Introduction: With a prevalence of 25 to 90% in India, primary dysmenorrhea is a frequent ailment among women of reproductive age. Management of primary dysmenorrhea is selected from multidisciplinary options, which mainly consist of pharmacological intervention, but other alternative methods like yoga and exercise are also available. However, none of the researchers have compared the effects of yoga and exercise in primary dysmenorrhea. Aim: To compare the efficacy of yoga and structured exercises on pain, stress, quality of life and muscle performance in primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: Forty participants were randomly divided into two groups: one for yoga and the other for structured exercises. A total of twelve sessions were conducted over a period of three weeks. The baseline assessment was conducted on the 3rd day of the menstrual cycle, while the post-test was conducted on the 3rd day of the next consecutive cycle. After data acquisition, the results were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Result: Following the intervention, both groups demonstrated significant improvement (p < 0.05). But changes were not statistically significant between the two groups. Conclusion: Both yoga and exercise were effective in reducing pain and stress, as well as improving quality of life and muscle performance in primary dysmenorrhea.
Introduction: As of March 2020, Indonesia’s COVID-19 case fatality rate was 8.9%. Cabin crew are directly exposed to the consequences of the pandemic during flights. In addition, widespread flight cancellations have been associated with increased anxiety among employees. Aims: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, preventive behaviors, and anxiety among cabin crew in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aviation Health Center in Indonesia. A total of 314 cabin crew participated in the study and were recruited using consecutive sampling. Data on knowledge, attitudes, preventive behaviors, and anxiety were collected using online questionnaires. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Chi-square and logistic regression. Results: The majority of participants were female (79.6%) and aged 17-25 years (38.2%). In the multivariate analysis, poor preventive behavior remained a significant predictor of anxiety (aOR=2.63; 95% CI=1.14-6.02; p=0.023). Participants with negative attitudes had 1.55 times higher odds of experiencing anxiety compared to those with positive attitudes (aOR=1.55; 95% CI=1.10-2.17; p=0.010). Conclusion: Improving COVID-19–related attitudes and preventive behaviors among cabin crew may help reduce anxiety levels during flights.
Introduction: Youth substance abuse is a rising public health concern globally. Over the past 20 years, youth substance abuse among youths aged 14-17 has risen to 71% in Kampala, Uganda. This study examines the patterns and impact of substance abuse among youths in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda. Aim: To assess patterns and impact of substance abuse among youths in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda. Methods: Quantitative data collected via structured questionnaires completed by 381 youths aged between 18 and 30 years were examined using chi-square and multivariate regression analysis. Quantitative findings were combined with thematic analysis of qualitative data gathered from focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). Results: Socially normalized and readily available substances through peer networks and unofficial supply chains were alcohol, marijuana, khat, and shisha. There were statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) between substance usage and health problems. The findings revealed that 46.7% of users experienced withdrawal symptoms, 49.8% experienced blackouts, and 74% reported mental health issues. Only 19.4% of users sought therapy. Social repercussions included neglecting family responsibilities (32.5%), losing friendships (60.9%), and family conflict (51%). In terms of income generation, 28.4% turned to crime to support their habits, with 39.4% citing problems at work. Depression, parental neglect, and fighting when intoxicated were all validated as significant predictors by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Youth substance abuse in Bushenyi District, Western Uganda, is a complex issue fueled by peer pressure, sociocultural acceptance, and a lack of proper mental health care.
Introduction: Multimorbidity significantly affects older adults' quality of life (QoL). Its prevalence among adults aged ≥60 years ranges from 24% to 83%, increases with age and is closely linked to progressive physical and functional decline. A|ims: To investigate the determinants of QoL among community-dwelling older adults in urban Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in several community-based home care centers in West Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2023. From a database of 2,000 older adults, 600 individuals were selected using simple random sampling for screening. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 501 older adults aged ≥60 years were included in the analysis. Sociodemographic and health-related data were collected using structured interviews and direct measurements. Mult|ivar|iate log|ist|ic regress|ion analysis was performed to identify factors associated with QoL. Results: A total of 501 older adults were analyzed; most were female (67.1%) and had multimorbidity (85.6%). The mean WHOQOL-BREF scores exceeded 60, with the highest score in the psychological domain (66.8). Physical health was significantly associated with multimorbidity (OR=2.08; p=0.013), exercise (OR=1.51; p=0.029), IADL (OR=3.54; p=0.007), ADL (OR=1.69; p=0.021), and balance (OR=1.92; p=0.044). Exercise increased the likelihood of better QoL (OR=1.47; p=0.037), while depression predicted poorer quality of life (OR=1.75; p=0.020). Conclusion: Multimorbidity, functional disability, balance impairment, depression, age, and exercise were significantly associated with QoL. Improving chronic disease management, maintaining independence, promoting regular exercise, and supporting mental health can enhance older adults’ well-being. Community-based programs encouraging active lifestyles and balance training may further improve QoL in this population.
Introduction : Study in a Semarang factory showed 91% workers experience work fatigue and stress, which then increase the probability of work accidents. Work stress created by various factors and influence physical and psychological imbalances, which affect the emotions, thought processes, and conditions of a person being abused. Aims : This study aimed to examine the relationship between work stress and mental workload, work fatigue, and nutrient adequacy levels. Method : We used cross-sectional data of 120 female workers at “X” wood factory located in Lumajang, East Java, Indonesia. Assessment of mental workload, work fatigue, nutrient adequacy levels (energy, protein, and vitamin C), and work stress sequentially using NASA TLX (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index) questionnaire, Questionnaire from the Industrial Fatigue Research Committee (IFRC), SQFFQ (Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire), and a modified Questionnaire of the Management Standards and HSE Indicator Tool (HSE-MS IT). Results : The work stress of study participants 58.3% included in medium category, the nutritional adequacy was 50% normal category for energy, protein deficit 88.4%, and vitamin C deficit 80.0%. The level of work fatigue of respondents is moderate (48.3%) and high (1.7%). The percentage of respondent’s mental work is mostly included in high mental workload (63.3%). Workload (p=0.018) and protein adequacy (p=0.037) have correlation with work stress, while work fatigue (p=0.099), energy adequacy (p=0.117), and vitamin C adequacy (p=0.087) have no relationship. Conclusion : Work stress is related to mental workload, while work fatigue and levels of nutritional adequacy are not related.
Introduction: Alcohol consumption poses a significant public health concern due to its association with non-communicable diseases, social harm, and mental health issues. In Malaysia, the highest prevalence of alcohol consumption was in Sabah (28.6%) and Sarawak (31.2%), especially among indigenous and rural populations. Aims: This study aimed to examine demographic patterns linked to alcohol risk categories and evaluate the implementation of harm reduction interventions based on the Ministry of Health Malaysia’s 2013 community guideline. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from AUDIT-10 screenings collected between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2024 in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Demographic variables included age, gender, ethnicity, and citizenship. categorised. Risk levels categorized AUDIT-10 scores, and associations with demographic factors were examined using chi-square tests. Intervention implementation was assessed based on documentation aligned with national guidelines. Results: Of the 1,066 records analyzed, males were significantly overrepresented in higher-risk categories χ² (3, N = 1066) = 51.14, p < 0.001). Indigenous groups formed the majority across all risk levels. While most participants were Malaysian citizens, non-citizens were more common in the low- and very-high-risk groups. Age distribution showed minimal variation across categories. However, incomplete records on intervention delivery limited the assessment of compliance with national protocols. Conclusion: The study underscores elevated alcohol risk among males and indigenous populations. Gaps in intervention delivery highlight the need for enhanced training and culturally tailored strategies. Strengthening data quality and implementation fidelity is crucial to improving alcohol harm reduction at the community level.
Introduction: Around 180 to 220 million young people are living with a disability and almost 80% are in developing countries. Adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID) face heightened risks of inappropriate sexual behavior, sexual violence, and reproductive health issues due to limited access to tailored education. Health professionals have a responsibility to educate, inform, and support adolescents with intellectual disabilities regarding their sexual and reproductive health. Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore sexual and reproductive health education for adolescents with intellectual disabilities based on the perspective of health workers. Methods: A qualitative case study was conducted with 12 health workers from four primary health centers in Pangkalpinang City. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Result: Analysis yielded 47 transcripts, 150 codes, 9 categories, and 4 overarching themes: Modelling, Guided Practice, Reinforcement, and Feedback. Under Modelling, key categories included the use of tangible learning media, focused educational content and adaptive communication techniques. Guided Practice involved live demonstrations, small-group settings, structured time management, and parental involvement. Reinforcement primarily took the form of positive feedback. Informants emphasized that effective sexual and reproductive health education must be repetitive, interactive, and involve parents as co-educators. Conclusion: Sexual and reproductive health education for adolescents with intellectual disabilities based on the perspective of health workers is formed by modelling, guided practice, reinforcement and feedback. These findings provide a practical, evidence-based framework for developing standardized sexual and reproductive health programs and training curricula for health workers in similar settings.
Introduction: Adolescent social anxiety, particularly among females, is reported at 28.2% versus 25.4% among males. Globally, it affects about 7% of the population annually and contributes to higher risks of non-communicable and mental disorders. Social media, especially TikTok, is suspected to play a crucial role in this issue. Aims: This study compared the relationship between TikTok use intensity and social anxiety among female students from two educational settings: SMAN 9 Makassar (public) and SMA IT Ar-Rahmah (Islamic-based private). Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was used with 86 respondents selected through multistage and total sampling. Instruments included the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), four questionnaires on social media use, and Welltory for physiological data. Results: Social anxiety was reported by 55.8% and 46.4% of SMAN 9 Makassar and SMA IT Ar-Rahmah students, respectively. The Mann-Whitney U test showed no significant difference between schools (p=0.163). The Chi-Square test revealed a significant relationship between TikTok use intensity and social anxiety (p=0.000). Duration of use also differed significantly (p=0.019), with SMAN 9 and SMA IT Ar-Rahmah students averaging 112.7 and 73.8 minutes/day. TikTok content type was significantly related to social anxiety at SMAN 9 Makassar (p=0.000) but not at SMA IT Ar-Rahmah (p=0.960). User activity and general social media intensity showed no significant link. Conclusion: Social anxiety levels did not differ significantly between schools, but TikTok use intensity and content type were strongly associated. Multilevel interventions involving screening, digital literacy, and policy collaboration are recommended.
Introduction: Depressive disorders are one of the most common disorders throughout the world, with a prevalence reaching 5.7% in elders aged over 60 years. In the elderly, depressive disorders can make patients feel miserable, worsen medical conditions, and require a proper support system. Aims: This study aims to explore the relationship between physical activity, cognitive ability, and medical history with depressive disorders in the elderly population in Pondok Labu, South Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative approach was utilized, involving elderly participants from the School of Elderly RPTRA Pinang Pola. Data were gathered via questionnaires, and analyses included univariate and bivariate methods, with the chi-square test assessing relationships between variables. Results: Among the 34 participants, 88.2% showed non-concerning levels of depression, while 11.8% exhibited light depression. Physical activity levels of intensity were light for 11.8%, moderate for 64.7%, and high for 22.3% of participants. Cognitive assessments indicated that 2.9% were below average, 94.1% were normal, and 2.9% were above average cognitive ability. Regarding medical history, 61.8% had up to two diseases, while 38.2% had more than two diseases. Bivariate analyses revealed no significant relationships between depression levels and physical activity (p=0.551), cognitive ability (p=0.118), or medical history (p=0.627). Conclusion: These findings suggest that depression may be influenced by factors beyond those studied here, highlighting the need for broader research on depression determinants in the elderly such as the level of loneliness and the function of family and friends in the elder’s environment.
Background: Physical inactivity is a leading global health risk, with 31% of adults worldwide not meeting recommended activity levels, yet evidence on psychosocial determinants among sedentary professionals remains limited. Aims: To examine psychosocial determinants of physical activity and their associations with socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in May to June 2025 among 153 librarians. Data were collected using a validated psychosocial and behavioural PA questionnaire informed by established psychosocial theories. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were conducted to examine the associations between demographic variables and psychosocial determinants, with P value of < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Librarians reported moderate self-efficacy, behavioural intention, leisure-time PA, and workplace PA, with high perceived benefits and response efficacy. Female librarians had significantly lower self-efficacy (β = -0.43, p = 0.023), behavioural intention (β = -21.56, p = 0.001), and workplace PA (β = -0.50, p = 0.007) than males. Older groups perceived fewer benefits (β = -0.74 to -0.53, all p < 0.05) and lower inactivity severity (β = -0.72, p = 0.023). Higher education was unexpectedly linked with lower perceived vulnerability (β = -0.39, p = 0.046) and weaker intention (β = -8.70, p = 0.031). Officer-level librarians reported higher leisure-time PA (β = 8.59, p = 0.042) and workplace PA (β = 0.46, p = 0.003) than support staff. Conclusion: Socio-demographic characteristics shaped psychosocial determinants and PA behaviours among librarians. Tailored interventions should be considered. Findings may extend to other sedentary ISCO-08 occupations.
Introduction: Anxiety in the 3rd trimester of pregnant women increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from 45.9% to 62% and occurs due to either a maturity crisis or a fear of childbirth. It has an impact on the health of the mother and the fetus. A preliminary study at a private mother and children hospital in Palangka Raya in December 2022 showed that 7 out of 10 3rd trimester pregnant women experienced anxiety. Aims: to analyze the relationship between parity, education level, employment status, and income with anxiety level among 3rd trimester pregnant women at a private mother and children hospital in Palangka Raya post-pandemic COVID-19. Method: An observational study with a cross-sectional approach and a representative sample size was 255 respondents from 3rd trimester pregnant women using a non-probability sampling method and a questionnaire as the research instrument. Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by using Multinomial Logistic Regression analyses. Results: Higher education was significantly associated with a low anxiety level (adj. OR 0.266, 95%CI 0.094-0.786; p= 0.012) as well as low income with moderate anxiety of 3rd trimester pregnant women (adj. OR 0.121, 95%CI 0.024-0.613; p=0.011). Conclusion: There is a relationship between education level as well as income and anxiety among 3rd trimester pregnant women at a private mother and children hospital in Palangka Raya.
Introduction: The mental health of individuals infected with the COVID-19 pandemic was impacted. There was an increased surge into panic and stresses; in the first year of the COVID-19 epidemic, anxiety and depression-like mental diseases surged 25% globally. Aims: This study assessed the levels of anxiety, depression, and perceived social support among individuals diagnosed with COVID-19, their predicting factors, and documented the correlation between these. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 346 asymptomatic to mildly ill COVID-19 patients. Hospital anxiety and depression scale assessed depression and anxiety, while MSPSS assessed perceived social support. SPSS version 16 was used for data analysis. Tests used included ANOVA, Pearson's rank correlation test, independent t-tests, and multivariate linear regression. A p-value below 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: A total of 13.8 percent patients had comorbid depression and 32 percent, anxiety. 35.2 percent patients did not have enough support. A significant correlation between depression and anxiety, and a relationship of depression and anxiety with social support, was noted. The regression analysis revealed; substantial association between anxiety and depression with age, marital status, covid case in family, and hypertension: an association of diabetes mellitus was seen with anxiety only; and perceived social support was found to have a significant association with age, covid case in family, and presence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Conclusion: Significant number of COVID-19 experienced anxiety, depression, and a lack of social support.
Introduction: Maternal obesity is a major global health issue, affecting 14.6% of women in Malaysia. An abnormally higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with various health problems, including reduced exercise capacity, affecting daily activities. During the postpartum period, BMI and exercise capacity significantly impact women's fitness and risk of other health problems. Yet, the predictor of exercise capacity related to BMI is not well defined and understood. The study aims to determine the level of exercise capacity and its predictor among postpartum women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kepala Batas Health Clinic, Pulau Pinang. A total of 134 postpartum women were recruited using a purposive sampling method. Descriptive analysis was performed on data pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric characteristics, and exercise capacity level as measured by the 2-Minute Step Test (2MST). Predictors of exercise capacity were analyzed using a stepwise linear regression test. Results: Overall, the mean BMI was 24.7 ± 4.9 kg/m² and the mean score of exercise capacity based on 2MST was 87.93 ± 9.89 heart beats per minute, which was good. The strongest significant predictor of exercise capacity among postpartum women is being overweight (R² = 80.1%). Higher BMI leads to more musculoskeletal pain, inflammation, and fatigue, hindering exercise and physical activity. Conclusions: Postpartum women with an abnormal BMI should be provided with comprehensive intervention by a multidisciplinary team, particularly physiotherapy and dietitian. This intervention is crucial for preserving exercise capacity, which serves as a fundamental indicator of a woman's overall physical fitness.
Introduction: Adolescence is a developmental phase that is vulnerable to stress. A stress study of 1,344 participants aged 14-18 years old experienced moderate (22.8%), severe (43.0%), and very severe (16.8%) stress. Health promotion not only focuses on individuals but also considers local wisdom culture, spirituality, and intergenerational relationships. Aims: Develop a mental health promotion model based on local wisdom values, spiritual adaptation, and parental emotional literacy. Method: This study is a qualitative study with a population of adolescents in Bali, Yogyakarta, and Madura. The sample used purposive sampling of 20 informants, namely adolescents, teachers, and parents, through a phenomenological approach with in-depth interviews conducted from June to August 2025. The data analysis process included reduction, categorization, synthesis, and formulation of working hypotheses. Results: Five themes were identified: 1) Stress responses manifested through self-isolation, compensatory behavior, obsessive use of technology; 2) Cultural factors play a role in regulating emotional expression and as a source of social resilience; 3) Spirituality as a source of inner peace and meaning of life through prayer, rituals, and interfaith beliefs; 4) Parenting styles are influenced by children's inner experiences and past emotional states that impact adolescents' psychological well-being; and 5) Coping strategies: problem-focused coping, emotional coping, and avoidance coping, with varying effectiveness depending on social and spiritual support. Conclusion: An intergenerational mental health promotion model based on the development of local wisdom, spiritual coping, and emotion-based parenting is recommended as a holistic approach to improving adolescent mental health in Indonesia, synergistically involving families, schools, and communities.
Introduction: Nearly 10% of children and adolescents suffer from functional somatic symptoms (FSS) which are persistent, bothersome bodily symptoms not having demonstrable organic pathology. Associations have been reported between children’s FSS, anxiety, depression, and certain parental factors. Aims: (i) compare the anxiety and depression levels between children with FSS and children not having FSS, (ii) identify the child and parent-related risk factors of FSS. Methods: Case-control design was used for this cross-sectional study. Cases constituted a hospital sample of 60 children, aged 9-15 years, who presented with FSS. Age, gender and class-matched 60 school children, who did not disclose any FSS while screening with Children’s Somatic Symptoms Inventory-24 constituted the control group. Both the groups were administered with Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale, Illness Behaviour Encouragement Scale, and Lum Emotional Availability of Parents (Child report). Results: Cases scored significantly higher than the control children on anxiety, depression (p<0.001), and parental illness behaviour encouragement (p<0.001), but reported low emotional availability of both parents (p<0.01). Significantly large number of children in the FSS group showed anxiety disorder (p<0.05), separation anxiety disorder (p<0.001) generalized anxiety disorder (p<0.01), and major depressive disorder (p<0.01). The stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis revealed over all anxiety, separation anxiety, generalized anxiety and high parental illness encouragement as the risk factors of FSS. Conversely, higher perception of maternal emotional availability significantly reduced its risk. Conclusion: Children with FSS must be screened for anxiety and depressive disorders as well as parental reinforcing responses and emotional availability before initiating treatment.
Introduction: From primary data, it was found that 65% of solid waste generation occurred in 12 hospitals in West Sumatra. "2,839 health facilities in West Sumatra, produced 1,899.15 tonnes of medical solid waste including hazardous and toxic materials (B3)," the government stated in March 2020. If nothing is done to address this poor waste management, it will negatively affect society. It is difficult for hospital managers to improve the waste processing system because the stages or factors that have a significant impact on poor waste processing are unknown. Aims: This research aims to find an appropriate medical solid waste treatment model that can be used in hospitals by analyzing the stages and factors involved in processing medical solid waste. Method: Structural Equation Modeling analysis was used in this cross-sectional research. The population study was 12 hospitals and the research sample was taken by calculating Wayne W. Daniel's formula to obtain 120 hospital waste treatment officers. This study started in September 2021 to March 2022. Primary data was collected by writing notes from observations by recording the results of observations, documentation, asking sources, and questionnaires filled out by waste managers and waste cleaning officers. Results: The research results show that of the 4 independent variables influencing medical solid waste processing, storage is the most dominant factor affecting waste processing. Conclusion: Sorting and storage variables influence poor hospital waste management in West Sumatra.
Introduction: The proportion of elderly people in India has sharply increased. According to World Population Prospects 2019, the elderly population will be around 19% by 2050. Due to this, there remains a concern about the quality of life (QOL) of the elderly. There is a scarcity of knowledge about QOL and related factors influencing the elderly population, particularly in rural areas of northern India. So, this study was conducted. Aims: To study the quality of life in the elderly aged sixty years and above using WHOQOL-BREF in rural Delhi. Methods: Cross-sectional study in the community. People aged 60 and older in the study area were enrolled using simple random sampling. A total of 195 elderly people were enrolled in the study after obtaining consent. The data was imported into MS Excel and evaluated with SPSS version 25. For descriptive and inferential statistics, p-values of 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: Among the 195 participants, 40.5% were men and 59.5% were women. The proportion of married elderly was 47.7% while the rest were widowed, and 47.2% of the elderly were illiterate. Out of 195 participants, 155 were living in a joint family. Physical health (60.76±11.31), Psychological (67.90±8.71), Social relationship (90.81±12.31), and Environment domain (83.23±11.59) had the highest mean WHOQOL-BREF scores. Conclusions: The QOL score was highest in the social relationship category and lowest in the physical health category. Researchers can conduct a qualitative study in the future to determine the factors affecting quality of life.
Introduction: To achieve an ideal and satisfactory level of health for the community, it is very important to provide high-quality services provided by health professionals. Therefore, health workers are expected to show high performance. Based on the 2023 Indonesian Health Profile, 11.5% of community health centers have a shortage of health workers, namely doctors. Timor Leste does not yet have higher education in nursing, so the number of nurses needed is still insufficient. Aims: to analyze the influence of health worker performance on human resource development in the Indonesian and Timor Leste Public Health Services. Methods: A study was conducted involving 43 health professionals. The tool used was a survey conducted through Google Forms. This study used chi-square to investigate the correlation between the two variables and logistic regression to identify the parameters most strongly associated with the performance of health workers. Result: The research findings show that in bivariate analysis, training and work motivation have an impact on the performance of health workers. However, in multivariate analysis, training emerged as the most significant component, with a p-value of 0.021, an odds ratio of 7.173, and a 95% confidence interval of 1.338-8.458. Conclusion: The performance of health workers is largely influenced by their level of training. Health workers with superior training showed 7,173 times more effective performance compared to health workers with poor training. Carrying out regular and continuous training, tailored to the health needs of workers, so that they can master their field of work.
Introduction: Intelligence level is a person's ability to think and respond to things logically, purposefully, and to control and manage the environment more effectively. Nutritional status and parenting of children affect the level of child's carelessness. Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018 showed the nutritional status of children aged 5-12 years, where 26.8% were anemic (children aged 5-14 years), 23.6% were short, 10.8% were fat, 9.2% were think, and 9.2% were obese. Aims: The researcher hopes to determine how parenting and nutritional status affect elementary school students' Intelligence Quotient (IQ). Methods: Purposive sampling strategies are used in this cross-sectional study design. The number of samples in this study is 77 samples. Results: The result found the effect of nutritional status on children's intelligence level (p=0.006; OR 95% CI 4.17 (1.51-11.52) vs Parenting with intelligence level (p=0.343; OR 95% CI 1.35 (0.72-2.54). Nutritional status is something that greatly affects the development of a child's brain so that it can be ensured that good nutritional intake can increase the level of intelligence of children. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to increase counseling programs and also continue existing government programs, such as counseling for mothers or parents related to balanced nutrition, providing counseling on making balanced nutritional foods, increasing the budget in providing supplementary feeding that contains high protein, and hence, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program to reduce the malnutrition rate can be achieved in order to create healthy and intelligent children for the nation's successors.
