Sarcopenia is an age-related loss of muscle mass and strength that affects physical function and increases fall risk. Exercise interventions may help improve muscle-related outcomes. This study aimed to determine the effect of a combination of strengthening and postural control exercises on sarcopenia in older adults. A quasi-experimental design without a control group was conducted among 30 older adults aged ≥60 years. Sarcopenia was assessed using muscle mass measurements, anthropometric measurements, and Manual Muscle Testing (MMT). The intervention consisted of a modified exercise program combining strengthening and postural control exercises. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The majority of participants were female (80%) with a mean age of 65.33 ± 4.46 years. Following the 4-week exercise intervention, significant improvements in muscle strength were observed across all assessed muscle groups (p < 0.05), with moderate-to-large effect sizes (r = 0.39–0.75). The largest effects were observed in the vastus lateralis (r = 0.75), hamstrings (r = 0.70), and vastus medialis (r = 0.64). Significant improvements in anthropometric indicators of muscle mass reduction were also found at the patella (p = 0.034, r = 0.39) and 5 cm above the patella (p = 0.004, r = 0.52), whereas other measurement sites showed no significant changes. The modified strengthening and postural control exercise intervention has been shown to assist the elderly in managing sarcopenia by increasing lower-body muscle mass and enhancing muscle strength in the vastus medialis and lateralis, rectus femoris, hamstrings, and gluteus maximus and medius. This serves as a physiotherapy strategy to prevent physical decline in the elderly population.
Dengue remains an important public health problem, and household mosquito breeding-site control is essential for prevention. Digital health technologies may support dengue prevention by integrating health information and vector surveillance. However, evidence of their effect on households' intention to vector control remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the Geplakkin vector surveillance application on household intention to control mosquito breeding sites. A quantitative experimental study using a posttest control group design was conducted in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, from July to October 2025. A total of 320 participants were purposively recruited and randomly allocated to an intervention group (n = 240) and a control group (n = 80) at a 3:1 ratio using a computer-generated sequence. Both groups received routine dengue prevention education, while the intervention group additionally received a single 15–30-minute training session on the Geplakkin application, followed by immediate application use and posttest assessment. Intention was measured used Theory of Planned Behavior-based questionnaire. The Mann–Whitney U test was used because the data were not normally distributed. The intervention group had a higher mean intention score than the control group (45.43 ± 4.68 vs. 36.73 ± 5.50), with a mean difference of 8.70 points (p < 0.001; effect size = 0.65). A single Geplakkin session significantly increased the intention to control mosquito breeding sites compared to routine education alone. Longitudinal research is needed to determine whether this effect is sustained and translates into actual household vector-control practices.
Female teenagers' physical, emotional, and social health depends on menstrual hygiene to prevent reproductive tract infections. However, a lack of information often leads to low awareness and negative attitudes, especially in pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) with dormitories and communal sanitation. This study aims to determine the influence of menstrual personal hygiene education on the knowledge and attitudes of female adolescent students (santriwati) at Darul Huffaz Islamic Boarding School in Lampung in 2026. This research employed a quantitative approach using a One-Group Pretest-Posttest experimental design. The study population comprised 86 female adolescent students at MTS Darul Huffaz, selected via total sampling, utilizing structured questionnaires as the instrument for primary data collection. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the mean scores of the respondents' knowledge and attitude variables following the health education intervention. Bivariate analysis using a paired t-test showed a significant difference in knowledge scores (t = 4.988, p < 0.001) and attitude scores (t = 4.297, p < 0.001) before and after the intervention. These data show that menstrual personal hygiene education improves deep comprehension and positively changes female adolescent students' attitudes. These findings suggest that the Darul Huffaz Islamic Boarding School management collaborate to design routine, sustained reproductive health education programs to guarantee adequate menstrual hygiene for all female adolescents.
Mental health promotion requires collaboration across schools, families, health services, and communities to support adolescent psychosocial development. This study explored cross-sectoral roles in promoting adolescent mental health among teenagers in Sumbawa Regency. A descriptive qualitative design was employed, involving four informants. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using content analysis, with triangulation to ensure validity. The study focused on early detection, mental health promotion activities, and peer-based cadre development. Findings indicate that collaboration among the school, the Community Health Center, and National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) supports promotive and preventive efforts. Early detection is conducted through periodic screening by the Community Health Center remains limited in coverage an dnot yet integrated into a continuous school-based system. Mental health promotion involves multiple stakeholders, including community leaders, but is largely event-based with limited monitoring and evaluation. Peer cadre development through the PIK-R program facilitates peer support and early identification, although its implementation remains informal and restricted to certain student groups. In conclusion, cross-sector collaboration strengthens school-based mental health promotion through integrated screening, outreach, and peer-based approaches. However, its sustainability depends on consistent coordination and institutional support.
Choking is a life-threatening emergency in toddlers that can lead to hypoxia and death if not promptly managed. Mothers often serve as first responders at home, yet many lack adequate knowledge and appropriate attitudes toward choking first aid. This study evaluated the effect of animated Heimlich maneuver education on mothers’ preparedness to manage choking in toddlers. A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted among 86 mothers of children aged 1–3 years at Pamulang Community Health Center, recruited through consecutive sampling. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed using structured questionnaires before and after a 6-minute animated video intervention demonstrating choking risks, signs, and the Heimlich maneuver. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results showed significant improvements in both knowledge and attitudes. The proportion of mothers with good knowledge increased from 18.6% to 72.1%, and positive attitudes increased from 30.2% to 90.7%. These changes were statistically significant (knowledge: Z = −8.214, p < 0.001; attitudes: Z = −8.342, p < 0.001). Animated education on the Heimlich maneuver effectively improves mothers’ knowledge and attitudes toward choking first aid and offers a practical strategy to enhance caregiver preparedness.
Diarrheal diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children worldwide, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. Inadequate hygiene practices and limited health education contribute to the high incidence of diarrhea among school-aged children. Innovative and engaging educational approaches are needed to improve children’s preventive behaviors. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of health education using video infographics in improving knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to diarrhea prevention among elementary school children in Palembang, Indonesia. A pre-experimental study with a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted among 104 students at Negeri 145 elementary school in Palembang. Participants received health education through video infographics covering proper handwashing, healthy eating habits, maintaining clean toilets, and appropriate waste disposal. Data on KAP related to diarrhea prevention were collected using structured questionnaires before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed to compare pretest and posttest scores. The intervention resulted in significant improvements across all measured outcomes. Mean knowledge scores increased from 6.07 to 14.13, attitudes from 28.16 to 61.36, and practices from 31.28 to 64.98 (p < 0.05 for all variables). These findings indicate that video-infographic-based education effectively enhanced children’s awareness and adoption of diarrhea-prevention behaviors. Health education using video infographics is an effective tool for improving knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices related to diarrhea among elementary school children. However, sustaining healthy behaviors beyond the school environment remains challenging and requires continued support from parents and communities, as well as improvements in sanitation and environmental conditions.
Preschool-aged children are vulnerable to sexual violence due to limited knowledge of sexual concepts, body autonomy, and personal boundaries. Early sex education is essential to strengthen children’s protective knowledge and help-seeking behaviors. In Indonesia, however, sex education for early childhood is often constrained by social taboos, limited teacher training, and insufficient instructional resources. Teachers play a central role in delivering age-appropriate sex education in schools, yet their perceptions and experiences remain underexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to explore kindergarten teachers' perceptions of sex education for preschool-aged children, including their understanding of sex education concepts, implementation challenges, and expectations for effective delivery. A qualitative study using a descriptive-phenomenological approach was conducted from August to September 2024 in Manado City. Purposive sampling was employed to recruit 15 kindergarten teachers as main informants and 7 preschool-aged children as supporting informants for data triangulation. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and participant observation. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically. Two main themes emerged: (1) sex education for preschool-aged children and (2) challenges and expectations of teachers in conducting sex education. Teachers generally understood sex education as teaching body autonomy, private body parts, gender identity, and safe versus unsafe touch. However, perceptions differed regarding the appropriate age to introduce sex education and whether girls should receive greater emphasis than boys. Children's growth, attention spans, training, and teaching medium were challenges. Teachers stressed interactive methods and engagement with parents, health workers, and government agencies. Early childhood sex education is heavily influenced by teachers' expertise, challenges, and expectations. Effective and sustainable early sex education requires teacher competency, age-appropriate resources, and multi-stakeholder collaboration.
Hospitals play a central role in maintaining the continuity of healthcare services during crises, underscoring the strategic necessity of disaster preparedness to strengthen the health system’s resilience. This study analyzed global trends, research developments, and scientific influences related to hospital disaster preparedness to identify knowledge gaps and future priorities for enhancing resilience and promoting health. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database using the keywords “hospital” and “disaster preparedness” for the years 2015–2025, screened according to the inclusion criteria, and analyzed using VOSviewer and Scopus Analytics. A total of 628 articles met the criteria. The number of publications increased sharply after 2020, with notable dominance by high-income countries and leading academic institutions with substantial research funding. Bibliometric mapping revealed four major research clusters: (1) hospital emergency management and system preparedness, (2) healthcare workforce resilience and lessons from the pandemic, (3) education, training, and behavioral preparedness, and (4) cross-country collaboration in disaster response. Although the multidisciplinary dimension of hospital preparedness is evident through the inclusion of engineering and computer science fields, technology-related keywords did not appear at the applied threshold, suggesting that research on technology integration remains limited. Contributions from Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are also underrepresented, highlighting disparities in research capacity and funding. This study expands global understanding of hospital disaster preparedness by identifying emerging and underexplored areas, emphasizing the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration, equitable research partnerships, and the integration of health promotion approaches to build adaptive, resilient hospitals worldwide.
Smartphone addiction is a global concern, especially in Indonesia. Many preteens use smartphones extensively, but university students are at risk due to their autonomy and reliance on them for academic and entertainment purposes. These variables prolong screen time, increasing smartphone addiction and a sedentary lifestyle. Smartphone addicts are 2.7 times more likely to be sedentary, and 90% of teens use them while sitting. About 50% of university public health students are sedentary. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between smartphone addiction and sedentary lifestyle among university students. This study is an analytical, observational, cross-sectional design. The population included students in the Universitas Ahmad Dahlan Public Health Study Program (2021–2024 cohorts). Purposive sampling selected 95 active, smartphone-using, and willing students to complete the online questionnaire. The Indonesian Smartphone Addiction Scale – Short Version (SAS-SV) and Indonesian Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire examined smartphone addiction and sedentary lifestyle. Proofreading is shown in the Supplementary Materials for both translated, validated, and pilot-tested instruments. Spearman's Rho correlation test was used to analyze the data. Moderate smartphone addiction (64.21%) and sedentary lifestyle (42.11%) were common among students. Spearman's Rho correlation analysis demonstrated a modest, non-significant association between smartphone addiction and sedentary lifestyle (r = 0.090; p = 0.388; p > 0.05), indicating a very weak, non-significant relationship. Although smartphone addiction and sedentary lifestyle were not significantly related, moderate smartphone addiction remains concerning, suggesting interventions should also target environmental, social, and economic factors.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains one of the most significant transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs), posing ongoing challenges to blood safety in Indonesia. Regular monitoring of HBV reactivity among blood donors is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of screening and guiding public health interventions. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and temporal trends of HBV reactivity among blood donors in Bojonegoro, while evaluating the effectiveness of current screening procedures and supporting public health interventions. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 51,351 blood donors at UDD PMI Bojonegoro between January 2020 and December 2021. Blood samples were screened using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to detect HBV infection. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation. A total of 261 donors tested reactive for hepatitis B, comprising 129 cases in 2020 and 132 in 2021. Although the absolute number of reactive cases increased slightly, the reactivity rate declined from 0.61% to 0.44%, coinciding with an overall increase in the number of donors. Monthly analysis revealed fluctuating patterns, with peaks observed in December 2020 and June 2021. The declining proportion of HBV reactivity suggests improvements in donor selection and public awareness. However, the continued presence of reactive cases highlights the need to strengthen screening systems, expand vaccination coverage, and adopt more sensitive detection technologies, such as Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT). Ongoing regional surveillance remains crucial to support national efforts in controlling HBV and ensuring the safety of blood transfusion services in Indonesia.
Dysmenorrhea, or menstrual pain, is one of the most common gynecological complaints among women of reproductive age, particularly among female students. Its impact extends beyond physical discomfort, affecting academic performance, psychological well-being, and overall quality of life. Despite its high prevalence, few studies have examined the determinants of menstrual pain severity among female medical students in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the determinants of menstrual pain severity among female medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Surabaya. A cross-sectional, descriptive quantitative study was conducted in November 2024, involving 112 participants selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a structured online questionnaire and analyzed with Spearman’s rho correlation and ordinal regression to assess associations between menstrual pain severity and independent variables, including body mass index (BMI), age at menarche, menstrual cycle characteristics, and exercise habits. Bivariate analysis indicated significant associations between menstrual pain severity and BMI (p = 0.004), age at menarche (p = 0.032), and exercise frequency (p = 0.038). However, in the adjusted multivariate regression model, only menstrual cycle length greater than 35 days remained significantly associated with increased pain severity (B = 1.143; p = 0.017). Other hypothesized predictors, including BMI, age at menarche, and exercise, did not retain independent effects after adjustment. In conclusion, irregular menstrual cycles—particularly very long cycles—were identified as the only independent determinant of increased menstrual pain severity among female students. These findings underscore the importance of considering menstrual cycle patterns when exploring risk factors for dysmenorrhea, while suggesting that commonly presumed predictors may not directly influence pain severity in this population.
Stunting remains a major public health issue in Indonesia, particularly in regions such as Gunungkidul, where prevalence exceeds the national average. Most interventions focus on the first 1,000 days of life, with limited involvement of adolescents, despite their potential role as future parents and family health advocates. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of media-based family education in improving adolescents’ healthy lifestyle behaviors as part of a strategy to prevent stunting. A quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach was conducted involving 35 adolescents aged 12–15 years and their parents in Gunungkidul. The intervention consisted of adolescent training, parental education, and family habit monitoring over four weeks, utilizing educational videos, posters, and interactive sessions. Data were collected through observations and structured family diaries, then analyzed with the Mann–Whitney test and effect size calculation. Results showed a significant increase in adolescents’ healthy lifestyle behaviors, including balanced nutrition (13.2 ± 2.5 vs. 17.1 ± 1.8, p < 0.001; d = 1.79) and handwashing with soap (12.5 ± 2.2 vs. 16.3 ± 1.7, p = 0.001; d = 1.93). Family diaries also indicated improvements in parents’ meal planning and adolescents’ consistent implementation of clean and healthy living practices. These findings suggest that media-based family education effectively strengthens adolescent–parent collaboration, improves health communication, and fosters sustainable household behaviors relevant to stunting prevention. The integration of adolescent-focused modules into school and community health programs is recommended to support national efforts aimed at reducing stunting.
Maternal and child health remains a critical priority in global health strategies, particularly in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In Indonesia, maternal mortality remains significantly higher than the SDG target, underscoring the urgent need for accessible and high-quality maternal health information. Digital innovations, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based chatbots, have emerged as promising tools to help bridge this gap. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a Meta-AI chatbot delivered via WhatsApp in improving pregnant women’s access to maternal and child health information. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed, involving 30 pregnant women in Singasari Village, Tasikmalaya Regency. Participants received a one-time training session on accessing health information—particularly related to pregnancy care—through the Meta-AI WhatsApp chatbot, supported by a guidance booklet. Data were collected using a validated and reliable questionnaire that assessed participants’ knowledge and skills before and after the intervention. Paired sample t-tests were used to compare pre- and post-intervention scores. The results demonstrated significant improvements in both knowledge and skills. Knowledge scores increased from 5.00 (SD = 2.00) to 9.40 (SD = 0.85), t(29) = 29.0, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.88, 95% CI [1.27, 2.47]. Similarly, skills scores rose from 26.5 (SD = 5.40) to 36.7 (SD = 3.02), t(29) = 29.0, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 2.31, 95% CI [1.61, 2.99]. These findings indicate that the Meta AI chatbot, accessed via WhatsApp, significantly enhanced pregnant women’s knowledge and skills, thereby improving access to accurate maternal health information, strengthening health literacy, and supporting informed decision-making. Future research should explore the long-term effects of this intervention and its potential integration into public health systems.
Transactional sex has been recognized as a significant element hindering the reduction of drug usage in Papua, Indonesia. The national objective for drug usage reduction was established at 1.67% for 2024; nevertheless, this target remains unfulfilled. This research investigated the correlation between transactional sex and substance abuse among female and adolescent prisoners in Papua Province. A case-control approach was utilized, employing primary data gathered from May to September 2023 at the Special Correctional Institution for Juveniles (LPKA) and the Women’s Correctional Institution (LPP) in Papua. The research population consisted of 85 offenders incarcerated from 2021 to 2023. A total of 26 cases (drug users) and 59 controls (non-users) were included using total sampling, in a 1:2 ratio. Data were gathered using a modified version of the Rapid Survey Questionnaire on Injecting Drug User Behavior (SCP Penasun). Analysis was conducted using STATA version 14, employing multivariate logistic regression to identify related factors. In all, 30.6% of participants were identified as drug users according to case-control selection, rather than as an estimation of population-level prevalence. Inmates who indicated participation in transactional sex exhibited increased odds of drug acquisition (adjusted OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 0.46–5.39) after controlling for work status, past-year drug usage, and duration of use. The findings suggest a possible trend of heightened drug acquisition among inmates engaged in transactional sex, although the correlation remains ambiguous. Consequently, integrated therapies targeting both substance use and sexual risk behaviors are crucial in custodial environments.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever poses a significant public health challenge in tropical and subtropical regions. In 2022, Bantul Regency recorded 957 cases of dengue fever. This study aims to describe the practices and factors that influence health-seeking behavior among people at the Kasihan I Community Health Center in Bantul Regency. Method: This study employs a descriptive quantitative approach. The data were analyzed both descriptively and quantitatively, and the results are presented in percentage form. Results: 52.6% of respondents visited a doctor when symptoms appeared. Sixty-nine point three percent of respondents believed the fever symptoms they were experiencing were due to the common cold. 94% of respondents visited a doctor when they had dengue fever. 37.8% of respondents visited a health facility on the day they first experienced symptoms. 60.4% of respondents visited the health center most often. 61.7% of respondents had a blood test on the third day after the fever appeared. 71.1% of respondents had sufficient knowledge about dengue fever. 77.9% of respondents had a fair attitude towards dengue fever. 93% of respondents rated the availability of health services as available. 90.1% of respondents considered the cost and distance of health services to be affordable. 92.4% of respondents rated access to health services as easy. Conclusion: Most respondents consulted a doctor for dengue fever symptoms, often mistaking them for a cold. They primarily visited primary healthcare facilities, with blood tests usually done on the third day of fever. Overall, respondents had adequate knowledge and positive attitudes about dengue, along with good access to affordable healthcare services.
This study will investigate the dynamics of parenting in working families and its implications for adolescent behavior in Surabaya. In families where both parents are employed, parenting faces various challenges that affect emotional closeness and character development among adolescents. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and non-participant observation of adolescents aged 16–19 years. The findings reveal that limited time with parents leads to minimal emotional communication, causing teenagers to internalize personal issues or prefer to share them with peers. On the other hand, this condition also fosters independence, responsibility, and strong social awareness. These findings are analyzed using George Herbert Mead’s role theory, indicating that adolescents indirectly take on parental roles at home. The identity formation process occurs earlier, though at the expense of emotional warmth and interaction within the family.
The incidence of daily smokers appears to be declining; nonetheless, cessation efforts are not immediate and are very prone to relapse. The primary premise in endeavours to cease smoking is to enhance intentions, motivation, and enrich daily life with affirmative activities, whether through work or prayer. This study aims to investigate the factors that impact smokers in their efforts to quit smoking. This research employs a phenomenological approach, with four primary informants, namely former smokers, together with four supporting informants who assist in the cessation process. The results are deteriorating due to social contextual factors and workload. Visual representations of smoking-related illnesses and the impact on children's health serve as motivators for cessation of smoking. A smoke-free, healthy home program exists, although it remains mostly unknown within the community. Health personnel are not involved in this procedure, and all informants acknowledged experiencing relapse. The study site was designated as a pilot area for a smoke-free initiative. The local government, healthcare professionals, and the community must reinvigorate the smoke-free healthy home initiative to enhance the cessation rates among smokers in the region.
Asthenopia, or eye strain, is a common occupational health issue that can negatively impact employee productivity. This study aimed to analyze occupational factors associated with asthenopia among office-based employees in 2024. A cross-sectional analytical design was employed, involving 61 respondents. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to assess variables such as age, sex, years of employment, eye rest habits, and duration of computer or laptop use. The distance between the eyes and the computer/laptop was measured with a measuring tape, and lighting intensity at workstations was assessed using a luxmeter. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test. The results showed that 70.5% of respondents experienced asthenopia. Significant associations were found between asthenopia and age (p = 0.011), eye rest (p = 0.007), duration of computer/laptop use (p = 0.018), screen distance (p = 0.031), and lighting intensity (p = 0.006). No significant association was found between asthenopia and sex or years of employment. Based on these findings, routine eye examinations and the implementation of eye rest techniques are recommended, particularly for employees over the age of 40. Employers are also encouraged to implement promotive measures, including the provision of visual aids, ergonomic workstations, standing desk options, and improved lighting using LED daylight lamps.
Traffic accidents remain a major risk in commercial truck transportation, both in Indonesia and globally. A key contributing factor is driver fatigue, often resulting from excessive workloads and prolonged working hours. This study employs a descriptive case series design to evaluate the implementation of working and rest hour regulations for commercial truck drivers. Secondary data were analyzed from the third quarter of 2024 (July–September), covering three operational regions in West Java, Central Java, and East Java & Bali-Nusa Tenggara. Data were obtained from two driver safety monitoring applications used by a commercial transport operator. Initial analysis involved calculating compliance percentages across all locations in the three regions, followed by a more detailed review of three selected sites per region. Findings reveal that one region exhibited the lowest compliance with regulated working hours and demonstrated inconsistent enforcement of the required 8-hour rest period following 12 hours of work. These results highlight the need for strengthened monitoring and enforcement mechanisms to improve driver safety and reduce accident risks in the commercial transportation sector.
Children are vulnerable to injuries and accidents in school environments due to cognitive limitations. Teachers play a crucial role in shaping children's safe behavior by transferring knowledge and acting as motivators and role models. This study aims to explore how teachers influence children's safe behavior using a qualitative descriptive approach. Data was collected through observations and focus group discussions (FGDs) and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings indicate that 67% of children's behavior at school was categorized as safe, while 33% was unsafe. Observations were conducted across the play area, learning spaces, and the street in front of the school. Teachers have actively encouraged safe behavior by providing support and motivation. However, some students continue engaging in unsafe practices despite these efforts. Teachers also attempt to model safe behavior, such as walking calmly in hallways and sitting properly in classrooms. However, FGD findings revealed that half of the teachers did not fully practice safe behavior, notably by failing to wear helmets when riding motorcycles to school. In conclusion, teachers at SD Negeri Krajan have effectively acted as motivators, encouraging students to adopt safe behavior. However, their role as role models remains inconsistent, highlighting the need for greater self-adherence to safety practices. Strengthening teachers' commitment to modeling safe behavior could enhance the effectiveness of safety education in schools.
