The salivary glands of Aedes albopictus are known to contain various bioactive proteins that play important roles in the blood-feeding process, such as anticoagulants, immunomodulators, and platelet aggregation inhibitors. However, information about protein profile of Ae. albopictus salivary glands obtained through the human landing collection method remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the protein profile of Ae. albopictus salivary glands as an initial step in identifying bioactive proteins. Mosquitoes were collected using the human landing collection method and morphologically identified based on the characteristics of the mesonotum, mesepimeron, and anterior mid femur. Salivary gland isolation was carried out using a microdissection technique, followed by protein extraction and analysis using the SDS-PAGE method. The results revealed 13 protein bands with molecular weights of 16, 17, 23, 26, 28, 30, 31, 47, 51, 55, 60, 67, and 73 kDa. Proteins within the 60–70 kDa range are presumed to contain apyrase, which functions in inhibiting platelet aggregation, while proteins within the 40–55 kDa belong to the serpin group, functioning as protease inhibitors. The 31 kDa protein is presumed to belong to the D7 protein family, which has vasodilatory, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant activities. In addition, the 27-29 kDa fraction represents immunogenic proteins commonly found in Aedes species, 17 kDa fraction contains lectins that function in opsonization and help control microbial growth in the mosquito midgut.
Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a horticultural commodity with high economic value, whose productivity is strongly influenced by the presence of insects, acting as pests, predators, parasitoids, and pollinators. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and composition of insect visitors associated with chili plants in Suger Lor Village, Maesan District, Bondowoso Regency. The research was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023 using the sweeping net method in the morning and afternoon for four weeks. Collected insects were identified to the family level and analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H'), evenness index (E), and Simpson dominance index (C). The results showed that a total of 7 insect orders and 26 families were associated with chili plants. The family Coccinellidae exhibited the highest abundance, followed by Phoridae, Dolichopodidae, and Alydidae. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index value was 2.8, indicating a moderate diversity category. The evenness index value of 0.86 indicated a relatively even distribution of individuals among families, while the Simpson dominance index value of 0.07 indicated the absence of strong dominance by any particular family. These results suggest that the chili agroecosystem at the study site has a relatively stable community structure and the potential to support natural biological control.
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) plants are sensitive to drought, so drought stress can reduce cocoa bean production. Heat stress can trigger gene expression as plant defense. Heat Shock Factors (HSF) play key role in responding to plant stress. HSF will regulate other proteins such as HSP which function as molecular chaperons in preventing protein folding and aggregation errors during heat stress. Protein interactions play an important role in many physiological processes and plant development including the plant's response to stress and defenses. This study aims to analyze the interaction of Heat Shock Factors (HSFs) and Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) in T. cacao plants as the basis for the selection of drought-resistant plant genes. The method was carried out in silico by collecting HSF and HSP90 of T. cacao sequences in a phytozome database. The HSF protein of T. cacao forms an interaction with the HSP90 family group. HSP90 protein interactions were analyzed to determine the plant's defenses under stressful conditions. The results showed that the HSP90 protein forms interactions with several other proteins which play a role in the plant's immune response, protein stabilization, and chaperon regulation to regulate the abiotic and biotic stress responses experienced by plants.
The prediction of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is a crucial parameter in earthquake-resistant structural design, particularly in high-risk regions such as West Java, which are prone to potentially damaging earthquakes. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between epicentral distance, macroseismic intensity based on the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, and horizontal PGA using multiple linear regression and Random Forest approaches. The dataset was obtained from 51 accelerograph stations operated by the Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), which recorded a magnitude 4.1 earthquake in Bogor on April 10, 2025. The results indicate that multiple linear regression is capable of capturing the fundamental relationship between distance, PGA, and intensity; however, it has limitations in explaining data variability (R² = 0.3790). In contrast, the Random Forest model demonstrates improved predictive performance, with a 50% reduction in RMSE compared to the linear model The results indicate that machine learning methods can be useful in capturing complex relationships among seismic parameters for PGA prediction. However, the findings are constrained by the limited dataset and the use of a single earthquake event, therefore additional studies with more earthquake records are needed. This study is expected to contribute to the development of locally based seismic hazard maps to support safer structural design.
Fresh cow's milk is a highly nutritious food product but is very susceptible to deterioration in its quality due to microbial activities and surrounding environmental factors. The objective of this research was to determine the physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of fresh cow's milk collected from a dairy farm located in Rembangan, Jember. Milk sampling of 100 mL was carried out on cows aseptically whose milk was directly put into sterile glass jars for each cow of 6 cows, then the milk was composited homogeneously. Fresh cow's milk sampling was carried out during the afternoon milking time at 13.00 WIB. Fresh cow's milk was determined for its properties including physical properties (specific gravity), chemical properties (fat content, protein, lactose, solid non-fat, salt content and pH) and microbiological properties (total microbes) using Plate Count Agar (PCA) media. Determination of the characteristics of fresh cow's milk from the Rembangan Jember farm, namely having a specific gravity of 1.033 g/mL; fat content of 3.0%; protein 3.5%; lactose 5.2%; total non-fat solids 9.4%; salt content 0.8%; and pH 6.6. The total microbial content in fresh cow's milk from Rembangan Jember is 9.4 x 105 CFU/mL, which means it still meets the SNI standard of no more than 106 CFU/mL. Thus, the characteristics of fresh cow's milk from Rembangan Jember is known to be good.
Sunlight emits light dispersed into a spectrum ranging from blue to red wavelengths. Blue light has a wavelength of 450–495 nm, while red light ranges from 620–750 nm and generates higher temperatures than normal light conditions. This study evaluated the effects of 2-iP, light spectra, and NBs N₂ as protective agents to maintain planlet surface integrity under spectrum exposure. Planlets were cultivated using a thin-layer system by temporary immersion in MS medium within thin-wall and glass chambers. All treatments were placed on racks equipped with spectrum and covered with black fabric to block external light. Blue, red, and white spectra with NBs N₂ produced the best growth in the thin-wall, with an average weight increase of 0.24 g and height increase of 1 cm. The highest shoot proliferation occurred under blue light without NBs N₂, producing an average of 9 shoots, while white light with NBs N₂ produced up to 10 new shoots. All planlets in the thin-wall system survived and grew optimally, indicating that NBs N₂ maintained medium stability and enhanced nutrient uptake despite elevated temperatures. In contrast, no growth occurred in glass chambers due to excessive heat accumulation, causing complete planlet desiccation by the 12th DAT.
Paper wasps of the genus Polistes are widely distributed in tropical regions and play important ecological roles as predators of agricultural insect pests. Morphological and morphometric characters are important tools for species identification and taxonomic studies within this genus. This study aims to compare morphometric characters and body coloration between two specimens, Polistes sagittarius and Polistes tenebricosus. A total of fifteen morphometric characters were measured including head, thorax, metasoma, antenna, mandible, and wing measurements. The results indicate that P. tenebricosus generally exhibits large body dimensions than P. sagittarius, particularly in body length, thorax size and tergite measurements. Differences were also observed in head proportions and antennal measurements. In addition to morphometric differences, body coloration patterns also differed between the two specimens. P. sagittarius shows a more contrasting color combination with the metasoma being bright yellow, while P. tenebricosus is predominantly reddish brown. These characters provide useful diagnostic features for distinguishing the species. This study provides preliminary morphometric data for Polistes wasps.
Public transportation plays an important role in supporting community mobility, especially in developing regions such as Bonebolango Regency. However, the management of routes and operational bus frequencies that has not yet been optimized often leads to inefficiency in service and increased operational costs. This article aims to minimize the total operational costs of bus services in Bonebolango Regency by applying the Integer Nonlinear Programming (INLP) method, solved using LINGO software. The results of this study are the optimization of routes and operational costs of bus services. The optimal solution obtained from the LINGO computation shows that nine routes are formed, with a total bus trip frequency of 598. The number of passengers that can be served is 17,940 out of a total of 21,923 passengers across all routes. Meanwhile, the total operational cost to be incurred amounts to Rp 34,392,600.
Precise precipitation records are essential in supporting climate monitoring and extreme weather early warning systems in coastal regions such as Balikpapan. Driven by the need to provide more accurate and representative rainfall information, the primary objective of this research is to assess the efficacy of three Satellite Precipitation Products (SPPs), namely Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM—Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG), and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), against ground-based observations (Surface Synoptic Observations (SYNOP)) data in Balikpapan spanning from January 2020 through December 2024. The evaluation was conducted at three temporal scales from monthly, ten-days and daily which were selected to represent rainfall variability from short-term to long-term scales. The results showed that at the monthly scale, GSMaP exhibits the highest accuracy, with a correlation coefficient (R) of 0.96, a Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) value of 0.92, and the lowest error levels (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) = 34.36, (Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = 22.50). At the 10-days scale, GSMaP demonstrate strong performance by R = 0.94 and NSE = 0.88. Dichotomous at both temporal scales confirms the dominance of GSMaP in detecting rainfall events, as indicated by high Critical Success Index (CSI), Accuracy, and Heidke Skill Score (HSS) values, along with minimal False Alarm Ratio (FAR). In contrast, IMERG tends to overestimate rainfall with a Pbias of +10.5%, while CHIRPS shows the lowest accuracy and generally underestimates rainfall. At the daily scale across different seasons (December-January-February(DJF), March – April – May (MAM), June–July–August (JJA), and September–October–November (SON)), GSMaP consistently outperforms the other SPPs, exhibiting an R-value interval between 0.79 and 0.82. The findings of this study demonstrate that GSMaP is the most credible satellite rainfall dataset for real-time weather monitoring in Balikpapan across all evaluated timeframes.
The Antirogo river, as one of the rivers across the Jember regency, East Java, plays an important role and is used for various activities such as agriculture, domestic, and industrial activities. These anthropogenic activities could affect the water quality of the river and the biota within. A group of river biota affected by anthropogenic activities is the benthic macroinvertebrates. Benthic macroinvertebrates can be used as bioindicators of river water quality. This study aimed to assess the water quality of the Antirogo River using the Shannon Wiener species diversity index (H') based on benthic macroinvertebrate data. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted using a Surber net at three research stations. This research found 1703 individuals of benthic macroinvertebrates, which were classified into 16 families, 10 orders, and five classes. The most abundant family was the Heptageniidae, while the least abundant was the Simuliidae. The benthic macroinvertebrates' diversity index (H’) value was 1.67, with the evenness index (E) value at 0.60. Based on the diversity index (H’) value, the water quality in this river was lightly polluted with pollutants that can be in the form of solid materials and toxic compounds.
Seagrass ecosystems represent one of the most important coastal ecosystems due to their crucial ecological role in maintaining marine environmental balance.This study aims to identify and analyze the community structure of Echinodermata from the classes Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, and Holothuroidea in the seagrass ecosystem of Sijile Beach, Baluran National Park. Sampling was conducted using a systematic transect-plot method across 10 transects and a total of 100 plots. The results revealed seven Echinodermata species, with Ophiocoma scolopendrina being the most dominant (6.15 ind/m²). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was 0.98, indicating low species diversity. This low diversity is attributed to the dominance of specific species and uneven individual distribution. Although seagrass serves as a crucial habitat supporting Echinodermata survival, environmental conditions and species-specific adaptations play key roles in shaping the community structure. These findings highlight the importance of ecological studies for the conservation and management of coastal resources.
The nipah worm (Namalycastis rhodochorde) is a Polychaete species found in the nipah (Nypa sp.) mangrove ecosystem of West Kalimantan. Since its identification in 2007, research on this species has been limited. Nipah worms play a crucial role in trophic levels, serving as a food source for various aquatic animals due to their high nutritional content. Although attempts have been made to cultivate nipah worms, these efforts are still hindered by disease outbreaks, one of which is caused by a bacteria. This study aims to investigate the immune response of nipah worms following induction with Pseudonocardia spp. isolated from nipah fronds. The research methodology included the preparation of tools and materials, acclimation of nipah worms, reculturing of Pseudonocardia spp. and the creation of test suspensions, as well as the calculation of the total and differential counts of coelomocytes before and after bacterial induction. The results indicated an increase in the number of several types of coelomocytes in nipah worms, specifically type I by 53,2%, type III by 54%, type IV by 56,2%, and type V by 61,4% after induction with Pseudonocardia spp.
This study aims to classify crops on fragmented agricultural land by integrating radar (Sentinel-1) and optical (Sentinel-2) satellite remote sensing data. The research responds to the pressing issue of decreasing agricultural land in Jember Regency due to land conversion, which threatens food security. Feature-level fusion is applied to combine spectral indices (NDVI, NDWI, NDBI) from Sentinel-2 and radar backscatter characteristics (VV, VH) from Sentinel-1. Classification was performed using the Random Forest algorithm in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. The results showed that the combination of both datasets provided high overall accuracy (81.58%) in classifying eight land cover types including agricultural crops such as paddy, corn, sugarcane, and citrus. This integration enables better monitoring of complex agricultural landscapes, offering a practical tool for sustainable land management.
This study aims to analyze partial characteristics of probiotics lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from broiler intestines supplemented with fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) 2% (v/w) in feed. A total of 17 LAB isolates were successfully isolated and characterized morphologically and biochemically (catalase test). The isolate showed diverse morphological and biochemical properties, obtained as many as seven isolates that met the partial characteristics of probiotics, namely U10, U11, U13, U16, U31, U33, and U37 which were Gram-positive and no endospores and catalase formations were found. The tolerance test for acid pH and NaCl performed on the seven BAL isolates showed a diverse survival rate with U11 showing the highest tolerance at pH 2 (11.4%) and NaCl concentration up to 8% (32.4%). These findings highlight seven LAB isolates with partial probiotic properties, providing new insights into the development of probiotic candidates from broiler guts to improve gastrointestinal health and productivity.
Xilan is a polysaccharide that can be used as a substrate for producing xylanase. Xylan can be obtained from processing xylan-rich agricultural waste such as corn cobs, which contain 12.4% xylan. Xilan can be hydrolyzed into xylose and xylooligosaccharide (XOS) using the enzyme Xilanase. Actinomycetes have dominant xylanolytic species, Actinomyces ATG 70 has semi-qualitative xylanolytic ability with an enzyme activity index of 3.21±0.55 in xylan media. This study was conducted by extracting xylan from corn cobs, rejuvenating Actinomyces ATG 70, preparing the inoculum, creating a standard curve, producing xylanase with pH optimization of the medium, testing xylanase activity, characterizing the pH and temperature of crude xylanase, and identifying the morphology and biochemical characteristics of Actinomyces ATG 70. Optimization of the pH of the xylanase production medium was achieved at pH 8, with xylanase activity of 10.07±0.13 U/mL. The crude xylanase was characterized for pH and temperature effects, and the optimal pH for crude xylanase was found to be pH 6 with xylanase activity of 7.64±0.66 U/mL, and the optimal temperature was 50°C with xylanase activity of 11.17±0.33 U/mL. The identification results showed that Actinomyces ATG 70 belongs to Gram-positive bacteria, with a positive catalase test, white colonies, cream-colored aerial mycelium, and cream-colored pigmentation. The spore structure consists of long chains of conidia, streptococcus-shaped cells, and can form aerial mycelium, thus the isolate belongs to the genus Streptomyces.
Paper waste can cause environmental damage, so paper waste processing must be carried out. Paper waste which is a lignocellulosic compound can be processed with acid hydrolysis process to produce cellulose degradation products. In this research, waste paper hydrolysis was carried out using sulfuric acid with response surface methodology (RSM) optimization which the variables studied were mixing speed, time and S/L ratio. Based on the results of ANOVA test, it was known that mixing speed, time and solid liquid (S/L) ratio did not have a significant influence on %conversion. From the comparison of the independent variables, the mixing speed and time showed significantly influence %conversion compared to the S/L ratio. Higher %conversion was obtained from lower value of mixing speed, time and S/L ratio. In this study, 65% conversion was produced under operating conditions of 175 rpm stirring speed, 30 minutes reaction time, and 1:15 S/L ratio.
Arabica coffee bean (Coffea arabica L.) is Indonesia's leading commodity, with Bandung Regency as the largest producer in West Java. The exocarp and mesocarp of coffee fruits known as cascara have potential health benefits as a beverage. Cascara is usually dried by direct sunlight before consumption, but this process is prone to weather disturbances and contamination. The use of dehydrators is more controlled to maintain metabolite content, but there has been no research on cascara from coffee cultivars in Bandung Regency dried by this method. This study aims to obtain the metabolite profile of Typica arabica coffee cultivar cascara dried using direct sun and dehydrator. The cascara samples were taken from Gunung Puntang Coffee Plantation, Bandung Regency, and extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol p.a. solvent. The metabolite content was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), which specifically detects volatile metabolites. Non-volatile compounds were not within the scope of this study. The results showed that direct sun-dried cascara had 6 metabolites, while dehydrator-dried had 15 metabolites. Both samples were dominated by caffeine (sun-dried cascara: 46.61%, dehydrator cascara: 24.44%). Five metabolites were found in both samples, with 1 unique metabolite in solar cascara and 10 unique metabolites in dehydrator cascara. This study showed differences in metabolite content in Typica cultivar cascara with different drying methods.
The increasing demand for tomatoes has prompted farmers to use chemical fertilizers, which can lead to soil degradation and reduced fertility. This study aims to determine the appropriate dose and frequency of biofertilizer application to enhance the growth and productivity of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experiment was designed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 11 treatments, including both negative and positive controls. Three variations in biofertilizer doses were tested (5, 10, and 15 ml/plant), along with three different frequencies of application: once at one week after planting (1 WAP), twice (at 1 and 4 WAP), and three times (at 1, 4, and 8 WAP). Measured parameters included soil fertility (microbial population and functional microbial quality), plant growth (plant height, leaf count, stem diameter), and plant productivity (flower count). Quality of functional microbes were analyzed descriptively. Data of microbial population, plant growth and productivity were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests with a 5% significance level. The results showed significant differences in soil microbial populations and plant height between treatments, although no significant differences were observed in stem diameter, leaf number, or flower number. The treatment with 15 ml/plant applied three times (B15F3) exhibited the highest Relative Agronomic Efficiency (RAE) compared to other biofertilizer treatments (74.63%), but it was still lower than the control (chemical fertilizer). Therefore, higher doses and/or frequencies may be needed to further evaluate the effectiveness of the biofertilizer under test.
The people of Darungan Village, Jember, feel the water crisis during the dry season. This research aims to detect aquifer potential in Darungan Village using geoelectric method. This research uses geoelectric method with Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique. The data were processed with IPI2WIN and Rockworks software to produce a 3D cross-sectional model and lithology interpretation. The lithology in the study area consists of andesite, sandstone, silt, claystone, sand, tuff, and pyrite. Potential aquifers with resistivity of 0.5 - 23.24 Ωm are present in all lines, with the best potential located in line 2 (sand, 28.21 meters, 2.119 Ωm, 1.128 meters). Further research is needed to map the aquifer in detail and assess its water quality.
Malaria caused by Plasmodium spp is an important health problem, and vaccination could be essential for disease prevention. One potential protein candidate is the Duffy binding-like 2β (DBL2β)-Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). The protein is responsible for malaria pathogenesis by mediating binding to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a receptor on the host cells. This study aimed to investigate the acute toxicity of the DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein as a basis for developing a peptide-based malaria vaccine based on body weight and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration. The study used male and female Wistar rats, which were divided into treatment and control groups after two weeks of acclimatization. Rats in the treatment group were injected with 750 µg DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein, and the control group was injected with NaCl 0.9%. Any indications of clinical toxicity symptoms were closely monitored within 4 hours of injection up to 24 hours. Observations were conducted daily for 14 days and included body weight and toxicity symptoms such as rising fur, tremors, salivation, diarrhea, weakness, draping, excitability, twitching, and death. Blood was collected on days 5, 7, and 14 for IL-6 examination using the ELISA method. Rats were euthanized on day 14. Data were analyzed using an ANOVA test. There was no significant weight loss as well as weight gain and toxicity symptoms during 14 days after treatment in all groups. There was an increase IL-6 levels on day 14 in all groups. However, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between the control and treatment groups (p>0.05). This study showed that the DBL2β-PfEMP1 recombinant protein has no acute toxicity in Wistar rats, implying its safety and potential as a peptide-based malaria vaccine.
