Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have been shown significant efficacy in administering anti-Parkinson’s drugs with improved patient compliance. There are considerable improvements in TDDS for anti-Parkinson’s drugs. These formulations aim to increase drug delivery and clinical outcome of Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment. This review comprehensively assesses the present status and advancements in TDDS in anti-Parkinson’s treatment. The approaches explored include sustained release patches, microneedles, iontophoresis and nanocarriers. Pharmacological evaluations revealed that advanced TDDS can effectively deliver the therapeutics doses through the skin and hence making them as an alternative to oral drug delivery. Studies have demonstrated that TDDS have the ability to enhance the treatment of PD. Therefore, it is expected that TDDS can provide good health and well-being to Parkinson’s disease patients.
Objectives This study aimed to develop and evaluate mometasone furoate spanlastics-loaded film-forming spray (MF-SPL-FFS) for improved dermal delivery and skin retention for the treatment of eczema. Methods Spanlastics were synthesized via the thin film hydration method, optimized and characterized before in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation. The optimized formulation was evaluated for particle size, PDI, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. FTIR, XRD, and FE-SEM analyses were performed to evaluate drug-excipient compatibility, drug entrapment, and morphological characteristics, respectively. In vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation, and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the performance, safety, and efficacy of the formulation. Results The optimized nanoparticles revealed a favorable particle size (323.3 ± 4.2 nm), PDI (0.360 ± 0.0015), zeta potential (-27.6 ± 1.8 mV), and entrapment efficiency (83.65 ± 1.9%). FTIR revealed drug-excipient compatibility, XRD confirmed complete entrapment of the drug, and FE-SEM confirmed their spherical morphology. In vitro release studies recorded sustained release of MF-SPL exhibiting 86.46 ± 0.408% release over 24 h, and the ex vivo permeation studies exhibited favorable dermal permeation. The in vivo model confirmed the safety and enhanced efficacy of the formulation compared to the marketed formulation, showing improved healing and reduced inflammatory markers (IL-1β, TNF-α). Conclusions Outcome revealed significantly enhanced skin retention and anti-inflammatory potential of the formulation in eczema, indicating the potential of MF-SPL-FFS as an effective approach for improved topical delivery of mometasone furoate.
This study examines the momentum and thermal behavior of a blood-based Williamson hybrid ferrofluid containing magnetite and copper nanoparticles flowing over a moving flat plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field and viscous dissipation. A steady two-dimensional laminar boundary-layer formulation is considered, together with effective hybrid-fluid properties. The transformed equations are investigated numerically, and a supervised artificial neural network is evaluated as a data-driven surrogate for reference numerical profiles. Unlike a physics-informed neural network, the documented neural loss does not impose differential-equation residuals and boundary conditions. The reported numerical profiles show that increasing the wall-to-free-stream velocity ratio and magnetic parameter increases the plotted velocity, whereas increasing the Williamson parameter decreases it for the chosen cases; temperature increases with the Williamson and Eckert parameters and decreases with the magnetic parameter. The originally reported profile comparisons yield small pointwise differences (typically near 10⁻⁶ in the displayed tables), although these errors are measured against the numerical training reference and are not independent physics validation. The analysis identifies the potential of data-driven prediction for parametric flow studies, while highlighting the need for a consistency-checked non-similar formulation, independent benchmarking, and physically constrained training before PINN performance can be claimed.
In this work, we studied formation of noble gases dimers (Ng 2 : Ng=He, Ne) under encapsulation within M 12 O 12 (M=Be, Mg, Ca) nano-clusters at D3-LC-ωPBE/6–311 G(d,p) level of theory. An energy decomposition analysis (EDA) was used to describe the strength of the discrete contributions to the total electronic energy of the Ng 2 @M 12 O 12 systems. Molecular orbital analysis of these systems was reported. QTAIM computations afforded meaning vision about the bond critical points (BCP) of Ng…Ng of Ng 2 @M 12 O 12 molecules. The charge decomposition analysis (CDA) theory illustrated charge transfer between two fragments. Computed thermodynamic parameters of the Ng 2 @M 12 O 12 formation were reported. Temperature and pressure effects on the ΔG values of the complex formation reactions were explored. The ADMP molecular dynamics was considered for illustration of the high stability of the Ng 2 @M 12 O 12 systems.
The study reports the synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of ten divalent metal complexes derived from 2-thiouracil (HTU). The study reports the synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of ten divalent metal complexes derived from 2-thiouracil. The complexes were characterized by different technique methods. The IR data reveal different coordination modes: bidentate chelation thru carbonyl-O and ring-N or thiocarbonyl-S and ring-N, depending on the metal center. The formation of crystalline nanoscale aggregates with particle size ranging from 53 to 112 nm was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and was influenced by the metal ions involved. The antibacterial activity was studied against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis and most of the complexes showed better activity than free ligand, especially platinum (II) complex [Pt(TU)2] (TU−: 2-thiouracilate; deprotonated form)exhibited excellent activity index (79–84%) followed by Zn(II) complex. The anticancer activity of some selected complexes (Ni, Zn, Pd, Pt) against human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) was evaluated by MTT assay. The results showed a significant dose dependent cytotoxicity by Pt(II) (55.8%) and Zn(II) (48.1%) complexes at 500 μg/mL. Further, a docking study assessing coordination complexes for HDAC2 binding, various compounds were compared to the reference ligand KRU (affinity: −6.50 kcal/mol). Compound 3 (−6.10 kcal/mol) was still able to interact with the Zn2+, but it presented fewer contacts with Asp/His residues. Compounds 6 (−7.17 kcal/mol) and 8 (−7.05 kcal/mol) showed a better occupancy of the pocket; compound 6 coordinated the Zn2+ and interacted with several residues, while compound 8 chelated the Zn2+ and established strong hydrogen bonds with key residues of the active site.
