This study investigated the potential of Tenebrio molitor (mealworm) larvae as a sustainable protein source for animal feed. The effects of growth media composition and thickness on performance, chitin content, protein quality, and fat digestibility were analyzed. The research used an experimental Completely Randomised Design in a 3x3 factorial arrangement with three replications to examine the following factor A media compositions: A1 (50% Commercial ration + 50% Tofu dregs), A2 (50% Commercial ration + 50% Palm kernel meal), and A3 (50% Commercial ration + 50% Rice bran) and Factor B media thicknesses: B1 (1 cm), B2 (2.5 cm), and B3 (4 cm). The parameters evaluated were performance metrics, chitin concentrations, crude protein, nitrogen retention, and fat digestibility. Variance analysis demonstrated a highly significant interaction between composition and thickness across all parameters (P<0.01). The ideal formulation was a combination of commercial feed combined and tofu dregs at a thickness of 4 cm producing the following of exceptional outcomes: consumption of 291.40 g per 1000 larvae, body weight gain of 80.79 g per 1000 larvae, media production of 90.13 g per 500 g, chitin content of 14.34%, crude protein of 55.64%, nitrogen retention of 77.74%, and digestibility of crude fat of 89.28%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of 50% commercial feed and 50% tofu waste with a medium thickness of 4 cm was the most effective treatment for improving the performance, chitin content, protein quality, nitrogen retention, and fat digestibility of Tenebrio molitor larvae.
Dead on arrival (DOA) animals, particularly poultry, refer to animals that die during the pre-slaughter phase and are generally considered waste, despite their potential as raw materials for leather production. However, scientific information regarding the quality of leather produced from DOA chicken feet skin remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing DOA chicken feet skin by comparing its physical and chemical properties with those of fresh chicken feet skin after tanning. Chicken feet skin from both sources was processed through beamhouse operations, tanning, post-tanning, and finishing stages before quality evaluation. Physical properties analyzed included thickness, softness, shrinkage temperature, elasticity, tensile strength, tear strength, and seam strength, while chemical properties included pH, moisture content, and oil/fat content. Differences between treatments were analyzed using an independent samples t-test for parameters with sufficient replicates. The results showed that thickness, softness, and shrinkage temperature were not significantly different (P>0.05). Fresh and DOA leather showed comparable seam strength values of 602.52 N/cm and 600.23 N/cm, respectively. Chemical properties were also similar, with pH of 4, moisture contents of 15.16% and 13.82%, and oil/fat contents of 14.94% and 14.05%. Overall, DOA chicken feet skin showed comparable characteristics and potential for leather production.
Diarrhea is a serious health problem in rabbits that can reduce productivity and increase mortality risk, highlighting the need for safe, natural treatment alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of GUMAVIT herbal capsule supplementation, containing guava leaf powder, turmeric, and Javanese ginger, in reducing diarrhea severity in rabbits. This is the first study to evaluate the combination of these three herbal ingredients in a specific capsule formulation (GUMAVIT) as a natural therapy for rabbit diarrhea. The research was conducted from month September to November 2024 using six local rabbits aged 1–3 months with an average body weight of 897.5±143.96 g, divided into two treatments: T0 (without GUMAVIT/chemical medication) and T1 (600 mg GUMAVIT supplementation). Supplementation was administered once daily for one day following diarrhea induction. Observed parameters included fecal color, fecal texture, defecation frequency, and overall body condition, and data were analyzed using an Independent T-Test. Results showed that GUMAVIT supplementation had no significant effect (P>0.05) on fecal color or texture but significantly affected (P<0.05) defecation frequency and body condition. Supplementation with 600 mg GUMAVIT effectively reduced defecation frequency and improved rabbits general condition, indicating its potential as a natural herbal alternative for diarrhea treatment.
This study evaluated the effect of incorporating stingless bee honey (Trigona spp.) into butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) kombucha in drinking water on cholesterol levels, abdominal fat, and carcass yield in broilers. A completely randomized design with five treatments (T0: control; T1-T4: kombucha with 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% stingless bee honey) and four replicates were used. Treatments were administered through drinking water for two weeks. Results showed that honey-enriched kombucha significantly reduced cholesterol levels, with the best result observed in T4 (95±4.63 mg/100 g). Abdominal fat decreased and carcass percentage increased, although not statistically significant. These findings suggest that stingless bee honey-enriched kombucha has potential as a natural feed additive to produce healthier broiler meat, likely mediated through enhanced antioxidant activity and inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase.
Lai (Durio kutejensis) is an endemic fruit of Kalimantan whose seeds have potential as a prebiotic source. This study aimed to identify the types of prebiotics in Lai fruit seeds and evaluate their potential for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. The study was conducted using a Completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and six replications. The parameters observed included proximate composition, resistant starch content, and total bacteria. Proximate analysis was carried out with three treatments: Lai seed flour (LSF), boiled Lai seeds (BLS), and roasted Lai seeds (RLS). In vitro tests used cultures of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus casei treated with LSF at three levels (T1: 1%, T2: 2%, T3: 3%, and T0: without LSF). In conclusion, LSF has strong potential as a novel prebiotic source due to its resistant starch content and its ability to promote lactic acid bacterial growth. These preliminary results may serve as a basis for developing alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry.
Smallholder pig farming in rural areas of North Sulawesi important role in food security, household economy, and socio-cultural of local communities. However, this sector faces various risks. The aims to analyze production dynamics and identify risk factors that affect the sustainability of smallholder pig farming in rural areas. The research employed a quantitative approach through a survey of 604 farmers (having 3-4 sows/farmer). Data analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that labor, the cage area, quantity of medicines, farm model, and farm location in rural areas significantly influenced pig production. The breeding model resulted in higher production than the combined pig farming model and tended to have lower production risks. Pig production in rural areas is also higher than in suburban areas. Disease risk is the main cause of losses, with production and income declines reaching 182.9% in the breeding model and 303.4% in the combined model. In conclusion, the breeding model resulted in higher production and tends to have lower production risks, particularly disease-related risks that directly affect productivity and farm continuity. These risks significantly reduce household production and income, highlighting the strong relationship between production dynamics, risk levels, and the economic stability of rural pig farmers.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and estrus expression. The study was conducted by measuring BCS and observing estrus expression in the vulva (color change, swelling, increased temperature, and mucus secretion) before artificial insemination. BCS was assessed using a 5-point interval scale. This study was conducted on 20 Friesian Holstein crossbreed dairy cows that showed signs of estrus and had given birth (first lactation) or were older than 3 years. There was a correlation between BCS and several estrus indicators in the vulva: color change (r=0.70), increased temperature (r=0.91), mucus secretion (r=0.77), and swelling (r=0.50). Cows with a low BCS showed poor estrus quality, while cows with a moderate BCS showed more pronounced estrus symptoms. This suggests that inadequate nutrition in cows with a low BCS can lead to hormonal imbalance and suboptimal reproductive performance. Therefore, it is important to increase livestock farmers' awareness of the importance of providing sufficient and quality feed to meet livestock nutritional needs and achieve optimal reproductive performance.
This study aims to evaluate the effect of providing fermented Indigofera sp. leaf flour and turmeric flour on the visceral organs of the digestive tract in native chickens as Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB). The method employed was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments (T0, T1, T2, and T3) and seven replicates; each unit consisted of one chicken with the following treatment doses, combination between commercial diet, fermented Indigofera sp. leaf flour, and turmeric flour. The measured variables included the weight of digestive organs and the percentage of the length of small intestine segments. Results indicated that administration fermented Indigofera sp. leaf flour and turmeric flour had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the weight of digestive organs and the length of the ileum in KUB chickens, but did not significantly affect (P>0.05) the length of the duodenum and jejunum. The conclusion is that offering fermented Indigofera sp. and turmeric flour at a level of 10% in the diet can improve the efficiency of the KUB chickens digestive system, characterized by a decrease in digestive organ weight.
The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of Mulberry leaf extract (MLE) supplementation in drinking water on growth performance and carcass percentage of broiler chickens. The research method is quantitative. The broilers were supplemented with MLE in drinking water for 28 days. The research consists of five treatments with four replications, T0 = drinking water (negative control), T1 = 0.05 g tetracycline antibiotics/liter of drinking water (positive control), T2 = 1 ml MLE/liter of drinking water, T3 = 3 ml MLE/liter of drinking water and T4 = 5 ml MLE/liter of drinking water. Research parameters include growth performance and carcass percentage. Data analysis was conducted using ANOVA, and it was followed by the Duncan test. The results of the study showed that supplementation of the extract in drinking water did not affect feed intake, water intake, non-carcass percentage, and abdominal fat, but affected the final weight, carcass percentage, and feed conversion ratio. The study concluded that the supplementation of MLE with a dose of 0.05 g/liter of drinking water increased final body weight, average daily gain, carcass percentage, and decreased feed conversion ratio of broilers.
This study investigated the effects of fermented of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and Coleus amboinicus extracts administered via drinking water on broiler growth performance and immune response. A completely randomized design was employed with four treatments and five replications, totaling 100 broiler chicks divided into cages of five birds each. The treatments consisted of drinking water supplemented with ginger fermented extracts at concentrations of 0% (T0, control), 2% (T1), 4% (T2), and 6% (T3). Parameters measured included feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and relative weights of lymphoid organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen). The results showed that fermented extract supplementation significantly improved broiler performance. T1 had the highest BWG (1415.4±31.17g), while T3 showed the highest feed intake (2496.56±59.37g). The most efficient FCR was observed in T1 (1.75±0.045). In terms of immune response, T2 significantly increased spleen weight (0.15±0.02%) compared to the control (0.09±0.01%). Phytochemical analysis demonstrated that fermentation enhanced the bioactive content of the extract, increasing total phenols 20.64 ppm, flavonoids 163.08 ppm, and antioxidant activity 20.8% inhibition 5000. These findings suggest that administering 2% fermented extract via drinking water optimally improves broiler growth, while 4% enhances immune response. Fermented ginger and Coleus amboinicus extract show potential as natural feed additives and could serve as a sustainable alternative to antibiotics in poultry production.
This study aimed to determine the sensory test of chicken eggs coated with herbal ingredients. This study used 240 0-day-old chicken eggs coated with herbal ingredients stored at cold temperatures of 4°C for 20 days. The treatment factors consisted of: T0: no coating (control), T1: coating eggshells with lemongrass solution, T2: coating eggshells with kaffir lime leaf solution, and T3: coating eggshells with pandan leaf solution. Sensory testing was carried out by boiling 20-day-old eggs for 8 minutes and the panelists assessed the color, aroma, taste, and texture. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) advanced test at a significance level of 0.05. Sensory testing showed that eggs without treatment (control) and egg coating using lemongrass solution, lime leaf solution, and pandan leaf solution did not significantly affect the egg yolk color, the egg white color, and the egg texture at the level of panelist preference. The egg taste and aroma coated with lime leaf solution had the lowest preference level. The conclusion of the sensory test of color, aroma, taste, and texture of eggs coated with lemongrass and pandan leaf solution was acceptable to the panelists.
This study aims to determine the amount of milk production, milking duration, cost efficiency, and profit of Sapera dairy goat farming business with manual and automatic milking methods in the Trajumas livestock group. The materials used in this study were 7 Sapera goats that were lactating and 20 months old. This research method has 2 treatments, namely T0 = milking without a milking machine and T1 = milking with a milking machine. The variables observed were milk production, milking duration, cost efficiency, and business profit. Milk production at T0 = 1.61±0.58 and T1 = 1.62±0.61; and milking duration at T0 = 0.83±0.06* and T1 = 0.48±0.01. Cost efficiency is obtained from the use of automatic milking methods and produces potential profits with milking cost savings of Rp 1,354,230.30 per year, and an investment payback period of 385 days. The study concludes that automatic milking methods on a small or community scale is more efficient in terms of milking time and labor cost savings, but does not increase milk production and does not provide significant business benefits.
Palm oil and fishery waste are recognized as potential environmental concerns, necessitating their processing for reuse as feed material. This study aimed to evaluate the digestibility of feed materials based on palm oil waste and fish waste, utilizing EM4 and Aspergillus niger in goats. Six male goats was randomly used to assess the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in six types of feed, each featuring distinct waste and fermenter, employing a 6x6 Latin Square Design. Digestibility data were obtained through in vitro and in vivo methods. The in vivo method showedthat T2, made from palm oil waste and Aspergillus niger, demonstrated the highest DM digestibility of 62.10±7.64%. Conversely, the highest CP digestibility was found in T4, which consists of fish waste with Aspergillus niger, yielding an average protein digestibility value of 67.21±9.81%. In contrast, the in vitro method indicated that the highest DM digestibility occurred in T6, which combines palm and fish waste with Aspergillus niger, averaging 65.25±5.59%. Meanwhile, T4 (fish waste with Aspergillus niger) showed a protein digestibility of 71.69±8.7%. These findings suggest that palm oil waste and fish waste can be tailored to meet livestock nutritional requirements. Furthermore, they indicate that utilizing Aspergillus niger is a more cost-effective approach compared to EM4.
The purpose of this study is to investigate how different culture media compositions affect Tenebrio molitor nutritional value. A Completely randomized design (CRD) including three treatments and six replications was the methodology employed at a significant level of 5%. Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) was used to analyze the significant differences found. The treatments were T1 (100% CF), T2 (50% CF + 50% TD), and T3 (100% TD), which were various combinations of the commercial feed (CF): tofu dreg (TD). Chitin content, nitrogen retention, crude fat digestibility, feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion were the variables that were observed. The results indicated that changes in the culture media's make-up had a significant effect (P<0.01) on the mealworms' chitin content, nitrogen retention, feed consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion. However, there was no discernible change in crude fat digestibility (P>0,05). The best results were fou chitin content 9.61%, nitrogen retention rate 80.89%, a crude fat digestibility rate of 89.48%, feed consumption 264.88 g/1,000 larvae, weight gain 72.12 g/1,000 larvae, and a feed conversion rate 3.68.
The evaluation of Carica seed supplementation in feed was carried out to assess its effect on sheep body composition such as water, fat, and protein, using the urea space method which is one method of determining the body composition of livestock without cutting. The study involved 15 male thin-tailed sheep aged 3 months with an average initial body weight of 10.68±1.28 kg, using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments: 5% (T1), 12.5% (T2), and 20% (T3) carica seed supplementation, with five replicates each. The observed parameters included feed intake, daily weight gain, as well as water, fat, and protein content in the body. ANOVA analysis at a 5% significance level revealed that different concentrations of Carica seed significantly affected (P<0.05) crude protein intake, daily weight gain, and body protein composition at week 11. The sheep in the T3 treatment showed the crude protein consumption and daily body weight gain as well as a significant increase in body protein composition compared to the other treatments. Overall, Carica seed supplementation led to a significant increase in body protein content, while having no significant effect on body fat and water composition.
This study aims to evaluate the administration of super booster, and immunobooster concentrates on production performance and farmers' income following an outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) by proving the improvements in production performance, including feed consumption, weight gain, and revenue of crossbred Limousin cattle farmers. This study used 18 male Limousin crossbred cattle selected based on age (1.5-2 years) and having been infected with FMD virus that is divided into three treatments: T0 (control feed consisting of forage and local concentrate), T1 (control feed + 40 g of a super booster), and T2 (control feed + 600 g of immunobooster concentrate). Data collection and observation were conducted over 42 days. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) based on the completely randomized design (CRD), followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The results of the variance analysis showed a p-value of <0.05, indicating that the addition of super booster and immunobooster can improve feed consumption, body weight gain, and increase farmers income in crossbred Limousin cattle farming following an outbreak of FMD, so that it can be used as an alternative step in overcoming post-FMD losses and helping farmers maximize profits.
This study aims to determine the performance of laying hens in the grower phase that are given formulated feed treatment using distiller dried grain solubles (DDGS) at different levels. The research materials are 72 New Lohman Brown strain DOC chickens, and basal feed. The experimental design used a completely randomized design with a one-way pattern with 4 treatments and 3 replications, each treatment group consisting of 6 chickens. Feed treatments consisted of (T1) 0% DDGS formula feed (T2) 10% DDGS formula feed, (T3) 20% DDGS formula feed and (T4) 30% DDGS formula feed. The research variables were feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of laying hens. Data analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the level of significance at the standard of 0.05. then continued with Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) analysis. The results of the study showed that the provision of DDGS at various levels did not affect the performance of laying hens in the grower phase. The conclusion of the study is that the provision of destillers dried grains soluble up to a level of 30% in the basal feed formulation is able to maintain feed consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of laying hens in the grower phase.
This study aims to determine the effect of adding effervescent bioemulsifier tablets from Pseudomonas putida through drinking water on the quality of broiler quail carcasses. This study used 200 male Golden Quails, divided into 4 treatments and 5 replications, each consisting of 10 quails. The treatments included T0, which was the control drinking water without any bioemulsifier, and T1, T2, and T3, which were supplemented with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g of bioemulsifier/L of drinking water, respectively. The parameters that were observed included the carcass percentage, the physical quality of the carcass, and the amount of abdominal fat in the broiler quail. The experiment was carried out from week 3 to week 5. The experiment used a completely randomised design (CRD), if significantly different, and continued with the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results of this study showed that the addition of bioemulsifier in effervescent form through drinking water in broiler quail was significantly different (P<0.05) on the percentage of carcass and pH value of meat. The conclusion of this study is that the addition of effervescent bioemulsifier tablets to drinking water has an effect on increasing the carcass percentage and pH value of broiler quail.
This study aimed to analyze the potential activity anti-atherosclerosis of Alphitobius diaperinus larvae using molecular docking. The target receptor used was NLRP3, with β-sitosterol and campesterol as the test ligands, and simvastatin as the control ligand. The results showed that the binding affinity energies of β-sitosterol and campesterol were more negative than simvastatin, with values of -9.3, -9.3, and -8.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The inhibition constants of β-sitosterol and campesterol were lower than that of simvastatin, with values of 0.213, 0.213, and 0.494 μM, respectively. The percentage of binding site similarity with the native ligand for β-sitosterol and campesterol was 60%, while simvastatin showed 0%. Molecular probability analysis using Lipinski's rules revealed that simvastatin met all five criteria, whereas β-sitosterol and campesterol met four criteria. The LD50 analysis indicated that simvastatin fell under category III, while β-sitosterol and campesterol were in category I. All three molecules β-sitosterol, campesterol, and simvastatin were found to be non-carcinogenic. The conclusion of this study was β-sitosterol and campesterol from A. diaperinus larvae have potential as anti-atherosclerosis candidates.
The aim of this research is to determine the effect of the interaction between the type and dose of inoculum in fermentation to improve the quality of soy milk waste (SMW) for animal feed. This study used a completely randomized 2 x 5 factorial design. The first factor was the type of inoculum (Saccharomyces cerevisae and Rhizopus sp.) and the second factor was the inoculum dose (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%). Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The results of statistical analysis showed that the type factor, dosage factor of the inoculum, and the interaction between the two factors had a very significant (p<0.01) effect on the quality of color, aroma, sugar concentration and alcohol concentration of SMW. In this study, the color score from SMW was found to be between 3.00-5.00; texture scores range from 1.00 to 4.50; moisture 13.23-15.03%; sugar concentration is 0.00-5.63%, and alcohol concentration ranges from 0.00-1.43%. This research can be concluded that the interaction between the type and dose of inoculum in fermentation can improve the quality of soy milk waste (SMW). The best quality was obtained when using Saccharomyces cerevisae inoculum at a dose of 15%.
