Introduction. The relevance of studying the humanization of animal rights in contemporary Russia is determined by the influence of global trends and the societal need to strengthen and promote traditional values in Russian society. Their importance over the past decade has been demonstrated by the public agenda, the growth of social activism, and regulatory developments at the federal and regional levels.Methodology and sources. Documents from federal and regional government bodies of the Russian Federation (Federal Law No. 498, Presidential Decree No. 809), survey results from the All-Russian Public Opinion Research Center (2019–2024), and data from non-profit organizations and marketing research organizations were used, along with content and discourse analysis of media and social media. Publications by Russian sociologists were considered. A sociocultural approach was used to identify the connections between institutional changes and the dynamics of social perceptions of humanism. The explanatory potential of critical moral sociology was utilized.Results and discussion. This article critically examines indicators and indices of humane treatment of animals developed in Russian sociology and social psychology. It analyzes contradictions in the institutionalization of attitudes toward companion animals, stray animals, and the animal rights movement. A key question for achieving public consensus is formulated: which environmental and subjective indicators can and should be identified and enshrined as norms regulating animal care in human society, and which technically accessible and socio-psychologically acceptable oversight tools can be applied in this area. A categorical analysis of value-normative conflicts is proposed, distinguishing between ideological, normative, and innovative conflicts, and outlining possible ways to regulate them. The article substantiates the conclusion that consensus on the content of “humane treatment of animals” has not been reached; its institutionalization is not complete, but it has already become, in social perceptions, an element of traditional values in Russian society.Conclusion. Increased involvement of elites, scientists, religious thinkers, social activists, and citizens in the discourse on humane treatment of animals is predicted.
Introduction. The article explores the dialectic of the phenomenon of will and its interpretation in modern scientific discourse. Will is considered in the philosophical aspect as the ability of a person to meaningfully make a choice and strictly follow it, building a scenario of their behavior. The research hypothesis is that will is a complex and internally structured phenomenon (a system of predicates) of human behavior, determined by specific internal and external factors. Based on a system analysis, the correlation of the phenomenon of will and freedom, consciousness, love, fear, courage, education is determined in the context of a holistic philosophical reconstruction of this phenomenon.Methodology and sources. The problem of will has several aspects and is considered in science as a philosophical, pedagogical and psychological phenomenon. The research methodology is based on the method of dialectics and the use of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, ascent from the abstract to the concrete. Philosophical concepts of Aristotle, N.A. Berdyaev, I.A. Ilyin, I. Kant, K. Marx, V.S. Solovyov, A. Schopenhauer and others are used in the philosophical analysis of the phenomenon of will.Results and discussion. The article provides a justification of the phenomenon of will as a special spiritual tension of personality (the power of the human spirit), which appears (or is formed) in a person in a situation of choice, when they have to make certain decisions, develop a certain scenario of their behavior and bear personal responsibility for them. In the complex structure of the phenomenon of will, a certain hierarchy of its system-forming elements is revealed, its ontological, axiological and epistemological foundations are revealed.Conclusion. In conclusion, it is concluded that to cultivate the will in oneself means to form in oneself such spiritual principles that have absolute meaning, objective truth and determine for a person the fullness of his being.
Introduction. The article is devoted to the problem of art as a metalanguage of the inner world of the artist, director. The issue of the metalanguage of art in relation to cinema is becoming quite relevant today, while the work of the Soviet film director Andrei Tarkovsky serves as a representative example for such a study. The question of metalanguage affirms the existence of a certain structure, levels, positions, layers of perception of the master's work.Methodology and sources. It is methodologically significant to consider the problem of metalanguage not only within the framework of cultural philosophy (O. Spengler, F. Nietzsche, M. Bakhtin, G. Pomerants, etc.), but also in related fields: analytical philosophy, logical semantics, semiotics. Within the framework of semiotic methodology, the problem of metalanguage is posed most clearly. Certain significant steps in the development of semiotic concepts of metalanguage in culture were taken by R. Barthes, T. Todorov, Y. Lotman, Y. Tsivian, M. Mamardashvili, A. Pyatigorsky. Among the many works that directly reveal the problem of metalanguage in the works of A. Tarkovsky, the works of R. Bird, I. Evlampiev, S. Salvestroni, D. Salinsky stand out.Results and discussion. It is revealed that the structure of the artistic metalanguage of a filmmaker can be made up of symbols, signs, meanings and angles, individual editing trajectories, representation of the passage of time and natural elements. It has been established that two dominant elements of the director's metalanguage are important in Tarkovsky's work: the metaphysics of the inner world and the metaphysics of the elements (for example, the metaphors of fire, water, earth, and the flow of life). Time, as the state of the director's inner world, embodies the intertwining of these two sides of Andrei Tarkovsky's work.Conclusion. The language of film narration becomes a metalanguage, being divided into subjective and objective components. The metalanguage of cinema is the language of action and process. The film's character is immersed in the action unfolding in the frame. The issue of metalanguage results in the differentiation of the observer and the observed. To do this, it is necessary to identify certain levels and positions within the film. The component that is directly related to the individuality of the director, their inner world, is the deep foundation of the metalanguage of cinema.
Introduction. The current problem of mastering Mikhail Bakhtin's rich scientific legacy is to fix the unified approach that, albeit implicitly, provides a paradigmatic unity to the extremely wide range of topics proposed by the thinker and the diverse set of concepts he synthesized.Methodology and sources. Emerging within the broad framework of the “linguistic turn”, which set the basic trend for the development of the humanities in the 20th century, Bakhtin’s theory methodologically accumulated all the approaches associated with this turn, including phenomenology, ontology, hermeneutics, psychoanalysis, Russian formalism, and structuralism.Results and discussion. The broadest range of humanities phenomena – from linguistics, communication theory, and the concept of the novel to specific works of art – is induced by Bakhtin’s paradigm of understanding along the trajectory of “logic – grammar – poetics”. In this algorithm, the “normative” center is first identified, which, in its self-identity and pronominal immobility, appears in the absolute status of an “eternal” substance; then, in relation to the “logical” center, the “grammatical” existence of the dynamically active periphery is described in terms of the uncertainty of immediate becoming. In the modus of poeticization, this dichotomy, in which one side claims subjectivity and dominance, while the other plays the role of a dependent but predicate-rich entity, forms an alliance on the path of “poetic” abolition of the immanent dichotomy of center/periphery, without eliminating the ontological tension between them, which is filled with the energy of transcendent meaning.Conclusion. Bakhtin's linguo-ontological approach clarifies the presence on the same axis of the field of logical descent, which synthesizes the pole of the monological subject in its domination over the present world and the other as its predicate relative to the pole of I/is, and the poetic ascent in the modus of the dialogical equivalence of the metaphorization of the predicative world, in which it condenses into an aesthetic image, and the metonymization of the egocentric subject, which shifts the latter to the periphery of poetic contemplation.
Introduction. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for the operationalization of the concept of a “virtual community”, enabling an empirical distinction between online groups that exhibit signs of communality and other digital formations. The paper discusses the semantic content of the term “virtual community” and proposes digital indicators for a formalized analysis of the three levels of virtual community development.Methodology and sources. The methodological framework is based on the works of classical and digital sociology scholars – F. Tönnies, R. Park, B. Wellman, C. Fuchs, A. Caliandro, H. Rheingold, J. Katz, and others. The study employs methods of comparative analysis, generalization, and systematization of theoretical approaches, as well as non-reactive analysis of digital behavioral data – digital footprints.Results and discussion. The study proposes measurable indicators for each level of virtual community development: technological infrastructure and user engagement; communication density, reciprocity, and regularity; as well as signs of cooperation, shared identity, and symbolic core. It is demonstrated that the use of digital footprints makes it possible to reliably differentiate communities from other social formations on the Internet.Conclusion. The study of the Internet as an autonomous social space requires clarification of sociological terminology and the development of methods for capturing digital forms of social activity. Virtual communities are characterized by shared interests, stable interactions, internal norms, and a sense of belonging. However, their distinctive feature is the mediation of communication through technological environments that shape specific practices of participation and connection maintenance. The operationalization of the concept of a “virtual community” through the identification of communicative features and analysis of digital footprints enables precise determination of the community’s level of development and its empirical typologization. The proposed metrics form a foundation for quantitative and comparative studies of networked forms of sociality, expanding the methodological tools of digital sociology and deepening the understanding of how social solidarity is reproduced in digital environments.
