One major disease of citrus is basal stem rot which may cause significant constraint on citrus production in Indonesia. Basically the diseasecan be caused by fungi Phytophthora spp., Diplodia sp., and Botryodiplodia theobromae or Lasiodiplodia theobromae. The purpose of this study wasto provide information on the main pathogens and characterization of BPB disease, especially in citrus in Bali, which ultimately leads to early warning for protection against BPB disease and enriches academic evidence about pre-existing BPB disease.The method used is observation andisolation, pathogenicity test, and in vitro inhibitory test. Research activities include (1) sampling, (2) isolation of pathogens from symptomatic citrusplants, (3) test of pathogenicity, (4) identification of pathogen morphology and molecular, (5) DNA amplification, (6) DNA electrophoresis (7) analysis of DNA sequences. The results of this research successfully identified Lasiodiplodia theobromae, as a pathogen of citrus stem rot disease in Bali Province.
Introduction: Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is one of the horticultural plants of the fruit type which is included in the gourd tribe or Cucurbitaceae family. The problem of melon cultivation in the field is that it requires intensive maintenance, is susceptible to pests and diseases, uses less efficient nutrients, is sensitive to weeds, and has less controlled growth. The above problems can be overcome by hydroponic techniques. In hydroponic techniques, environmental resources are easier to control and the results obtained are more satisfying compared to conventional cultivation, especially in open fields. Amino acids are proteins that have been broken down through the metabolic process into small molecules. In addition to humans, plants also need amino acids to increase overall yields and quality. Methods: This study aims to determine the effect of providing the best Amino Plant concentration for the growth and production of melon plants. This study was conducted in June - October 2022 at the Smart Green House (SGH) of Jember State Polytechnic. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of one factor, namely the concentration of Amino Acid with 3 levels, namely P1 (4 mg/L), P2 (8 mg/L), and P3 (12 mg/L). Results: The results of the study showed that the administration of Amino Acids at a dose of 2 g/L gave results that were not significantly different (ns) in all parameters and showed that there was no effective concentration for melon growth and production in all parameters.Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, it is recommended to carry out further research by applying Amino Plant according to the guidelines on the packaging. It is necessary to calibrate the drip irrigation or fertigation system so that the nutrient flow is uniform.
Introduction: the expanding demand for copra (the dried flesh of a coconut), the desiccated kernel of the coconut fruit, underscores its promising potential for agroindustrial development. Effective partnership formations emerge as pivotal drivers in this context. This study aims to ascertain the most productive partnership patterns within five distinct mechanisms operating in Bulukumba, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Methods: the research site was determined using a purposive method, selecting five sub-districts prominent for coconut production, and employing the snowball sampling technique for data collection. Productivity analysis was conducted utilizing efficiency criteria and profit ratios across various partnership patterns. Results: efficiency and profit ratios were calculated for each mechanism as follows: 1) middlemen involvement yielded an efficiency of 107% and a profit ratio of 0.94; 2) engagement with local traders resulted in 77% efficiency and a profit ratio of 1.29; 3) participation in farmers' associations exhibited 36% efficiency and a profit ratio of 2.76; 4) group mechanisms demonstrated 86% efficiency and a profit ratio of 1.17; while 5) subcontract mechanisms displayed 31% efficiency and a profit ratio of 3.24. Conclusion: among the investigated mechanisms, the subcontract mechanisms emerged as the most productive partnership model, while the middlemen mechanism, non-partnership, exhibited the lowest productivity.
Introduction: This study aims to analyze the financial feasibility and identify the influence of total production, planting area, and farmer identity (age, education level, farming experience, number of family dependents) on the income of lowland rice farmers in Selubuk Village, Air Napal District, North Bengkulu Regency. Methods: This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method on 29 farmer respondents selected from 97 farmer families using the Slovin formula. Primary data were collected through questionnaires and interviews, while secondary data were obtained from related agencies. Data analysis included cost-revenue analysis (R/C ratio) and multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The results showed that lowland rice farming in Selubuk Village was financially feasible with an R/C ratio value of 3.39. The regression analysis results indicated that simultaneously, total production, planting area, age, farming experience, education level, and number of family dependents had a significant effect on farmer income (Sig. F = 0.000). Partially, the variables of total production, planting area, farming experience, and education level had a positive and significant effect on farmer income (p < 0.05). However, a multicollinearity problem was detected between the total production and planting area variables, which needs attention in the interpretation of their individual coefficients. The variables of age and number of family dependents did not have a significant effect on farmer income (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, lowland rice farming in Selubuk Village is profitable, and income improvement can be focused on production factors, experience, and increasing farmer education capacity, considering the close relationship between production and land area.
Introduction: This article uses a literature review study approach sourced from previous research and relevant to the topic of this research, namely the Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) model. This research aims to (1) analyze the trend of SCOR Model research in the field of Agribusiness (2) identify supply chain management performance indicators (3) identify variables considered in measuring supply chain management performance (4) analyze the effectiveness of SCOR in measuring supply chain management performance, especially in the field of Agribusiness. Methods: This study conducted a literature review of 32 articles from 2014-2023 in the fields of management, business, and agriculture. Data analysis used bibliometrics and Systematic Literature Review sourced from the Scopus database with the help of VOSviewer and R-Studio software. Results: The results showed that the trend in the number of SCOR model studies fluctuated, which was dominated by articles sourced from Scopus with the main keywords that appeared were Supply Chain Management and SCOR Model. All articles carried out four main business processes namely Plan, Source, Make, and deliver with the priority of reliability attributes as the main improvement priority. Conclusion: Most of the supply chain performance levels of the articles analyzed are in the average category.
Introduction: Oil palm nurseries are crucial to oil palm farming success. Thus, precise management measures from the start, such as giving nutrients and using optimal planting material, are essential. Vermicompost and guano were tested as organic fertilizers in oil palm fields to replace chemical fertilizers. This study aims to evaluate the effect of guano and vermicompost as organic fertilizers on the growth of oil palm seedlings during the pre-nursery stage. Methods: Besides the control group, the experimental treatments included 10% vermicompost, 20% vermicompost, 10% guano, and 20% guano, each replicated five times in a completely randomized design. Results: The introduction of 10% guano resulted in a significant enhancement across key growth metrics Addition of 10% guano had 20.0% more leaves, 22.5% more stem diameter, and 62.1% more shoot dry weight than the control group. This study shows that guano, which includes 19% P2O5, can boost oil palm seedling growth. The inceptisols was already rich in nutrients, thus vermicompost had no effect on it throughout the three-month testing. Since the soil conditions were good, vermicompost did not change them during the three-month trial. The correlation matrix showed a strong and constant link between seedling shoot and root fresh and dry weights. The relationship between organic fertilizers and oil palm nursery growth highlights the importance of a well-rounded plant development profile. This highlights the complex relationship between organic fertilizers and oil palm growth. Conclusion: Guano at 10% has been shown to improve oil palm seedling growth in the nursery phase, outperforming vermicompost.
Introduction: Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for people throughout the world. The agricultural sector plays an important role in national development and cannot be separated from various problems. Agribusiness is an approach that can be used in agricultural development activities. Efforts to increase young farmers' interest in the agricultural sector by exploring the factors that encourage interest in farming. The aim of this research is to determine the factors that influence young farmers' interest, and the factors that most dominantly influence young farmers' interest in entrepreneurship in the agribusiness sector. Methods: This research was conducted in Batu City, from October-November 2023. This research used primary and secondary data. The sample taken was 97 respondents. The sampling technique used in this research was the accidental sampling method. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: The research results show that factors that influence the interest of young farmers are; individual character, family environment, non-family environment, land area, economy, and motivation. The factors studied have a significant influence both directly and indirectly through motivation on young farmers' interest in entrepreneurship in the agribusiness sector. Among them, the land area factor which has the most dominant influence contributes equally to the interest of young farmers in entrepreneurship in the agribusiness sector in Batu City. Conclusion: This research concludes that all the factors studied have a significant influence both directly and indirectly through motivation on young farmers' interest in entrepreneurship in the agribusiness sector. Among them, the land area factor which has the most dominant influence contributes equally to the interest of young farmers in entrepreneurship in the agribusiness sector in Batu City.
Introduction: Organic farming has emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to food production. However, the adoption of organic farming practices in Indonesia remains slow. Progressive farmers have the potential to act as opinion leaders, accelerating the diffusion of innovations in organic rice farming. This study investigates the role of progressive farmers as opinion leaders in facilitating innovation diffusion for the development of organic paddy fields. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, non-participant observations, and document analysis involving 17 participants, including progressive farmers, conventional farmers, and agricultural extension agents engaged in organic rice farming development. Data were analyzed descriptively using the framework of social learning theory. Results: Findings indicate that opinion leaders play a pivotal role as initiators, pioneers, information disseminators, and role models in promoting organic rice farming innovations. Their actions and statements regarding innovations strongly influence farmers' decision-making processes. Conclusion: The study concludes that progressive farmers, as opinion leaders, effectively act as change agents and mentors by introducing and fostering the adoption of organic farming practices. The shared socio-cultural background between opinion leaders and their communities facilitates intensive interpersonal communication, ensuring that messages are relevant, credible, memorable, and trustworthy, thereby accelerating innovation diffusion. Nevertheless, the study also highlights certain limitations faced by progressive farmers. Strengthening their communication skills and fostering collaborations with agricultural institutions, such as extension agents and organic farming communities, are essential to further expedite the diffusion of organic farming innovations.
Introduction: Silvofishery is an innovative environmentally friendly aquatic cultivation concept that is currently widely developed in coastal areas with various cultivation commodities. The purpose of this research is to analyze the feasibility of saline tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a biological, ecological, and financial commodity for silvofishery cultivation. Methods: This research method utilized a causal ex-post facto design on four silvofishery ponds. The parameters studied include water quality, biological parameters of fish, plankton abundance, and financial feasibility parameters of the business. Results: The research results show that the weight of saline tilapia ranged from 3.01 to 21.24 gr/fish (13.37 ± 6.53) and biomass growth ranged from 3.010 to 19.116 kg (12.886 ± 7.79). Silvofishery water quality parameters resulted in pH data of 7.8-8.2 (8.0 ± 0.14), dissolved oxygen of 4.01-5.92 mg/L (4.90 ± 0.55), temperature of 31.00-32.75°C (31.80°C ± 0.60), salinity of 5-8 gr/L (6.3 ± 1.28), and organic matter of 54.32-73.87 mg/L (62.90 ± 6.33). Plankton abundance ranged from 10,000 to 90,000 cells/ml with the dominance of the genus Chlorella sp. The business feasibility analysis results showed a profit value of Rp. 8,840,000,-, R/C Ratio of 1.55, BEP unit of 297 kg, BEP sales of Rp. 4,428,000,-, profitability of 25%, Net Present Value of Rp. 101,528,000,-, IRR of 20.45%, and payback period of 2.7 years. This means that based on growth performance, pond water quality conditions, and business profit levels, the use of saline tilapia commodities in silvofishery pond cultivation is highly recommended. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is that saline tilapia commodities are highly suitable when used as a primary cultivation in integrated and comprehensive silvofishery activities.
Introduction: A sustainable livelihood program for former illegal loggers implemented by agriculture cultivation in rehabilitation zones or “Tetelan” land. Then, the agroforestry system should be applied to restore the function of forests and generate economic value. The research aims to examine the perceptions of former illegal loggers and the factors that influence the application of agroforestry on “tetelan” land. Methods: The research was conducted in Sanenrejo Village and Andongrejo Village, Tempurejo District, Jember Regency, East Java as buffer villages of the Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP). The research data used has cross-sectional characteristics. The data were measured using the Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods, followed by the Chi-square method to determine the effect of the relationship between variables. Results: Perception of former illegal loggers of agroforestry in “tetelan” land is in a good category. This means that efforts to implement an agroforestry system in "Tetelan" land to restore forest function have a high chance of success. At the same time, the factors that significantly influence the application of agroforestry are education and income. Conclusion: Individual approach efforts should target ex-illegal logger farmers with an elementary school education and low income (between IDR 300,000–IDR 6,200,000).
Introduction: Food security programs have become a strategic issue that consistently attracts the attention of various levels of government, including village governments, as regulated in the Minister of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions, and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia. Thus, this program will create sustainable food security, which is also a measure of the success of rural development. Methods: This research is a quantitative study. The data source in this research is primary data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires to the district government, villages, and farmers, in accordance with the sample calculation requirements of 213 farmers, as well as through interviews and field observations. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) PLS. Results: (1) village development performance, resource management, collaboration and creativity of the farmer-breeder community is on fairly good criteria (2) resource management has a positive and significant effect on collaboration, resource management has a positive and significant effect on the creativity of farmer-breeders, resource management has a positive but insignificant effect on village development performance, collaboration has a positive and significant effect on village development performance, the creativity of farmer-breeders has a positive and significant effect on village development performance, resource management through collaboration has a positive and significant effect on village development performance, the creativity of farmer-breeders has a positive and significant effect on village development performance. Conclusion: collaboration and creativity of farmer-breeders are good mediating variables as they can enhance the influence of resource management on village development performance based on the priorities of village funds in plant and animal food security.
Introduction: Gluten-free bread is a type of bread product made without gluten, and its consumption has increased in recent years, especially for individuals with celiac disease or driven by health considerations. The absence of gluten in gluten-free bread presents challenges in achieving the desired texture and structure. The incorporation of psyllium husk and chia seed into gluten-free bread formulations offers numerous benefits, both in terms of improving the bread's physical properties. Therefore, this study aims to find gluten-free bread formulations from a mixture of psyllium husk and chia seed seen from physical and sensory characteristics. Methods: This research method consists of the making of gluten-free bread, physical analysis (texture), sensory analysis, and statistical analysis. Results: For physical characteristics, psyllium husk, and chia seed incorporation affect springiness index, chewiness, adhesive force, and adhesiveness parameters in gluten-free bread, while for sensory characteristics several parameters have significant differences, namely aroma, taste, texture, and overall parameter, meanwhile appearance parameter has no significant difference. For the overall parameter, gluten-free bread with only psyllium husk (Formulation 1) received the highest rating preferred by the panelist. Conclusion: The incorporation of psyllium husk and chia seed affects the physical and sensory characteristics of gluten-free bread.
Introduction: Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) is a popular vegetable plant in Indonesia. This is because the demand for lettuce continues to increase and lettuce plants can be planted with a hydroponic system that is currently in great demand by the community, especially generation Z (Gen Z). In meeting the demand for lettuce, lettuce is planted hydroponically. Planting in a hydroponic system often does not pay attention to the intensity of light that can be received by plants due to the shade from the GreenHouse or UV plastic used, so that plants cannot grow optimally. The purpose of this study was to find the most suitable lettuce varieties planted hydroponically at various irradiation times as well as the most appropriate long light for lettuce plant growth and to analyze the relationship between characters with the yield for indirect selection. Methods: The study was conducted at the GreenHouse Arsy Hydroponic using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern. 3 lettuce varieties and 4 long light treatments were the treatments in this study. The relationship between characters was analyzed using correlation analysis. Results: The results of the study showed that the Cos and Batavia varieties can generally be used for planting with a light duration of more than 12 hours compared to the Oakleaf variety. Light duration of less than 12 hours is not recommended because it will cause the plant height to be higher, especially for the Oakleaf variety. In the indirect selection process to obtain high-yielding varieties in the hydroponic system by providing light duration and varieties can be selected from the characteristics of the number of leaves, leaf width and root length which have a significant positive correlation. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that selecting the appropriate variety can increase optimal crop yields. Information on the relationship between plant characteristics is very important to increase the effectiveness of selection.
Introduction: Indonesian SMEs are vital for economic growth. UD. FFI Driyorejo Gresik, a frozen food SME, faces production planning and efficiency challenges due to demand fluctuations and absent risk management. This research identifies and prioritizes risks, recommending mitigation strategies. Methods: Qualitative data was collected via interviews at UD. FFI. The House of Risk (HOR) method was used to identify, assess, and prioritize risk agents, utilizing SCOR mapping, severity/occurrence assessments, and Pareto analysis. Results: Eighteen risk events and twenty-four risk agents were identified. "Insufficient raw material supply" had the highest Aggregate Risk Potential (ARP). Pareto analysis revealed eleven priority risk agents comprising ~80% of total risk. Recommended mitigation included improved inventory, SOP monitoring, maintenance, training, and proactive management. Conclusion: UD. FFI is vulnerable in supply chain and production, primarily from raw material issues and process inconsistencies. Inventory management improvement is crucial for better efficiency, quality, and resilience. This study offers a risk management framework for frozen food SMEs. Future research could explore long-term effectiveness and external supply chain factors.
Introduction: This study aims to determine the best effect of soybean plant production and physiology on humic acid application under drought-stress conditions. Methods: This study used a factorial complete randomized design with three levels of humic acid (0 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm) and three levels of drought stress (80% KL, 60% KL, and 40%). The parameters analyzed were the number of flowers, pod fresh weight, pod dry weight, number of seeds, leaf chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC), and stomatal density. Results: The highest number of flowers was in the 80% KL drought stress treatment; the highest pod fresh weight and pod dry weight were in the 80% KL drought stress treatment; the highest number of seeds was in the 80% KL drought stress treatment; the highest leaf chlorophyll was in the 1000 ppm humic acid treatment and 80% KL drought stress; the highest relative water content (RWC) was in the interaction between 1000 ppm humic acid and 80% KL drought stress; and the highest stomatal density was in the 80% KL drought stress treatment. Conclusion: Humic acid application affects leaf chlorophyll and relative water content (RWC). Drought stress affects the number of flowers, pod fresh weight, pod dry weight, number of seeds, leaf chlorophyll, relative water content (RWC), and stomatal density. There was an interaction effect between humic acid application and drought stress on the relative water content (RWC) parameter.
Introduction: This research intends to investigate the potential of coffee cherry peel flour and banana peel liquid as cake-baking alternatives, taking into account both their chemical qualities and organoleptic reactions. Methods: This experimental study uses baking and steaming techniques to analyze coffee cherry peel flour and banana peel liquid. Chemical analysis of carbohydrates, protein, fiber, moisture, ash, and fat content is conducted, along with organoleptic analysis of color, fragrance, taste, and texture. The ANOVA method is used for data analysis. Results: According to the research findings, the greatest results are obtained when baking a cake using a mixture of 50% coffee cherry peel flour and 30% banana peel liquid. The cake has a chemical composition characterized by the presence of 28.9% carbohydrate, 4.02% protein, 6.23% fiber, 25.2% moisture content, 0.45% ash content, and 41.5% fat content. The organoleptic testing results indicate that this cake has received a favorable rating in terms of color (5.49 on the liking scale), scent (5.60 indicating very high liking), taste (5.44 indicating liking), and texture (5.31 indicating liking).Conclusion: The research results show that a 50% concentration of coffee cherry peel flour and a 30% banana peel liquid considerably change all organoleptic characteristics of the cake. The cake prepared using these specific proportions exhibits desirable attributes, including a well-received brown hue, a typical coffee fragrance, a discernible coffee flavor, and a tender and readily chewable consistency.
Introduction: This study examines the food consumption patterns and food security status of corn farming households in Paterongan Village, Galis Subdistrict, Bangkalan Regency, Madura Island, Indonesia. The research is conducted within the context of the low food security levels in Indonesia, despite the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) since 2015. Paterongan Village serves as an interesting case study due to its high corn production but also a high poverty rate, which raises concerns regarding household-level food security. This study aims to identify the factors influencing food security among corn farmers in the area. Methods: This research uses a descriptive quantitative approach, collecting data through interviews and questionnaires with 76 female corn farmers. The 24-hour food recall technique was applied to assess food consumption patterns and calculate the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the factors influencing food security. Results: The findings indicate that the food consumption patterns are relatively limited in diversity, with most households primarily consuming cereals, vegetables, oils, legumes, and fish. The average HDDS score is 7.1, with 67% of households classified as food insecure. Conclusion: The logistic regression analysis identified education level, household income, and the utilization of home gardens as significant factors that improve food security.
Introduction: The pivotal role of the agricultural sector in Indonesia's economic advancement stems from the employment of a significant portion of the Indonesian populace. Central to this sector are agricultural extension workers tasked with fostering motivational shifts, altering operational methodologies, and instilling adaptive practices congruent with technological advancements. This research endeavors to scrutinize the modus operandi of agricultural extension workers amidst the digital metamorphosis era within the Agricultural Extension Center situated in Lowokwaru, Malang, Indonesia. Methods: Employing a Mixed methods approach, this study draws upon primary and secondary data sources. Thirty samples, affiliated with the Farmers Group at the Agricultural Extension Center in Lowokwaru Malang, constitute the study cohort, selected through purposive sampling techniques. Data accrual involves questionnaire administration, employing the Likert scale as the measurement metric. Statistical analysis entails multiple linear regression, facilitated through SPSS 22 software. Results: Simultaneously, variables embodying extension workers' roles as facilitators, innovators, motivators, dynamists, and educators collectively impact the income of registered farmers at the Agricultural Extension Center in Lowokwaru, Malang. Conclusion: This study reveals that the roles of extension workers as facilitators, innovators, and educators significantly enhance farmers' capacity to integrate digital technology into their agricultural practices. Nevertheless, the absence of direct statistical significance in some roles suggests the interplay of other critical factors, such as farmers' readiness to adopt technology and external support mechanisms. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to bolster extension workers' capabilities and farmer engagement with digital innovations.
Introduction: Caffeine, antioxidants, and vitamin C are important compounds found in coffee beans. These chemical compounds affect the taste and aroma of coffee. The research aims to examine the effect of hormone application on the chemical content of coffee beans. Methods: The research was carried out at the people's coffee plantation in Kwadungan Gunung, Kledung, Temanggung, Central Java. The research uses an experimental method with two factors. Factor I variety consists of two varieties, namely Sigararutang and Yellow Catura. Factor II of the Plant Growth Regulators (PGR) application consists of four levels, namely: Control, ethrel, NAA, and gibberellin. Each treatment combination with 5 replications. The parameters observed were the number of fruit/ tree, the number of ripe fruit/ tree at the first harvest, caffeine content, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, sugar, and protein. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with the DMRT further test. Results: The number of coffee cherries of the Yellow Catura was better than the Sigarar Utang. The caffeine is better in Sigararutang in all PGR applications compared to other combinations. The antioxidant activity of Yellow Catura with the application of NAA and GA3 is better than other combinations. Vitamin C in Yellow Catura with GA3 application and control is better than other combinations. The protein in Yellow Catura with NAA application is better than other combinations. The sugar in Yellow Catura with all applications of PGR is better than the other combinations. Conclusion: PGR application and differences in varieties affect the chemical content namely caffeine, antioxidant activity, vitamin C, protein, and total sugar.
Introduction: Performance evaluation is essential in defining supply chain strategies because the firm can find out how the business processes in the supply chain are running and formulate strategic policies. Kayumas coffee is one of Indonesia’s specialty coffee with a unique aroma and flavor originating from Kayumas Village, Situbondo District, East Java. Kayumas coffee supply chain needs to be evaluated because of the lack of competitiveness with other specialty coffees. Strategies are needed to improve supply chain performance, improve product quality, and reduce costs. This study aims to configure the supply chain of Kayumas specialty coffee structure, evaluate its performance, and determine performance improvement strategies. Methods: This study uses descriptive analysis to configure the supply chain structure and flow. Analysis of supply chain performance based on Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) model then weighted with Analytic Network Process (ANP). Performance improvement strategies were formulated by a discussion with experts and then weighted with ANP. Results: The research results show that the Kayumas specialty coffee supply chain comprises farmers, farmer groups, distributors or resellers, and consumers. There are 6 performance indicators (metrics) to measure performance: perfect order fulfillment, order fulfillment cycle time, flexibility, total supply chain management cost, cost of goods sold, and cash-to-cash cycle time. Performance measurement shows that Kayumas specialty coffee supply chain performance is in the inferior category. Conclusion: The strategy needed to improve supply chain performance by reducing cost is a partnership between supply chain members to reach a price agreement.
