences arising from high concentrations of Gd in the matrix (198Pt and 82Se) were taken into account. To suppress polyatomic interference, a collision cell operated in helium mode was used. The following stabilizers were used to bind OsO4: aqueous solutions of sodium sulfite (7.5 g/L), potassium bisulfite (7.5 g/L), and thiourea (1 g/L).RESULTS. It was found that the use of H2O2 does not result in a significant improvement in element recovery. The optimal sample preparation is microwave digestion in a 4:1 mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids at 150 °C. Thiourea solution is the most effective stabilizing agent for obtaining accurate Os determination results. The assessed validation parameters (linearity, accuracy, repeatability, within-laboratory precision, and specificity) meet pharmacopeial acceptance criteria. The working range of the method enables the determination of all regulated elements at the levels specified by pharmacopeial requirements.CONCLUSIONS. The developed and validated method is recommended for implementation in the assessment of risks associated with the potential adverse effects of elemental impurities introduced into the human body upon administration of the Gadobutrol medicinal product.
INTRODUCTION. According to pharmacopoeial requirements, during the development and validation of the manufacturing process for radiopharmaceuticals, it is necessary to determine the content of impurities such as Pb, As, and Fe, as well as other elements that contribute most to the contamination of the drug product (for [18F]-PSMA-1007, these elements are Al, Zn, Cu, and Li). Previously, we developed a method for quantifying elemental impurities in [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The current study aims to assess its applicability to [18F]-PSMA-1007.AIM. Validation of the method for determining the content of Al, As, Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb and Li in the radiopharmaceutical [18F]-PSMA-1007 by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The tests were carried out on a sample of the radiopharmaceutical [18F]-PSMA-1007 with minimal content of the target impurities, to which varying amounts of standard solutions of the determined elements were added. The content of elements was determined using an Agilent 7900 mass spectrometer; the signal intensities of isotopes (amu) 7Li, 27Al, 57Fe, 63Cu, 66Zn, 75As, and 208Pb were recorded.RESULTS. It was established that the method for determination of elemental impurities in the radiopharmaceutical [18F]-PSMA-1007 meets the validation requirements specified in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation, 15th edition. The correlation coefficient of the linear dependence of signal on concentration for all determined elements is ≥0.99; the ratio of relative standard deviations at the minimum and maximum calibration levels is in the range of 0.5–2.0. The recovery of the method is characterized by acceptable accuracy (80–120%) for all determined elements. The relative standard deviation for all elements is ≤20% (repeatability) and ≤25% (intermediate precision). The actual values of the Fisher and Student test criteria are significantly below the critical values. The specificity of the method was confirmed, which allows unambiguous determination of each element in the presence of other elemental impurities and components.CONCLUSIONS. The analytical method for determining elemental impurities by mass spectrometry in [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose is applicable to the radiopharmaceutical [18F]-PSMA-1007. The method can be used by manufacturers of this radiopharmaceutical both for validation of their manufacturing process and, if necessary, for internal quality control of their products.
INTRODUCTION. Determination of pyrogenic contaminants in medicines is a critical quality indicator that guarantees the preservation of life and health of patients. In order to control such substances, the biological indicator "Pyrogenicity" was introduced in the middle of the 20th century, which is based on the assessment of the reaction of rabbits to the introduction of the test sample. In accordance with the 3R concept, since 2009, in addition to testing on rabbits, the European Pharmacopoeia has included a monograph of an alternative in vitro method - the Monocyte Activation Test. This test was included in the domestic pharmacopoeia in 2018 (OFS.1.2.4.0016.18 "Monocyte Activation Test"). However, to date, the method has not received wide application among manufacturers either in Russia or abroad due to the peculiarities of the test, related to the need for a significant amount of human blood to obtain monocytes, with a limited choice of reagent kits, etc. The "Pyrogenicity" test is still in demand in the field of determining pyrogenic impurities of any nature (bacterial endotoxins and non-endotoxin pyrogens). For more complete harmonization with European requirements, implementation of the 3R concept related to humane treatment of animals, the introduction of the monocyte activation test is one of the priority tasks. AIM. Evaluation of the possibility of using the monocyte activation test as a primary test for the determination of non-endotoxin pyrogens. DISCUSSION. The article describes pharmacopoeial methods for determining pyrogenic substances, analyzes in detail the method for determining pyrogens using human blood cells – monocytes. Currently, the monocyte activation test is the only in vitro test that allows determining the presence of pyrogens of any nature (bacterial endotoxins and non-endotoxin pyrogens). The test is a worthy example of implementing the strategy of replacing animal tests, it allows determining impurities in cases where control using other methods causes difficulties or cannot be performed. The main disadvantage that complicates the implementation of the test in routine control is the limited availability of human blood as a source of monocytes. Possible sources of monocytes that can be used to determine pyrogenicity, including animal blood cells, are discussed. In accordance with the trend to replace the in vivo test – "Pyrogenicity" with an alternative in vitro method, the need to master the application of the method in relation to biological and immunobiological medicinal products is shown. CONCLUSIONS. Based on the results of the theoretical analysis of the possibility of using the in vitro method as the main method for determining, first of all, non-endotoxin pyrogens, it was established that the world community is seriously determined to refuse the use of animals. The monocyte activation test is included in most pharmacopoeias of the world, as well as in the domestic pharmacopoeia, and is recommended for implementation as the main control.
INTRODUCTION. The expansion the nomenclature of herbal drugs and the development of standards for its quality allows us to provide the Russian pharmaceutical industry with new sources of biologically active substances for the creation of effective herbal drug preparations based on them with a favorable safety profile. AIM. Assessment of changes in the nomenclature and requirements for the quality of herbal drugs in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (Ph. Rus.). DISCUSSION. Herbal drugs are widely represented in foreign and in our pharmacopoeias. The number of monographs for new species of herbal drugs, as well as updated monographs previously included in the State Pharmacopoeia is growing. If the Ph. USSR X includes 45 monographs for herbal drugs, XI edition – 83 monographs, whereas the Ph. Rus. XV already has 118 monographs. Starting with the Ph. Rus. 13th edition, 106 monographs have been updated and 12 monographs have been included for new species of herbal drugs. It is required a comprehensive analysis of herbal drugs, starting with an assessment of the source of raw materials and ending with proof of the therapeutic efficacy of herbal drug preparations based on it, to include a new quality standard in the Ph. Rus. The requirements for the quality of herbal drugs have undergone changes: in qualitative and in quantitative determination, analysis of substances with therapeutic activity is more and more often used; qualitative reactions have been mainly replaced by chromatographic methods of analysis using standard samples of active substances or markers (active or analytical). For some species of herbal drugs impurities are identified (including unacceptable ones). Requirements with limits tests for the content of toxic substances (heavy metals and arsenic, radionuclides, residual pesticides) have been introduced. CONCLUSIONS. The inclusion of new species of herbal drugs in Ph. Rus. is accompanied by a significant change in quality requirements and their updating for species of herbal drugs previously included in the pharmacopoeia. Quality control of herbal drugs using new indicators will ensure the authenticity of herbal drugs and increase the safety of their use, which in turn will expand the range of effective and safe herbal drug preparations.
The concept of translational gap implies that the intensive development of basic biomedical research at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries has not, until recently, been accompanied by a proportional increase in the number of innovative drugs, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic technologies that have found application in clinical practice. Mikhail M. Galagudza, Director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine at the Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Russian Ministry of Healthcare, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, shares his thoughts on the causes of the translational crisis and ways of its resolution.
INTRODUCTION. Flavonoids contained in many plant species inhibit the induction of cytokines and arachidonic acid metabolites, which are tissue mediators of inflammation, thus exhibiting an anti-inflammatory effect. The leaves of black and gray alder contain flavonoids, phenolic carboxylic acids, tannins and can be considered as a new type of herbal medicinal raw materials. AIM. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of decoctions and gels containing the sum of biologically active substances of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and gray alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) leaves on laboratory animals using various models of inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts of black alder and grey alder leaves, as well as gels containing their alcoholic extracts, was studied in models of generalized and local inflammation induced by the administration of a 1% λ-carrageenan solution to Wistar rats (female and male). The anti-inflammatory effect in generalized inflammation was assessed by blood biochemical parameters (C-reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamate transferase), in case of local inflammation — by changes in the volume and mass of rat paws. RESULTS. On the model of generalized carrageenan inflammation, the effectiveness of aqueous extracts of black and gray alder leaves was evaluated on days 4 and 7. It was found that introducing aqueous extracts determines a statistically significant decrease in the specific inflammation indicator — level of C-reactive protein in animals receiving an infusion of black alder and grey alder leaves of intragastric introduction. Using models of local carrageenan inflammation, it was established that under the influence of infusions and gels containing biologically active substances of black and gray alder leaves, there was a statistically significant decrease in the increase in weight and paw diameters compared to control groups. The edema inhibition index (calculated by weight) for the gel containing black alder leaf tincture based on 60% ethyl alcohol was the highest and amounted to 57.95% in females and 56.53% in males, for the gel containing grey alder leaf tincture based on 70% ethyl alcohol — 56.78% in males, 52.02% in females. CONCLUSIONS. It has been proven the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from black alder and gray alder leaves in models of generalized and local inflammation. Dosage forms (gels) containing alcohol extracts from the leaves of black alder and gray alder also have an anti-inflammatory effect in conditions of induced local inflammation. Also it has been proven the anti-inflammatory effect of biologically active substances of black alder and gray alder on laboratory animals using models of generalized and local inflammation.
INTRODUCTION. The development of unified techniques for quality control monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one of the challenges for mAbs quality standardization. AIM. This study aimed to develop and analyse the possibility of using platform (universal) techniques for estimating the impurity content of high molecular weight compounds and fragments, non-glycosylated molecules in various mAbs by methods of size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS. MAbs-containing medicinal products from 28 different international nonproprietary names of Russian and foreign origin. Studies by SE-HPLC were carried out on Agilent Technologies 1200 series instruments equipped with UV detectors, with data processed via OpenLab software. Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) was conducted under both reducing and non-reducing conditions using a PA 800 plus system (Beckman Coulter) with UV diode array detection, and Beckman 32Karat software. RESULTS. Universal sample preparation protocols and separation conditions were established and validated across 28 mAbs. Retention times and relative migration times of target compounds peaks were determined for each mAb. Comparative analysis demonstrated concordance between platform methods and manufacturers' proprietary methods. Validation of methods for determination of the content of high-molecular weight compounds in mAbs samples by the SE-HPLC method, fragments of mAbs and non-glycosylated variants of heavy chains of mAbs under reducing and non-reducing conditions by the CGE method was performed. The accuracy, precision, and sensitivity of the methods met the established requirements. The validation characteristics obtained for the SE-HPLC method were as follows: precision (RSD) of peak areas was no more than 0.4% for the monomer, up to 8% for aggregate groups, no more than 0.4% for total peak areas, and 0.02% for the relative peak area corresponding to the monomer. The method's linearity was confirmed within the concentration range of 0.5–120%, accuracy within 99.1–102.1%, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.1%. For the CGE method, the validation characteristics showed precision of no more than 1% for intact immunoglobulin content or heavy and light chain peaks, and no more than 1% for absolute migration times of main peaks. Linearity was confirmed from LOQ to 300% concentration range. The accuracy for both methods ranged from 97.6–103.7%, with LOQ values of 0.5% and 0.75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. The developed methods for assessing the purity are universal for unconjugated mAbs products. Their validation characteristics — including specificity, precision, limit of quantification, analytical range, linearity, and accuracy — meet all established acceptance criteria. These methods can be reliably implemented at any stage of the product lifecycle for this category of medicinal products.
INTRODUCTION. Toxicological studies of new pharmaceuticals in laboratory animals represent an obligatory stage in drug risk assessment, designed to identify toxic effects, their potential reversibility, and dependence on dose and/or systemic exposure. The primary quantitative outcome of these studies is the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), whose key practical application involves determining the starting dose for early-phase human clinical trials. The very definition of NOAEL raises the fundamental question: which experimental changes should be classified as adverse? Toxicology study designs are complex, incorporating a comprehensive range of evaluation parameters including physiological, instrumental, clinical laboratory, and pathological morphological assessments. Upon study completion, researchers accumulate extensive datasets requiring rigorous scientific analysis and evidence-based interpretation of all detected changes. AIM. The aim of this study is to develop a comprehensive methodology for interpreting toxicological data to enhance objectivity in NOAEL determination. DISCUSSION. Due to the lack of terminological rigor in describing the NOAEL dose, the present work attempts to unify this term. Particular attention is given to the issue of biological significance of observed changes, as well as the description of criteria for determining their adversity. The developed scheme for interpreting experimental data encompasses three consecutive stages: analysis of the relationship between the observed effect and the administration of the test object; assessment of the effect size and/or degree of changes; determination of the nature of the identified changes in terms of their adversity, including evaluation of their reversibility, pharmacodynamic acceptability, potential for developing an adaptive response, and others. The cornerstone of the proposed methodology is the Weight-of-Evidence principle, which enables ranking of identified adverse effects according to their significance and their integration into a unified assessment system. CONCLUSIONS. The developed integrated approach, based on multifactorial data analysis (including quantitative and qualitative indicators) and the Weight-of-Evidence assessment principle, can enhance the objectivity of evaluating observed effects and determining the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL).
INTRODUCTION. An effective quality control system for medicinal products is impossible without reference standards used for validation and verification of analytical procedures. It is especially relevant to develop reference standards for quality control of new active pharmaceutical ingredients used to develop medicinal products.AIM. This study aimed to develop a method for obtaining and certifying a primary reference standard of 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F] xanthine to be used in quality control of medicinal products.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A reference standard was obtained by recrystallising 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine from ethanol. The structure of the reference standard was defined by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy; purity was measured by mass balance, high-performance liquid chromatography (related impurities), and titration (non-aqueous acidimetry).RESULTS. The study assessed physical and chemical properties of a reference standard for 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine. This included structure elucidation by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; loss on drying 0.073±0.015%; sulfate ash 0.080±0.009%; related substances (not found); heavy metal impurities (not more than 0.002%); elemental composition (C — 53.68±0.17%; H — 6.32±0.02%; N — 20.81±0.09%; O — 9.52±0.06%; S — 9.57±0.04%); quantitative determination by non-aqueous titration 99.74±0.12%, and mass balance 99.85±0.01%.INTRODUCTION. An effective quality control system for medicinal products is impossible without reference standards used for validation and verification of analytical procedures. It is especially relevant to develop reference standards for quality control of new active pharmaceutical ingredients used to develop medicinal products.AIM. This study aimed to develop a method for obtaining and certifying a primary reference standard of 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F] xanthine to be used in quality control of medicinal products.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A reference standard was obtained by recrystallising 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine from ethanol. The structure of the reference standard was defined by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy; purity was measured by mass balance, high-performance liquid chromatography (related impurities), and titration (non-aqueous acidimetry).RESULTS. The study assessed physical and chemical properties of a reference standard for 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine. This included structure elucidation by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; loss on drying 0.073±0.015%; sulfate ash 0.080±0.009%; related substances (not found); heavy metal impurities (not more than 0.002%); elemental composition (C — 53.68±0.17%; H — 6.32±0.02%; N — 20.81±0.09%; O — 9.52±0.06%; S — 9.57±0.04%); quantitative determination by non-aqueous titration 99.74±0.12%, and mass balance 99.85±0.01%.INTRODUCTION. An effective quality control system for medicinal products is impossible without reference standards used for validation and verification of analytical procedures. It is especially relevant to develop reference standards for quality control of new active pharmaceutical ingredients used to develop medicinal products.AIM. This study aimed to develop a method for obtaining and certifying a primary reference standard of 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F] xanthine to be used in quality control of medicinal products.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A reference standard was obtained by recrystallising 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine from ethanol. The structure of the reference standard was defined by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy; purity was measured by mass balance, high-performance liquid chromatography (related impurities), and titration (non-aqueous acidimetry).RESULTS. The study assessed physical and chemical properties of a reference standard for 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine. This included structure elucidation by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; loss on drying 0.073±0.015%; sulfate ash 0.080±0.009%; related substances (not found); heavy metal impurities (not more than 0.002%); elemental composition (C — 53.68±0.17%; H — 6.32±0.02%; N — 20.81±0.09%; O — 9.52±0.06%; S — 9.57±0.04%); quantitative determination by non-aqueous titration 99.74±0.12%, and mass balance 99.85±0.01%.CONCLUSION. We have developed production process of 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine reference standard. Physical and chemical properties of the above standard comply with the requirements and allow us to recommend 6,8-dimethyl-2-piperidinomethyl-2,3-dihydrothiazolo[2,3-F]xanthine as a reference in the quality control of medicinal products.
31 December 2025 is the deadline for proceeding to the rules of civil commerce accepted within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). According to Ekaterina M. Rychikhina, Head of Department for evaluation management and control, Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products, the end of the transitory period is not the finishing line, but rather a new stage of development. In her exclusive interview, the expert with an unrivalled practical experience highlights the hidden risks that can emerge even if the dossier was successfully aligned, and emphasizes critical aspects that warrant particular attention from the regulatory bodies and the manufacturers. Special attention is placed on the latest amendments to the pharmaceutical civil commerce rules in the EAEU that already shape the new legal reality. The interview both announces the official position of the Centre and gives practical considerations that will help manufacturing companies avoid the mistakes and effectively interact with an expert body.
INTRODUCTION. Current methods of handling medicine regulatory documents are associated with high time cost (40-60% of labour hours), frequent documentation errors, and limited data interoperability. Neural network technologies have enabled the enhanced document preparation and a transition to full automation of the registration dossier life cycle.AIM. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) systems in preparing a drug registration dossier.DISCUSSION. Natural language processing (NLP) models demonstrate high efficiency for the regulatory documentation. Named entity recognition (NER) systems with 89–96% entity extraction accuracy rate reduces the processing (preparation and quality review) time for documents within electronic Common Technical Document (eCTD) by 64%, but face limitations in interpreting morphologically complex terms and require annotated datasets. Without additional fine-tuning, generative models such as GPT-4, are prone to generating inaccurate facts when used in the Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) architecture. Predictive systems based on graph neural networks and XGBoost ensembles demonstrate high accuracy (ROC AUC up to 0.88) when predicting drug approval; however, they cannot interpret decisions and data systematic biases. Developing document-centric platforms with NLP reduces the dossier preparation time by 60%, still, implementing an automated procedure for generating dossier sections requires an expert verification.CONCLUSIONS. The concept of integrated AI systems proves its effectiveness by reducing the document handling time by manufacturers and increasing the accuracy of decisions, which in turn speeds up the market launch of medicinal products. The prospects of introducing digital technologies are associated with overcoming definitions differences through unified ontologies. Practical implementation requires the development of unified standards for the validation of AI algorithms and adaptive systems.
