When a rope is in use, tensile stresses arise in its cross-sections due to the end load, bending stresses as it passes through pulleys and drums, torsional stresses, and contact stresses. The loads applied to the rope can be either static or dynamic. When calculating crane ropes, static tensile loads are determined without taking into account bending and torsion stresses. This approach underestimates the stress state of the rope and can lead to reduced rope durability. Goal. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that actually affect the durability of crane ropes. When winding a rope onto a drum or when bending a rope on pulley blocks, a deviation of the ropes from the plane of rotation of the blocks occurs. As deflection angles increase, very negative aspects can arise due to the fact that the deflected rope slides along the side of the block groove, which itself wears out and leads to wear on the block groove. Methodology. The actual operating conditions for ropes differ significantly from those on a test machine. However, experimental studies conducted by scientists have made it possible to determine the impact of various factors on rope durability. To determine the effect of the rope deflection angle, a machine with a rocker mechanism was manufactured to study the rope’s durability. At the same time, the work of the rope was studied at different angles of deflection from 3 to 7. Results. The research carried out enabled the identification of new dependencies that account for the distance between blocks, thereby refining the calculation. Experimental studies fully confirmed the obtained refined calculation. Originality. The resulting formulas allow taking into account the distance between the blocks and therefore are more accurate. Practical value. The results presented in the article allow us to obtain a more accurate calculation of the durability of the rope, taking into account the influence of the angle of deflection of the rope on the block.
Thermoelectrochemical processes in a lithium-ion battery with a graphite anode and an NMC-type cathode were investigated. A mathematical model based on a system of nonlinear partial differential equations was proposed, taking into account charge, heat, and mass transfer processes in the electrodes and electrolyte. The model incorporates electrochemical kinetics described by the Butler–Volmer equation, lithium-ion diffusion, potential distribution, and thermal effects caused by Joule heating and electrochemical reactions. Based on the numerical solution of the DFN model with an integrated thermal module, the spatiotemporal distributions of temperature, current density, and voltage under various load conditions were analyzed. The presence of temperature gradients and nonuniform current distribution affecting battery efficiency, degradation, and lifetime was established. Critical operating conditions characterized by increased internal resistance, local overheating, and reduced system stability were identified. Goal. To develop a mathematical model of dynamic thermoelectric processes in a lithium-ion battery and to evaluate the effectiveness of using a system of nonlinear differential equations for analyzing electrical, thermal, and diffusion phenomena. Methodology. A generalized DFN model with an integrated thermal module (DFN + Thermal PDE) was employed. Numerical methods were applied to solve the system of equations. Results. The dependences of the output voltage on temperature and load current were obtained. The influence of local overheating and nonuniform current density distribution on battery efficiency and service life was determined. Originality. A multiphysics model integrating electrical, thermal, and mass-transfer processes into a unified system was proposed. Practical value. The proposed model can be used for predicting the performance of lithium-ion batteries, optimizing battery design, improving thermal management systems, and enhancing the energy efficiency, reliability, and safety of battery systems.
Reliable diagnostics of internal combustion engine fuel systems is complicated by limited access to electronic control unit data and by the low informativeness of standard diagnostic parameters available through conventional onboard systems. In many cases, ECU-derived parameters are filtered, averaged, or partially inaccessible, which reduces their suitability for detecting local injection-related disturbances. Therefore, the use of direct physical signals, in particular fuel pressure pulsations, is a promising direction for improving the diagnostic informativeness of fuel system monitoring. Goal. The purpose of this study is to assess the possibility of using fuel pressure pulsations as a diagnostic indicator of injection-related disturbances in an internal combustion engine fuel system without relying on internal ECU diagnostic variables. Methodology. Experimental investigations were carried out on a gasoline internal combustion engine equipped with a port fuel injection system. Fuel pressure was measured directly in the fuel rail using a strain-gauge pressure sensor. Synchronous acquisition of fuel pressure, injector current, and crankshaft position signals was performed using a high-speed microcontroller-based data acquisition system. The recorded signals were transformed into the crank-angle domain over a complete 0–720° four-stroke engine cycle. A simulated disturbance was introduced by electrically disconnecting one injector, while the current signal of another active injector was used as a timing reference. Results. The obtained results showed that under normal operation, fuel pressure pulsations have a stable cyclic structure associated with injection events. Injector disconnection caused a systematic deformation of the pressure waveform, reduction of pulsation amplitude, increase in mean rail pressure, and disappearance or significant attenuation of one characteristic pressure minimum within the expected angular sector. Originality. The originality of the study lies in the use of cycle-synchronous fuel pressure pulsation analysis for detecting injection-related disturbances independently of ECU data. Practical value. The proposed approach can serve as a basis for non-intrusive diagnostic and condition monitoring systems for internal combustion engine fuel systems.
To date, a number of features of the IVCS for power plants of electric and hybrid vehicles remain insufficiently studied. The applied methods of analysis and synthesis of IVCS do not pay sufficient attention to the multi-criteria nature of the emerging optimization problems. Methods of adapting control to variable external operating conditions are not effective enough. These circumstances do not allow to fully realize the potential of IVCS for power plants of electric and hybrid vehicles. Goal. Substantiation and implementation of a comprehensive methodology for building a highly efficient system of control over technological operations and measurement of information in various types of power units of modern electric vehicles. The developed system allows for the operational synthesis of the optimal control effect and the formation of control influences in real time in accordance with the specified energy and quality efficiency criteria, with mandatory consideration of the dynamic change in external operating conditions and environmental parameters. Methodology. The methodological basis of this scientific work is a rational and balanced combination of fundamental theoretical provisions and applied experimental research. The work uses a comprehensive systemic approach to the design of an information and measurement control system, which is invariant to the specifics of the design of various power units of electric vehicles. This approach provides the opportunity to quickly and flexibly solve complex tasks of coordination and control of operating modes according to a set of quality, energy and other operational criteria. Results. During the study, a mathematically based optimal control was obtained, which can be directly used in the development of clear logical rules for choosing a strategy for adaptive vehicle control. In addition, the results provide a reliable scientific justification of the key parameters, operating characteristics and functional relationships of modern systems and individual units of an electric vehicle. Scientific novelty. An innovative concept of mathematical modeling and multi-criteria optimization of analytical models of complex physical processes in power plants, which are critically difficult to formalize by classical methods, was formulated and proposed by presenting and approximating them in the form of artificial neural networks. Practical significance. Further development and practical implementation of the results of this study has broad potential for significant improvement of adaptive control systems for passenger and freight electric trains. The practical use of neural network adaptive criticism methods enables effective overcoming of the chronic lack of a priori information about the key parameters of the real driving cycle and changing external operating conditions, as well as compensating for the low accuracy of traditional deterministic mathematical models.
Problem. When a rope is in use, tensile stresses arise in its cross-sections due to the end load, bending stresses as it passes through pulleys and drums, torsional stresses, and contact stresses. The loads applied to the rope can be either static or dynamic. When calculating crane ropes, static tensile loads are determined without taking into account bending and torsion stresses. This approach underestimates the stress state of the rope and can lead to reduced rope durability. Goal. The purpose of the study was to determine the factors that actually affect the durability of crane ropes. When winding a rope onto a drum or when bending a rope on pulley blocks, a deviation of the ropes from the plane of rotation of the blocks occurs. As deflection angles increase, very negative aspects can arise due to the fact that the deflected rope slides along the side of the block groove, which itself wears out and leads to wear on the block groove. Methodology. The actual operating conditions for ropes differ significantly from those on a test machine. However, experimental studies conducted by scientists have made it possible to determine the impact of various factors on rope durability. To determine the effect of the rope deflection angle, a machine with a rocker mechanism was manufactured to study the rope’s durability. At the same time, the work of the rope was studied at different angles of deflection from 3 to 7. Results. The research carried out enabled the identification of new dependencies that account for the distance between blocks, thereby refining the calculation. Experimental studies fully confirmed the obtained refined calculation. Originality. The resulting formulas allow taking into account the distance between the blocks and therefore are more accurate. Practical value. The results presented in the article allow us to obtain a more accurate calculation of the durability of the rope, taking into account the influence of the angle of deflection of the rope on the block
Electro-pneumatic clutch actuators used in automated transmission systems operate under nonlinear conditions and varying external loads, which complicates the design of stable and accurate control systems. Classical PID controllers often demonstrate limited robustness under actuator saturation and parameter variations. Goal. The purpose of this work is to improve the dynamic performance of an electro-pneumatic clutch actuator and to perform a comparative analysis of different control strategies under identical simulation conditions. Methodology. A simplified second-order dy-namic model of the electro-pneumatic actuator was developed in MATLAB. The model includes equiv-alent mass, damping, clutch spring stiffness, actuator saturation, velocity constraints, and external dis-turbance loading. Three control strategies were investigated: classical PID control, adaptive gain-scheduling control, and a simplified fuzzy-based nonlinear controller. Results. The obtained simulation results demonstrate that the adaptive controller provides the best overall dynamic performance in terms of settling time and tracking accuracy. The fuzzy-based controller ensures smoother transient behavior and reduced oscillatory response near the target position. Quantitative comparison of overshoot and RMS tracking error confirms the effectiveness of adaptive and nonlinear control approaches for electro-pneumatic clutch systems. Originality. The originality of the proposed approach lies in the development of a unified simulation framework that allows comparative evaluation of several control strategies un-der identical actuator constraints and disturbance conditions. Practical value. The developed simula-tion model and control approaches may be used for further optimization of automated clutch control systems in automotive transmission applications, particularly for improving shift quality, reducing me-chanical wear, and increasing actuator stability under varying operating conditions.
The growing intensity of freight transportation in the Almaty region, combined with frequent vehicle overloading and insufficient road infrastructure capacity, accelerates pavement deterioration, increases transport and logistics costs, reduces road safety, and decreases traffic efficiency. Purpose: This study aims to assess the influence of road infrastructure conditions and parameters on freight traffic organization in the Almaty region and to identify measures for improving the durability, safety, and efficiency of the road transport network. Methodology: The research is based on the analysis of scientific publications, statistical data, and regulatory-technical documents. The study examines the relationship between pavement deterioration, road capacity, traffic safety, and vehicle operating conditions. Key factors analyzed include axle loads, road category, freight traffic intensity, geometric road parameters, and seasonal maintenance quality. A comparative review of domestic and international practices was also conducted. Results: The study identified that overloaded heavy vehicles, insufficient pavement bearing capacity, low material quality, and adverse climatic conditions are the main causes of rutting, cracking, and surface destruction in the Almaty region. It was also found that steep grades, narrow carriageways, insufficient lane numbers, and poorly designed intersections reduce road capacity and increase freight delivery times. The research highlights the importance of automated weight-control systems, digital pavement monitoring, intelligent transport systems, and optimized traffic-distribution schemes. Originality: The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the combined influence of infrastructure condition, climatic factors, and freight traffic intensity on road-network performance in the Almaty region, while proposing integrated measures for sustainable freight traffic management and pavement preservation.
Since most often when designing a machine, its operation with the basic type of working equipment is considered, a change in working bodies with a simultaneous change in the loading mode can lead to a decrease in efficiency. One of the possible solutions is the adaptation of machines to changing operating conditions. Methodology. The synthesized adaptation system is based on structural and parametric approaches. The evolutionary changes in the structure of the object are considered by means of transition from one alternative model to another. The synthesis of corrective structural adaptive actions is taken through a heuristic search. The proposed methodology was tested experimentally on a motor grader when cutting and moving the processed surroundings. Results. The detailed experimental studies have shown the main stages of the formation of the movement trajectory, depending on the resistance arising on the blade of the motor grader. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the angle of the lateral tilt and the grip coefficient are destabilizing factors, and the variation of the angles of the front wheels allows keeping the motor grader on the planned trajectory of movement. Originality. The originality of the research lies in the development of a synthesized adaptation system for a motor grader, which, unlike traditional static models, is based on a combination of structural and parametric approaches. This is achieved by considering evolutionary changes in the object's structure through a transition between alternative models and the synthesis of corrective adaptive actions using heuristic search methods. The originality is further confirmed by identifying the synergistic influence of the lateral tilt angle and the grip coefficient as key destabilizing factors, and by establishing regression dependencies that allow for real-time adjustment of front wheel angles to maintain the planned motion trajectory under changing operating conditions. Practical value. The obtained regression dependencies allow for assessing the simultaneous influence of multiple factors on the motion stability indicators in graphical and numerical form and, consequently, adapting the machine parameters to changing operating conditions. Based on the research, the system of automatic wheel load adjustment for a motor grader was developed and patented.
The article provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the impact of winter tires Goodyear, Syron, Michelin, Bridgestone, Nokian, and Momo winter tires on the technical and economic performance of a car. The key aspects that determine the efficiency of vehicle operation in winter road conditions are considered. In conditions of a changing climate, increased requirements for road safety and energy efficiency of vehicles, there is an urgent need to determine the optimal winter tires. To date, there is no systematic comparison of modern tires from different manufacturers according to a set of technical and economic indicators, which complicates the choice of products for both end users and manufacturers. Goal. The purpose of the work is to assess the impact of winter tires of the specified brands on the main technical and economic performance of the car and to determine models that provide the highest level of safety, comfort and operational efficiency. Methodology. The study was conducted by analyzing the results of laboratory and road tests of tires, as well as comparing the indicators: safety, economy, wear resistance, comfort and price. Methods of statistical analysis and construction of comparative tables were used to process the data. Results. Significant differences in the impact of tires on technical and economic indicators were identified. Goodyear and Michelin demonstrate high braking properties on ice and snow; Bridgestone and Nokian provide an optimal balance of handling and fuel efficiency; Syron and Momo are distinguished by competitive indicators in the middle price segment. Originality. The work is a systematic comparison of modern winter tires from European manufacturers according to a set of technical and economic indicators, which allows us to objectively assess their impact on the operational characteristics of the car. Practical value. The results can be used in the educational process for training automotive industry professionals, tire manufacturers and distributors to optimize the product portfolio, as well as motorists to make an informed choice of tires, taking into account safety, economy, and comfort.
Theoretical and experimental studies of the dynamic and thermal loading of friction pairs of brake devices from the point of view of assessing the stability and stability of their operating parameters allowed us to propose the following. The efficiency of the friction unit of band-pad brakes by stabilizing the load of the friction unit based on modeling its stress-strain state and wear in the modes of lowering the drill string and drilling, as well as substantiation of methods for calculating the design and operational parameters of friction pairs of brakes. However, nothing was said about the local problem of stabilizing the operating parameters of friction pairs of brakes. Goal. The purpose of the development is to substantiate the method of generalizing the operating parameters of brake friction pairs for preliminary prediction of fluctuations in their stabilization and stability values. Methodology. Analytical methods were used to study the dynamic and energy load of friction pairs in disc-pad brakes. The efficiency of the brakes and the stabilization of their operating parameters were determined. Results. Based on the elements of the theory of thermal similarity, a method of basic generalized parameters of friction pairs is proposed, relating to their average, maximum and minimum values regarding their stabilization, oscillations and stability, a clear sequence and relationship of the operating parameters of friction pairs of braking devices is determined, temperature gradients of metal friction elements are estimated and their permissible values for calculating heating and forced cooling rates are determined. Originality. The proposed method of generalized operating parameters of brake friction pairs allows predicting them and establishing their oscillations, stability, and elasticity. Practical value. Using this method will increase the efficiency of friction pairs of disc-pad brake devices, as well as improve their wear resistance and frictional properties during cyclic braking.
Friction clutches (FC) of motor vehicles operate under significant thermal and dynamic loads, especially in urban driving conditions characterized by frequent starts and stops. The reliability and service life of FC largely depend on the thermal state of friction pairs, which is influenced by the thermophysical properties of materials, clutch design, and heat transfer conditions. Existing methods for calculating and designing FC often do not sufficiently consider the interrelated dynamic, thermal, and frictional processes occurring during operation, which leads to a reduction in their service life and operational efficiency. Goal. The purpose of the work is to study the temperature regime and energy consumption of bus friction clutches in the urban operating cycle. Methodology. The temperature distribution in FC elements was described using the differential heat conduction equation in a cylindrical coordinate system with corresponding initial and boundary conditions. Due to the complexity of the clutch geometry and operating modes, a three-dimensional thermal model based on thermal resistance grids was developed. The slipping work of the friction clutch during operation of the Etalon bus under SAE-regulated driving modes was calculated to determine the boundary conditions of the second kind (heat generation). Boundary conditions of the third kind (heat transfer) were also substantiated. Numerical simulation was performed using the Fourier-2 x, y, z software package. Results. The study determined the temperature distribution in the friction pairs of the clutch under urban operating conditions and established the influence of heat transfer coefficients on the thermal state and energy consumption of the friction clutch. It was shown that changes in heat transfer conditions significantly affect the temperature indicators and operational characteristics of FC friction pairs. Originality. A three-dimensional thermal model of a bus friction clutch operating in an urban cycle was developed, taking into account the interrelated thermal and frictional processes as well as variable heat transfer conditions. The proposed approach allows a more accurate assessment of the thermal behavior and energy capacity of FC under real operating conditions. Practical value. The obtained results can be used in the design and optimization of bus friction clutches, improvement of their thermal reliability and durability, as well as in the selection of effective operating modes and materials for friction pairs.
The development of international freight and passenger transport corridors is accompanied by limited digital integration and fragmented management mechanisms. Insufficient implementation of digital technologies, the absence of integrated transport flow management platforms, and inconsistency of data exchange standards reduce the operational efficiency of transport corridors. Methodology. A phased approach to the formalization of the transport corridor as a cyber-institutional system is proposed. Within this system, digital components, including Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS), the Internet of Things (IoT), and Big Data analytics, interact with management instruments, including customs procedures and regulatory mechanisms, within a unified adaptive management loop. The proposed model considers the interaction between digital, institutional, and external subsystems in real time. Results. An integrated indicator for evaluating transport corridor performance was developed, taking into account delivery time, safety level, operational costs, and service quality. In addition, a digital–institutional consistency coefficient was introduced to quantitatively assess the degree of interaction between digital platforms and institutional mechanisms. It was established that the level of synchronization between these components significantly affects overall system efficiency. The developed model includes a dynamic description of transport flows and feedback mechanisms that ensure the adaptation of digital and management components according to system performance indicators. It was determined that the efficiency of a transport corridor depends not only on technical parameters but also on the level of integration between digital and institutional environments. Originality. A phased approach to the formalization of an international transport corridor as a cyber-institutional system was proposed. In contrast to existing approaches, the developed framework integrates digital technologies and institutional management instruments within a unified adaptive system. Practical value. The obtained results make it possible to formalize transport corridor management processes, evaluate the impact of digitalization, and substantiate measures aimed at improving efficiency through the harmonization of technological and institutional solutions.
The quality of transport services for the urban population largely depends on the coordination of the operation of different modes of urban passenger transport (UPT) at transfer nodes and on common sections of the route network. As a result of excessive route duplication, uneven transport supply, and operational constraints in urban electric transport, disruptions in service regularity, rolling stock accumulation, and additional passenger time losses occur. Goal. The aim of this paper is to develop a formalized approach to the adaptive coordination of UPT operations across different modes based on a network-dynamic model. Methodology. The study combines a literature review of coordination in UPT, transfer node operation, service headway regularity, and synchronization models with the adaptation of the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators to coordinate inter-route interactions in the UPT system. Each route is represented as a phase oscillator. The coupling matrix is constrained by the structure of the route network graph; that is, route interactions are considered only on common sections and at transfer nodes. Results. A network-dynamic model for coordinating the operation of different UPT modes is proposed. The Kuramoto order parameter is shown to be an indicator of the coordination component of transport service quality. The role of urban electric transport as a backbone oscillator with a fixed phase, relative to which the coordination of intermodal interaction of UPT is proposed to be carried out, is formalized. Three phase states of the system are distinguished: phase drift, chimera state, and phase locking. Originality. Unlike the classical Kuramoto model, the proposed approach accounts for the topological constraints of the route network via spatial-technological coupling and the specific features of intermodal coordination in UPT. It is substantiated that the target state of the system is not complete synchronization, but phase locking with regular service headways. Practical value. The model can be used to form an integrated system of adaptive dispatching control, allowing control actions to be differentiated by the system's current phase state, coordinating the arrival of rolling stock at transfer nodes, and reducing passenger time losses.
The demand for lightweight, durable, and efficient automobile and agricultural machinery structures requires advanced design methods. Topology optimization offers a solution by optimizing material distribution, but its application to complex structures is challenging due to varying loads and constraints. This study focuses on formulating the topology optimization problem to enhance structural efficiency and performance. Purpose. The primary goal of this paper is to contribute to the advancement of the scientific foundation of topology structural optimization, with a particular focus on tackling the complex optimization challenges encountered in automobile and agricultural machinery design. Methodology. Mathematical programming and modeling play a crucial role as foundational tools in the formulation of topology structural optimization problems within the automobile and agri-cultural machinery industry. Together, these tools facilitate the development of optimized structural designs that are not only lightweight and cost-effective but also capable of withstanding the demanding operational environments of agricultural equipment and automobiles. Results. This paper provides a short review and analysis of the current state of topology structural optimization. It presents both the classical variational formulation and the finite element formulation of the topology optimization prob-lem. The study specifically addresses the problem of minimizing structural mass under stress con-straints. The specific highlights are made for formulating the problem of topology optimization of agri-cultural machinery mechanical structures. The theory is applicable both for agricultural machinery and automobiles. Originality. This work focuses on the advancement of optimal design theory specifically tailored to address unique challenges in the design of automobile and agricultural machinery structures. To meet these needs, the study develops optimization approaches that integrate the specific mechanical, functional, and economic requirements of automobiles and agricultural equipment. Practical meaning. The practical value of this research lies in its adaptation of existing topology structural optimization problem formulations to address the specific challenges and requirements of the automobile and agri-cultural machinery industry. This adaptation ensures that the optimization solutions are not only math-ematically sound but also practically viable, enabling the design of robust, efficient, and cost-effective heavy machinery components.
One of the key challenges in the investigation of road traffic accidents (RTAs) is the reliable determination of the collision mechanism between vehicles, especially in cases where the vehicles have been moved from the scene. Traditional methods of documentation and analysis often lack sufficient accuracy and objectivity. Goal. The aim of this study is to identify the mechanism of collision between two vehicles by analyzing and comparing their geometric damage patterns obtained via 3D scanning, followed by determining their actual relative positioning at the moment of initial contact. Methodology. To achieve this goal, a portable 3D scanner Artec Leo was used, enabling high-precision scanning of vehicles regardless of their location. The resulting 3D models of the damaged vehicles were aligned with each other and with a digital version of the accident scene diagram. During the analysis, vehicle orientation angles, the location of primary contact, movement directions, and damage characteristics were determined. Results. It was established that the collision occurred at an angle of 8–10° within the driving lane of vehicle 1. This conclusion is supported by the alignment of damage areas, the position of the front right headlamp of vehicle 1, and the distribution of glass and plastic fragments. The zone of initial contact was localized within 2 meters from the right edge of the carriageway. Originality. An integrated approach to digital traffic accident reconstruction using 3D scanning is proposed, allowing for accurate analysis even without access to the original accident scene. Practical value. The methodology can be applied in forensic vehicle examination, court investigations, and insurance case assessments to objectively determine the circumstances of a traffic collision.
The article studies the change in the elastic limit and tensile strength of acrylic adhesive over time - from the maximum value (short-term strength) to the minimum (long-term strength limit). The development of deformations in samples under constant loads ranging from 0.2 to 0.85 of the destructive ones was experimentally studied. It is shown that at stresses below the long-term strength limit, the deformation curve includes two sections: instantaneous deformations and viscous deformations that develop over time. Destruction occurs due to the accumulation of damage (cracks, defects), and its speed depends on the stress level and the configuration of the adhesive joint. Purpose. The aim of this study is to establish the patterns of change in the yield strength and ultimate strength of acrylic adhesive over time under sustained loading, as well as to analyze the damage accumulation process in adhesive joints depending on stress level. Methodology. The experimental research involved testing acrylic adhesive specimens under constant loads ranging from 20% to 85% of their short-term (ultimate) strength. The development of deformations over time was observed, and the nature of failure was recorded. Results. It was found that under stresses below the long-term strength limit, the deformation curve consists of two distinct regions: instantaneous (elastic) deformation and time-dependent (viscous) deformation. Failure occurs due to the progressive accumulation of micro-damage, including cracks and defects. The rate of degradation depends on both the stress level and the geometry of the adhesive joint. Originality. This work provides a comprehensive description, for the first time, of the transition from short-term to long-term strength of acrylic adhesive under constant loading, taking into account the influence of joint configuration on the failure rate. Practical value. The results can be applied to predict the durability of adhesive joints in structures operating under sustained loads, such as anchor systems, and to optimize joint geometry in order to improve reliability.
The issue of student adaptation to studying at higher education institutions in Ukraine is extremely relevant, especially in the context of globalization, the active internationalization of the educational space, and the continuous increase in the number of international students choosing Ukraine for their higher education. Adaptation is a complex, multifactorial process that includes not only academic but also social, psychological, and cultural components, all of which are closely interrelated and mutually influential. Particular attention should be given to the effective integration of international students into the learning environment of Ukraine’s technical universities, where the educational process is characterized by a high level of intellectual demand, specialized terminology, and the need for advanced analytical skills. At the same time, it is noted that the academic community has paid insufficient attention to the impact of cultural distance on the adaptation process. The article emphasizes the importance of a thorough analysis of the adaptation process in the context of cultural differences, as the cultural distance between a student’s country of origin and the Ukrainian cultural environment can significantly influence the speed, effectiveness, and completeness of their integration into the academic and social setting of the university. Purpose. To determine the level of adaptation of international students enrolled in the "Automotive Engineering" program depending on cultural distance and to identify factors that facilitate or hinder this process. Methodology. The study involved 60 international students from Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Morocco, Tunisia, Cameroon, and Nigeria. The research methods included surveys (including the International Student Adaptation Scale), observations, interviews, and analysis of academic performance and extracurricular participation. The data were analyzed using both quantitative (mean, variance, correlations) and qualitative methods. Results. It was found that students from culturally closer regions (Group 1) were the most adapted, while those from countries with greater cultural distance (Group 3) experienced significant difficulties. The main barriers were language challenges, culture shock, differences in academic expectations, and psychological pressure. Practical value. The study developed recommendations to improve language training, cultural integration, and academic support, which can be implemented by higher education institutions to ensure more effective adaptation of international students and reduce academic attrition rates.
The increasing number of electric vehicles necessitates effective diagnostic methods, as traditional approaches developed for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles are not always suitable for electric transport. One of the key diagnostic tools is OBD-II, which allows for obtaining information about the state of a vehicle's electrical systems. However, the accuracy and limitations of this method require detailed analysis. Objective. To explore the possibilities of using OBD-II for diagnosing electric vehicles by analyzing their functional potential, features of data reading and interpretation, and assessing the limitations of this method in comparison with other diagnostic approaches. Methodology. An analysis of the functional capabilities of OBD-II for diagnosing electric vehicles was conducted. An experimental assessment of the accuracy of data obtained using OBD-II in real-time was performed. Diagnostic parameters of the high-voltage battery, inverter, and electric motor were analyzed, as well as the efficiency of energy consumption and regenerative braking. Results. The study confirmed that OBD-II allows obtaining important diagnostic data about an electric vehicle, particularly regarding the state of the battery, electric motor, and other components. However, limitations were identified related to the incompleteness of certain parameters, especially concerning battery cell balancing. This can affect the accuracy of assessing the condition of the high-voltage battery and its remaining capacity. Originality. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the application of OBD-II for monitoring electric vehicles, differing from traditional approaches focused on ICE vehicles. The possibilities of diagnosing major electrical systems in real-time are evaluated. Practical Value. The results may be useful for electric vehicle owners who wish to independently monitor the technical condition of their vehicles, as well as for auto service centers that use OBD-II in their practice. Integrating OBD-II with more accurate data processing algorithms can improve the efficiency of electric vehicle diagnostics.
During the study of the influence of tire pressure on the bearing surface of M1 category vehicles, it was found that research on modern tire sizes has not been conducted. This can be useful when driving general traffic vehicles on the rough terrain. This served as the motivation for the present study. This article investigates the relationship between internal tire pressure and the pressure exerted by the vehicle on the bearing surface. The issue of optimizing tire pressure is especially relevant for ensuring high passability, reducing stress on road surfaces, and improving handling, especially under operating conditions on soft or uneven terrains such as sand, mud, or snow. Options for influencing the pressure on the supporting surface to increase the cross-country ability of the vehicle and practical solutions for increasing the passability are also considered. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between changes in internal tire pressure and the specific pressure exerted on the bearing surface. Originality. An experimental study was carried out according to the algorithm presented in the article on a vehicle of category M1 of general cross-country ability "Opel Grandland 1.5 BHDi" at the level of a concrete surface with Michelin Primacy 3 summer tires of size 225/55 R18 98V installed. Results. It was determined that reducing the tire pressure from 2.1 to 1.6 atmospheres leads to a decrease in bearing surface pressure from 1.37 to 1.08 kg/cm², which potentially improves vehicle passability. The mechanism of influence of car weight and tire contact area with the supporting surface from the pressure value in summer tires of standard size 225/55 R18 is described. An almost inverse proportional relationship between tire pressure and bearing surface pressure was also established. The article presents graphical and analytical dependencies and substantiates the feasibility of reducing tire pressure in the context of vehicle operation under challenging road conditions. Practical value. The results of the study can be applied in the design of wheeled vehicles, as well as in the practical operation of vehicles in off-road conditions.
Problem. The issues of maneuverability and off-road capability in four-axle vehicles involve ensuring their efficient operation on rough terrain, in narrow or confined spaces, and under challenging operating conditions. Key challenges include reducing the turning radius, achieving even load distribution across axles, and minimizing energy losses during movement. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure the reliable performance of all drivetrain components, particularly under increased wear and exposure to external factors. Goal. The objective of the study is to develop and substantiate technical solutions aimed at improving the maneuverability and off-road capability of four-axle vehicles by optimizing the design of the running gear, implementing innovative drives, and enhancing the control system. This will ensure the efficient operation of vehicles under challenging conditions, improve their energy efficiency and reliability, and expand the scope of their applications. Methodology. The methodology for implementing the maneuverability and off-road capability of a four-axle vehicle with swiveling bogies and electric wheel drive includes the analysis and modeling of the vehicle's reaction to various operating conditions, as well as optimizing the drive and control systems to ensure high movement efficiency on challenging routes. Results. The results of the research on the maneuverability and off-road capability of a four-axle vehicle with swiveling bogies and electric wheel drive have improved the turning efficiency of such a vehicle on challenging terrain with steep slopes and uneven areas without road coverage. By optimizing the design of the bogies and implementing electric wheel drives, it was possible to reduce the weight and geometric parameters of the vehicle, allowing for more precise maneuvers in confined spaces while maintaining stable movement with sufficiently high off-road capability and maneuverability of the four-axle vehicle. Originality. The originality of the research lies in the comprehensive approach to improving the maneuverability and off-road capability of a four-axle vehicle with swiveling bogies and electric wheel drive. For the first time, innovative methods for optimizing the design of the running gear and implementing electric drives were applied, which significantly reduced energy losses and improved motion control on challenging terrain. New approaches to modeling movement ensured high maneuvering efficiency under various operating conditions. These results provide new opportunities for the application of such vehicles in specialized industries where the requirements for off-road capability and maneuverability are extremely high. Practical value. The practical significance of the research lies in the potential implementation of the developed technical solutions in the production of four-axle vehicles for operation in challenging conditions, such as construction, agriculture, and military applications. The improvements developed allow for enhanced equipment efficiency, reduced energy consumption, and high maneuverability and off-road capability on difficult routes.
