The low-rank coal is increasing every year but still slightly exploited by the industry, due to it being caused by the low-calorie value of the low-rank coal waste. Therefore, the mixture of other biomass is expected to raise the calorie value. This approach could potentially make the low-rank coal more economically viable for use in various industries, especially as a source of energy. Additionally, further research and development in this area could lead to more efficient and sustainable energy production methods. The study uses the Central Composite Design with ratio of low-rank coal waste and palm kernel shells of 40%: 60%, 60%: 40%, and 80%: 20% and variations of the glue starch (5 to 7%), which have been optimized and validated using the Response Surface Method approach. The results of the study showed volatile matter, fixed carbon, and calorie values of 61.43% to 71.69%, 16.56% to 26.98%, and 5190.44 to 6330.40 kcal/g, respectively. The results also demonstrated that the glue with 6% variation showed the highest fixed carbon content and calorie value in comparison to the other variations. The optimum of concentration of low-rank coal and palm kernel shell for co-firing of 80: 20% with 5% glue addition resulting in a volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorie value, flame capacity, flammability, of 54.41%, 33.39%, 6192.123 kcal/g, 14.12 min, and 0.052 g/min, respectively. The validation process also met the requirements for SNI 01-6235-2000 and SNI 8675-2018. Overall, the study concluded that the co-firing of low-rank coal waste and palm kernel shell with glue starch can result in an optimized fuel mixture with high performance characteristics. These findings are significant for industries looking to improve their energy efficiency and reduce emissions.
Penelitian ini menganalisis efek variasi radiasi dan laju aliran massa fluida terhadap unjuk kerja termal pada kolektor Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) berdasarkan metode pendinginan permukaan atas dan pendinginan permukaan bawah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode simulasi CFD ANSYS Fluent 2024 R2 berdasarkan variasi radiasi 500 W/m2, 750 W/m2, 1000 W/m2, 1250 W/m2 dan laju aliran massa fluida 0,02 kg/s, 0,04 kg/s, 0,06 kg/s. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendinginan permukaan atas pada kolektor photovoltaic terbukti lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan pendinginan permukaan bawah. Perbedaan temperatur tertinggi antara pendinginan atas dan bawah untuk temperatur permukaan PV adalah 2.64 oC pada laju aliran massa 0,04 kg/s dan radiasi 1250 W/m2 sementara itu untuk perbedaan pada temperatur fluida kerja rata-rata lebih kecil dari 1 oC. Untuk kenaikan laju aliran fluida tiga kali dari 0,02 kg/s ke 0,06 kg/s terjadi penurunan temperatur masing-masing untuk permukaan PV dan fluida kerja adalah 7% dan 14 % untuk kedua jenis aliran aliran fluida kerja.
Studi ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh kalsinasi terhadap karakteristik mesoporous nanosilica (MSN) dari limbah sludge geothermal dan kinerjanya dalam drug loading kurkumin. Pembuatan MSN dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sol-gel dengan menggunakan surfaktan polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Penghilangan surfaktan dari MSN diproses dengan memanfaatkan metode kalsinasi di mana muffle furnace diatur ada temperatur 600oC suhu waktu operasi 7 jam. Sampel MSN yang terbentuk kemudian dikarakteristik dengan menggunakan instrumen XRF, XRD, FTIR, dan BET. Sementara itu, kemampuan adsorpsi MSN terhadap kurkumin sebelum dan setelah kalsinasi diukur dengan menggunakan larutan kurkumin 600 ppm. Proses drug loading ini berlangsung selama 6 jam pada temperatur ruang. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa komposisi dan struktur kristalinatas MSN tidak mengalami perubahan yang berarti akibat adanya proses kalsinasi. Tetapi, gugus fungsi MSN berubah setelah kalsinasi dilakukan. Ukuran pori MSN setelah kalsinasi juga mengecil dari 4,31 (sebelum kalsinasi) menjadi 4,02 nm. Perubahan karakteristik MSN ini juga memengaruhi kinerja dari drug loading kurkumin. Hal ini dapat dilihat berdasarkan efisiensi adsorpsi kurkumin di mana MSN terkalsinasi mampu mengadsorp kurkumin sebesar 32,92% sedangkan untuk MSN tidak terkalsinasi, efisiensi adsorpsinya sebesar 25,64%. Berdasarkan hasil studi ini, proses kalsinasi jelas memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap kemampuan drug loading MSN.
Daun kersen dapat digunakan sebagai zat warna tekstil karena memiliki kandungan flavonoid dan tanin yang memberikan warna kuning pada kain kapas. Upaya memperbaiki hasil pencelupan dapat dilakukan dengan pemilihan jenis mordan dan cara pemordanan yang tepat karena daun kersen termasuk golongan zat warna mordan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan variasi waktu pre-mordan dan waktu pencelupan terhadap hasil pencelupan kain kapas dengan ekstrak daun kersen. Pencelupan dimulai dengan pemordanan kain kapas menggunakan PAC dengan variasi waktu 30, 45, 60 menit, setelah itu kain dikeringkan. Kain kemudian dicelup pada suhu kamar dengan variasi waktu: 60, 90, 120 menit, setelah itu dicuci dan dikeringkan. Untuk mengetahui kualitas hasil pencelupan, kain diuji ketuaan warna, ketahanan luntur warna terhadap pencucian dan gosokan. Hasil analisa data dengan anava ganda menunjukkan bahwa variasi waktu pre-mordan dan waktu pencelupan tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai ketuaan warna, nilai ketahanan luntur warna terhadap pencucian dan gosokan. Hasil pencelupan pada 9 kondisi proses berbeda diperoleh warna kuning dengan nilai ketuaan warna berbeda, yaitu: 4,43-5,57. Nilai rata-rata perubahan warna pada uji pencucian yang cukup baik (GS:3), serta nilai penodaan warna yang baik (SS: 4-5). Pada uji gosokan kering diperoleh nilai penodaan sangat baik (SS: 5) sedangkan pada gosokan basah diperoleh nilai yang baik (SS: 4-5). Penggunaan mordan Polialuminium khlorida (PAC) dan cara pre-mordan terbukti merupakan pilihan yang tepat untuk memperbaiki kualitas hasil pencelupan. Hasil diatas menunjukkan pencelupan kain kapas dengan ekstrak daun kersen secara pre-mordan menggunakan PAC tanpa pemanasan dengan satu kali pencelupan dapat diperoleh kualitas yang baik dan dapat diterapkan pada industri/kerajinan tekstil untuk menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas dan ramah lingkungan.
This research aims to determine the effect of differences in concentration and solubility of active lime (25% and 35% CaCO3 solution, 25% and 35% CaCO3 supernatant) on the quality of indigo (Indigofera longiracemosa) dye paste. The method for making indigo dye paste includes the process of soaking fresh leaves and twigs of I. longiracemosa in water, fermentation with an active lime solution of CaCO3 with varying concentrations and solubility, settling, and filtration to obtain indigo paste. Several tests were carried out to evaluate the quality of the color in the fabric and the indican content in the indigo produced. The indican content that was successfully tested showed the highest results in the paste treated with 25% CaCO3. Color quality tests on fabrics show that fabrics dyed with indigo paste with 35% CaCO3 solution treatment have the best color fastness to sweat with an average value of 4. The color fastness test to heat on fabric dyed with indigo paste with all types of treatment received a score of 4-5, which indicates excellent color fastness, does not fade, and does not stain other fabrics. The differences in concentration and solubility of CaCO3 solution result in variations in the physical characteristics of indigo paste, the colors produced on fabric, the indican content, as well as the colorfastness to sweat and heat.
Dampak buruk akibat paparan sinar matahari melalui kandungan UltraViolet A (UVA) dan UltraViolet B (UVB) dalam kurun waktu yang lama dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada kulit manusia. Salah satu cara perlindungan adalah dengan menggunakan sunscreen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat inovasi gel sunscreen dari bahan alami yaitu dari senyawa polifenol ekstrak daun kelapa sawit. Penggunaan sunscreen alami memiliki keunggulan dari tingkat keamanan penggunaan bila dibandingkan sunscreen sintetis. Proses pembuatan sunscreen terdiri dari beberapa tahapan yaitu persiapan bahan baku (pemisahan daun dari lidi pelepah sawit, pencacahan, pencucian dan pengeringan daun sawit), ekstraksi senyawa polifenol dari daun sawit dengan metode maserasi (perendaman dan pengadukan serbuk halus daun sawit dengan etanol 96%) dan pembuatan sediaan gel melalui pencampuran ekstrak daun sawit dengan metil paraben dan basis gel yaitu Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) dan karbopol. Setelah gel selesai dibuat, dilakukan pengujian sediaan untuk mendapatkan formulasi Sunscreen yang sesuai dengan SNI No 16-4399-1996. Dari hasil pengujian telah diperoleh beberapa formulasi yang sesuai standar, yaitu pada parameter pH, daya sebar, stabilitas emulsi, antioksidan, viskositas dan SPF. Produk gel sunscreen terbaik yaitu pada formula F2 (perbandingan basis gel HPMC dan karbopol sebesar 70% : 30%) dengan konsentrasi ekstrak daun sawit sebanyak 1%.
Karet merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam hayati yang sangat potensial dan berlimpah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa yang terdapat dalam karet setelah dilakukan koagulasi dengan cara termal koagulan. Termal koagulan yang digunakan ada 2 (dua) metode, metode tradisional menggunakan kayu bakar dan modern menggunakan metode modern (oven dilaboratorium). Variasi berat lateks yang digunakan 0,5 kg, 0,75 kg, 1 kg, 1,25 kg, dan 1,5 kg. Kemudian hasil termal koagulan dilakukan uji Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) untuk melihat kandungan senyawa yang terdapat di dalam karet. Hasil uji FTIR pada termal koagulan tradisional pada api besar dan sedang serta termal koagulan modern pada oven menunjukkan gugus fungsi khas dari karet yaitu adanya ikatan karbon C-H, C=C dan C-C.
In this study, sugarcane bagasse was used as a reducing agent in manganese leaching from manganese ore from Way Kanan, Lampung under acidic conditions using sulfuric acid as a leaching reagent. Bagasse is an agricultural waste from the cane sugar manufacturing industry which is commonly found in Lampung Province. This agricultural waste has the potential to become a reducing agent in manganese leaching because it contains carbon in the form of cellulose and sugar. The optimization of the leaching conditions has been investigated with the parameters of H2SO4 concentration, temperature, and pulp density. The highest manganese leaching recovery was obtained under the following optimized conditions: 1 M H2SO4 concentration, 14 g sugarcane bagasse/20 g MnO2, 50 g/L pulp density, 80 °C leaching temperature, 200 rpm stirring rate, and 4 hours of reaction time. The present process therefore deals with achieving the effective recovery of value-added products from low-grade manganese ore using agriculture waste as reducing agent.
Drying high-moisture of low rank coal in the mining sector is essential for increasing energy efficiency and ensuring stability in its use as an energy source. This study aims to determine the optimal drying temperature and kinetic parameters for Indonesian low rank coal (i.e., lignite and sub-bituminous) using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. Coal samples were tested at three heating rates (5, 10, and 20°C/min) and three fixed temperatures (150, 200, and 250°C). Several drying kinetics models, including the Newton, Henderson and Pabis, Logarithmic, and Page models, were used to evaluate the drying characteristics of both coal types. The results indicate that the Page model provided the best fit, with the highest 𝑅2 value and the lowest 𝜒2 value, making it the most accurate model for describing coal drying rates under various conditions. The optimal drying temperature for lignite was 83.04°C, with an activation energy of 3224.04 J/mol, while for sub-bituminous coal, the optimal temperature was 109.65°C with an activation energy of 17972.83 J/mol. These findings support the optimization of the drying process in the industry, particularly for efficiently reducing coal moisture content without compromising energy quality.
In the current study, a leaching of manganese from Indonesian manganese ores using citric acid as leaching reagent without the addition of reducing agent was investigated. Citric acid was being used as a leaching reagent and reducing agent at same time due to its reducing power. Several leaching parameters were investigated to obtain the optimum condition of citric acid leaching of manganese from those manganese ores. Low grade manganese ores from two mining areas in Indonesia contained 36.77% Mn (WK ore) and 12.5% (TG ore) with different mineral types can be leached using citric acid as leaching reagent without addition of reducing agent. The optimum manganese recovery was obtained at around 76% and 69% respectively for WK ore and TG ore with citric acid of 1M, 5% of pulp density, 150 rpm of shaker speed, 30oC of leaching temperature, 1 hour of leaching period, and <75 µm of ore particle size. This condition was also selective for iron recovery leaching. This experiment proves that citric acid has a dual-synergistic effect as an effective leaching reagent and reducing agent at the same time for manganese leaching from manganese ores.
The batik industry is one of the largest contributors to liquid waste. Batik liquid waste if not treated properly has the potential to increase disease and pollute the environment. Pollutant levels contained in the waste can be degraded by using fly ash as an adsorbent. Fly ash is obtained from Steam Power Plant waste. The purpose of this study was to determine the best concentration of sulfuric acid between 1M and 3M added to activate fly ash to reduce COD, BOD, TSS, color change and pH of Kutawaru batik waste. The research consisted of three stages: the first stage was the activation of fly ash by immersing it in a solution of 1M and 3M sulfuric acid with a ratio of 1:5 for 3 hours. Then, wash with water until the pH is neutral. Furthermore, the fly ash was dried using an oven at 105oC for 4 hours to a constant weight, resulting in sulfuric acid-activated fly ash. The second stage of the adsorption process, where batik waste was mixed with sulfuric acid-activated fly ash in a ratio of 5:1 for 3 hours, resulted in the waste after adsorption. In the last stage, testing of the waste before and after adsorption was carried out at the Cilacap Environmental Laboratory. The results showed that the best concentration of sulfuric acid for the activation of fly ash was 1M because it reduced COD, BOD and TSS by up to 90%. Changes in COD, BOD, TSS, color and pH of batik waste before and after adsorption using 1 M sulfuric acid-activated fly ash, namely COD 13678 mg/L to 1302 mg/L, BOD 8480 mg/L to 870 mg/L, TSS 460 mg /L becomes 47 mg/L, the color of the batik waste changes from black to yellow, and pH 9 becomes 7.
Food waste has become a concern in solid waste management due to its high bulk volume and production rate. Without good management, food waste piling may result in foul odor, global warming by methane emission and even an epidemic. Composting is a method usually employed to process food waste. However, this method often took a long period and selective to organic waste such as leafy materials or fruit waste. Bone is a food waste that is rich in phosphorus, a chemical substance that is required to make various useful products such as fertilizer, battery, detergent, etc. This study investigates the characteristics of food waste compost containing chicken bone and various domestic organic food waste that was processed through aerobic solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger. The composting process was monitored over a 28-day period at 28°C. The resulting compost was characterized under various physicochemical parameters, including pH and nutrient composition. The findings demonstrated that Aspergillus niger effectively released phosphorus from bone while degraded organic matter in just a week, resulting in significant reductions in unprocessed waste volume and the production of a stable, nutrient-rich compost in a short time. Additionally, the compost was successfully induced better growth on corn seed compared to the food waste pile and naturally composted food waste. These results suggest that Aspergillus niger-mediated aerobic solid-state fermentation is a viable and efficient method for converting food waste into high-quality compost, promoting sustainable waste management and agricultural practices.
Biomaterials that can be used as coatings on dental implants are hydroxyapatites. One of the natural substances used in the synthesis of hydroxyapatite is the ale-ale shell, which has a substantial calcium content of 93,444%. The hydroxyapatite synthetic was carried out using a hydrothermal method that uses the calcium precursor (Ca) of the ale-ale shell and phosphate precursors (P) derived from (NH4)2HPO4, as well as NH4OH as a pH regulator. This research uses the influence variables of CaO/(NH4)2HPO4 concentration (0.67; 1.67; and 2.67) and pH (11, 12, and 13). The results of the FTIR analysis showed that the typical absorption peaks of hydroxyapatites are , OH-, and group absorptions. XRD analysis results showed the formation of major HAp peaks that correspond to ICDD data 01-072- 1243, with the highest peaks in succession appearing at angles 31,74; 31,67; and 31,64°. The crystal size is 35,25; 123,39; and 55,81 nm with degrees of crystallinity in sequence of 87,28; 91,67; and 95,09° and has a hexagonal crystal shape. Hydroxyapatite synthesis with ale-ale shell waste raw materials by hydrothermal method gives the best results at a concentration of CaO/(NH4)2HPO4 2.67-pH 13.
Malang Regency is one of the orange plantation centers in East Java, Indonesia, and has been named Indonesia’s orange agrotourism area. Orange peel waste in Indonesia has not been utilized, even though orange peel contains valuable compounds, such as D-limonene and polyphenols. To date, studies on the extraction of D-limonene and total phenolic compounds (TPC) from Baby Java Pacitan orange (Citrus sinensis L.) and Keprok Batu 55 oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco) has not been investigated. In this work, several factors affecting the extraction of D-limonene and total phenolic compounds from local Indonesian orange peels with ultrasonic assistance were investigated and optimized. The results showed that drying using a vacuum oven and agitation significantly increased the yield of D-limonene and TPC. The optimum condition for extracting D-limonene was a solid-solvent ratio (SSR) of 1:10 with an ethanol concentration of 96% for 40 minutes. Meanwhile, the optimum condition for extracting polyphenol compounds was a solid-solvent ratio of 1:10 with an ethanol concentration of 96% for 80 minutes. Under optimum conditions, Baby Java Pacitan orange peel produced D-limonene of 130.5 mg/g dry biomass, which was 2.8 times higher than Keprok Batu 55 orange peel. Meanwhile, the TPC for Baby Java Pacitan orange peel and Keprok Batu 55 orange peel were 46.1 mgGAE/g dry biomass and 43.9 mgGAE/g dry biomass, respectively.
Nutmeg seeds contain essential oils and fats, are widely used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. This research aims to determine the yield, physicochemical characteristics and fat composition of nutmeg seeds extracted from Ultrasonic-Microwave Extraction (UMAE). The research used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) method with the independent variables, length of extraction time (45, 90, 135 minutes) and microwave power (300 and 450 watts). The dependent variables in this research are yield, melting point, specific gravity, acid number and saponification number. The results showed that the highest fat yield of nutmeg was 30.48% at 300 Watts and 135 minutes. The physicochemical characteristic of nutmeg fat was yellow with specific gravity, melting point, acid number and saponification number were 0.96, 52.4 °C, 16.69 mg KOH/g fat and 254.96 mg KOH/gram fat. GCMS results show that the fat composition is trichloromethyl, isopropyl phosphoranidothioic acid and lauric acid triglyceride which have potential as cosmetic raw materials.
A study has been done to investigate and optimize the recovery of nickel from nickel-containing spent catalyst through sulfuric acid (1 - 2 mol/L) atmospheric leaching in different operation conditions. From the leaching experiments, it was possible to extract 77.95% nickel under the conditions of 2 mol/L H2SO4, reaction time of 5 h, 5% pulp density, and temperature of 80°C. In the next step Ni was selectively precipitated from a sulfuric acid-leached solution using 1 mol/L oxalic acid. The nickel content in the product was 97.29% Ni. Based on the study, sulfuric acid was found to be a suitable leaching agent to extract Ni from the nickel-containing spent catalyst. The study also indicated the effective extraction and recovery of nickel which was well supported by characterization studies using XRD technique.
Distilat asam lemak sawit (DALS) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku dua jenis stabiliser termal polivinil klorida (PVC), yaitu timah organik dan campuran logam organik. Untuk menghasilkan kedua jenis stabiliser termal dengan kualitas yang baik, DALS perlu dipisahkan terlebih dahulu menjadi fraksi jenuh dan fraksi tak jenuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan menganalisis tekno-ekonomi proses pemisahan fraksi jenuh dan tak jenuh DALS melalui kristalisasi pelarut dengan metanol. Kajian diawali pengembangan diagram alir proses termasuk pemilihan satuan operasi dan alat. Neraca massa dan energi dari proses yang dikembangkan selanjutnya diselesaikan. Investasi maupun biaya produksi selanjutnya dihitung dan dijadikan dasar dalam menentukan indikator ekonomi. Perhitungan dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak Aspen Plus dan Aspen Hysys. Kebutuhan utilitas didominasi oleh penguapan dan kondensasi pelarut. Semakin tinggi temperatur kristalisasi, semakin baik dari sisi lingkungan karena kebutuhan bahan bakar dan laju emisi CO2 semakin kecil. Akan tetapi, semakin tinggi temperatur kristalisasi, fraksi tak jenuh yang dihasilkan semakin kurang murni walaupun jumlahnya semakin besar. Pembangunan pabrik pemisahan pada kapasitas dan rentang temperatur kristalisasi yang dikaji diperkirakan memerlukan investasi 13,6-13,9 juta USD. Di antara peralatan yang dilibatkan, pemanas bakar dan kompresor refrijerasi memiliki kontribusi paling besar. Proses pemisahan pada temperatur -15oC dan 0oC ditemukan layak secara ekonomi, masing-masing dengan laju pengembalian internal (IRR) 36% dan 49%. Di lain pihak, proses pemisahan pada temperatur 10oC tidak layak secara ekonomi. Hasil kajian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi dalam pengembangan proses skala komersial.
Penggunaan nikel sulfat sebagai bahan baku baterai litium akan meningkatkan permintaan nikel di masa depan. Peningkatan permintaan tersebut akan diikuti oleh peningkatan permintaan bijih nikel yang saat ini banyak berasal dari bijih nikel laterit. Khususnya, permintaan bijih nikel laterit kadar rendah (limonit, Ni ≤ 1,5%) yang saat ini belum banyak diolah. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan pengolahan bijih nikel laterit kadar rendah (limonit) secara hidrometalurgi untuk memperoleh padatan nikel sulfat melalui proses pelindian menggunakan asam sulfat dan pengendapan menggunakan metode Solvent Displacement Crystallization (SDC). Tahapan pada penelitian ini meliputi preparasi, pelindian, pengendapan dan karakterisasi. Sampel bijih hasil preparasi dilarutkan dengan menggunakan asam sulfat pada proses pelindian dan dinetralisasi menggunakan CaCO3 untuk memperoleh larutan nikel sulfat yang kemudian diendapkan pada proses pengendapan menggunakan metode SDC. Endapan nikel sulfat selanjutnya dipisahkan dari larutan untuk dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD, XRF, AAS dan SEM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan organik air (OA) 1,6:1; pH 2, waktu pengadukan 3 jam dan temperatur 20oC adalah parameter terbaik dengan persen pengendapan nikel yang diperoleh adalah 98,3%.
Plastik biodegradable merupakan plastik yang terbuat dari bahan yang mudah diuraikan .Tongkol jagung mengandung kadar selulosa sebesar 41%, Kandungan pati kulit singkong berkisar 22-59%. Pada proses ektraksi selulosa dengan penambahan NaOH menghasilkan kadar selulosa yakni 68,15%. Penambahan plasticizer untuk meningkatkan permeabilitas uap air dan elongasi salah satunya menggunakan plasticizer PVa. TiO2 mempunyai sifat antibakteri, tidak beracun, dan murah. Pada penelitian ini akan dikaji optimasi kondisi operasi pembuatan plastik biodegradable dari selulosa tongkol jagung dan pati kulit singkong dengan penambahan PVa dan TiO2 sebagai smart packaging terhadap ketahanan air, biodegradabilitas, daya kekuatan, elongasi dan antioksidan. Hasil terbaik yang di dapatkan pada uji daya serap pada percobaan ke-7 di dapatkan hasil terendah yaitu 17.02%. lalu untuk nilai biodegradasi tertinggi pada percobaan ke-2 dengan presentase sebesar 60,19 sesuai dengan SNI degradasi dari plastik biodegradable yaitu sebesar > 60 % selama 1 minggu. Kemudian nilai kuat tarik tertinggi pada percobaan ke-6 dengan presentase sebesar 2.99 sesuai dengan nilai standar kuat tarik film bioplastik minimal 4 KgF/cm2 atau 0,392 Mpa (JIS 2-1707). Untuk nilai elongasi tertinggi pada percobaan ke-5 dengan presentase sebesar 2.99.Pada uji antioksidan apel yang dibungkus dengan plastik biodegradable dengan kandungan TiO2 dan selulosa tongkol jagungyang tinggi lebih tahan lama.
Sugarcane bagasse (SB) can synthesize activated carbon (AC) through a two-step calcination process at calcination at 400oC and activation at 800oC. NaOH 0.1 M is used to activate the pre-carbonized sample in the activation step. The AC samples undergo hydrothermal impregnation with nickel oxide (NiO) at 110°C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the presence of NiO after this process. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) indicates the presence of pore structures in the sample morphology. A three-electrode system with 1 M Na2SO4 as an electrolyte was employed to assess the electrochemical properties. The specific capacitance for activated carbon derived from SB stands at 89.53 F/g at 0.05 A/g current density, while after impregnation with NiO, it increases to 250.53 F/g at the same current density. The results demonstrate the possibility of activated carbon from sugarcane bagasse waste composited with NiO as supercapacitor electrodes.
