In 2021–2024, the volume of investments in fixed assets in Russia increased annually, in 2025 the amount of investments decreased by 2.3% (in a comparable estimate) compared to the previous year. At the same time, the structure of investments in fixed assets by sources of financing has been stable in recent years, with the share of investments from local budgets remaining at just over 1%. In 2024, a new Spatial Development Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 was adopted with a forecast up to 2036. The new Strategy required adjusting the principles of budget financing of infrastructure projects, and the role of local governments, the local community, and businesses in the distribution of investment flows increased. Theoretical, methodological, information and analytical support for decision-making in the investment sector at the municipal level requires improvement due to the reasons mentioned above. The authors of the article set a goal to clarify the definition of the concept of «investment process in a municipal entity» and to substantiate a system of indicators for evaluating the results of the investment process at the municipal level. Research objectives: to summarize the interpretations of the concept of «investment process» presented in the scientific literature and formulate the author’s definition of this concept from the point of view of the municipal level of management; to identify the main factors of improving the effectiveness of the investment process; to form a system of indicators for evaluating the results of the investment process in municipalities. Process, institutional, and systemic approaches underlie the author’s developments. The theoretical conclusions are drawn based on the results of a critical analysis of publications by domestic and foreign scientists. The authors of the article used data from the Russian state statistics on the dynamics and structure of investments. The scientific novelty is expressed in the formulation of the author’s definition of the concept of «investment process in a municipality», in the development of a system of indicators for evaluating the results of the investment process, which takes into account the strategic goals of the development of municipalities. The results of the study contribute to the improvement of the theoretical provisions for assessing the effectiveness of investment processes in municipalities. The practical significance of the conclusions and scientific results obtained lies in the possibility of their application in the management of socio-economic development of territories, as well as in the development of investment strategies and investment standards of municipalities.
Russian Neo-Kantianism is one of the most interesting phenomena in the history of Russian philosophy at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, its development took place in competition with the dominant Russian religious philosophy. The purpose of this article is to explore the philosophy of religion by Vasily Sesemann (1884–1963), a graduate of St. Petersburg University and a student of Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. To date, the understanding of religion in Russian Neo-Kantianism has not received much research attention, but an examination of the legacy of Sesemann shows the potential and productivity of such research. Sesemann has written several special works on religion, he also addresses the issue in his papers on ontology, epistemology, logic, ethics, aesthetics, and philosophy of culture. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the philosopher’s views on religion requires a thorough examination of his legacy written in Russian, German, and Lithuanian. The central problem for Sesemann in the philosophy of religion was the problem of knowledge and its rational and irrational aspects; he analyzes the dual role of knowledge in the Greek and Christian intellectual traditions. The philosopher identifies the specifics of religious knowledge, using concepts such as attitude, objectivity, experience, and direct experience. He also examines religion as a cultural and historical phenomenon and explores the religious aspect of the problem of freedom. The most important issue for Sesemann is the crisis of European culture, which prompts him to analyze the immanent and transcendent tendencies in the development of Christianity and their views on culture. The novelty of this research lies in its unique perspective on the work of Vasily Sesemann, which allows us to see the theoretical depth, objectivity, and unbiasedness of his approach to religious issues. Additionally, this research makes use of Sesemann’s works unpublished in Russian.
The article discusses the current problems of the conflict between different strategies of economic thinking. The purpose of the work is to analyze the intellectual disagreements that arise as a result of the conflict between different approaches and strategies of thinking in crisis situations. The researcher faces the task of systematically analyzing the current trends in the development of economic science in situations of uncertainty. The method of critical analysis is aimed at rethinking the established scientific concepts and identifying the uniqueness of the current stage of development of economic science. The study examines the concepts of innovative, intellectual, and experimental economics, as well as the problems of using mathematical models and algorithms. The article provides a comparative analysis of the principles of precaution and proactivity using the example of an economic crisis. The author concludes that it is necessary to rethink the position associated with understanding the economy as a rigid system of attitudes and views. The complexity of the current economic system is such that crises inevitably occur in various parts of the system, so it is impossible to say with certainty that there is no crisis in any part of the system. It is necessary to acknowledge that the concept of economic stability is nothing more than an illusion that people tend to comfort themselves with. However, crises are an important indicator that the previous set of scientific views and methods is no longer sufficient to meet new challenges, and alternative solutions must be developed. In this situation, the analysis of economic problems becomes increasingly complex, and different approaches to their study compete with each other. In particular, we can observe the interplay between thinking strategies that focus on experimentation and high-risk decision-making, and strategies that assume a stable environment where the behavior of economic agents tends to conform to established expectations. Thus, it can be argued that the fact that economic knowledge is developing in an ambiguous and internally contradictory way does not mean that science and its tools are incapable of solving pressing problems. In modern economic thought, there is a tendency towards the development of comprehensive solutions that allow for the integration of diverse economic strategies. The results are highly innovative, as they produce isolated subject areas and research traditions through the lens of economic analysis and social epistemology.
The development of intelligent transport systems and automated vehicle control systems is significantly transforming traditional driver functions. In today’s environment, some professional tasks previously performed exclusively by humans are gradually being transferred to automated systems. This necessitates analyzing the changing professional roles of drivers and determining a rational distribution of responsibilities between humans and intelligent vehicle control systems. Driver functions are reviewed based on current professional standards applicable to various categories of trucks: quarry trucks, long-haul trucks, and vehicles transporting hazardous materials. This paper analyzes truck driver functions from the perspective of their automation potential, taking into account technological limitations and safety requirements. A scale of automation levels is used for quantitative assessment, allowing for the classification of functions based on the degree of their transfer to intelligent control systems. Additionally, the possibilities of integrating driver support systems based on the «eco-driving» concept, recommendations from truck manufacturers for efficient vehicle operation, and the legal provisions of the draft federal law on highly automated vehicles (HAV) are considered. A rational distribution of functions between humans and automated vehicle control systems at various stages of HAV development is substantiated. The prospects for changing the driver’s role during the transition to automation levels 4–5, when the importance of control, confirmation of system decisions, and response in non-standard situations increases, are clarified. An approach to classifying the professional functions of a truck driver by their degree of automation is developed, taking into account levels of autonomy, safety requirements, and vehicle categories. For the first time, a rational distribution of functions between the driver and the intelligent control system is proposed for various stages of HAV (truck transport) development, and the transformation of the driver’s professional role during the transition to automation levels 4–5 is clarified. The obtained results can be used in the development of new truck models, the improvement of intelligent control systems, and the development of driver training and retraining programs for work in an increasingly intelligent transport environment.
The article examines the specific features of DeFi actors’ behavior as a form of financial action emerging within the programmable environment of smart contracts, distributed infrastructure, and network governance. The initial research problem lies in the insufficiency of interpreting the DeFi user solely as an investor or consumer of a digital financial product, since their actions simultaneously involve key management, interpretation of protocol rules, assess-ment of liquidity, engagement with social signals, and acceptance of irreversible transactional consequences. The aim of the study is to develop a model of behavioral patterns among DeFi actors and to identify the logic of transitions between them, taking into account operational autonomy, compositional risk exposure, and modes of intermediation. The meth¬odological framework comprises the systems approach, comparative institutional analysis, structural-functional modelling, classification, and the principles of behavioral finance. The study substantiates the category of protocol-based agency, which reveals the combination of autonomy, dependency, and distributed responsibility in decentralized finance. It proposes a typology of eight patterns of DeFi behavior: delegated-validational, operationally sovereign, governance-protocol, signal-imitative, defensive-migratory, yield-expansionary, liquidity-compositional, and arbitrage-algorithmic. The article shows that these patterns are not fixed user types but dynamic modes of action, between which progressive, defensive, imitative, and institutional transitions are possible. The scientific novelty of the results consists in moving beyond a static classification of participants toward an analysis of configurations of action formed at the intersection of technological constraints, economic incentives, and social validation. Particular attention is paid to the limitations of directly interpreting on-chain data: transactional traces record the structure of actions, but do not disclose motivation, competence level, or sources of trust. The article concludes that DeFi behavior must be analyzed through the configuration of protocol understanding, operational control, social heuristics, and institutional uncertainty.
