The aim of this article is to diagnose the level of hope for success and openness to experience among primary school teachers. The study addresses psychological resources that may influence teachers’ professional functioning, their ability to cope with difficulties, and their readiness to face new educational challenges. The research was conducted among 224 primary school teachers from the Mazowieckie region in Poland. The participants differed in terms of gender, age, work experience, workplace location, and professional promotion level. The Hope for Success Questionnaire (KNS) was used to assess hope for success, while openness to experience was measured using the OND35 Inventory. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests were applied in the analysis of empirical data. The findings indicate that teachers demonstrate an average level of both hope for success and openness to experience. Within the structure of hope for success, the ability to find solutions was more pronounced than willpower. Openness to experience was most strongly expressed in imagination, generating unconventional ideas, and adapting to new situations. The results highlight the need to strengthen teachers’ psychological resources, particularly in the context of the challenges faced by contemporary schools.
Women’s body experiences evolve across the lifespan under the influence of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors. Age-related neuroendocrine, somatic, and functional changes – particularly during midlife and menopause may affect perceptions of sexual attractiveness, satisfaction with sexualization, and body image. This study compared body- -related attitudes among young adult, midlife, and older women to identify age-related patterns. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Women aged 18–28, 40–59, and 60–74 were recruited via snowball sampling and online calls. Participants completed standardized questionnaires (Body Esteem Scale; Enjoyment of Sexualisation Scale; Physical Attraction Scale) assessing body esteem, satisfaction with sexualization, and perceived physical attractiveness in paper and online formats. Analyses included Shapiro–Wilk tests, descriptive statistics, and group comparisons, alongside demographic and health-related variables. Age significantly differentiated body-related outcomes. Young women reported the highest satisfaction with sexualization, reflecting sensitivity to socio-cultural appearance norms. Midlife women showed the lowest scores for sexual attractiveness, weight concern, and physical condition, indicating physiological and psychosocial transitions. Women aged 60–74 demonstrated increased satisfaction with sexualization and stable emotional and behavioral attractiveness. Body image and sexuality change dynamically across adulthood, with midlife marked by declines and later adulthood by relative adaptation and stability. Findings highlight the importance of age-sensitive, bio-psychosocial approaches to women’s health.
Contemporary security threats, including those arising from the emergence of war in Ukraine, the migration crisis, and the necessity to modernize Polish Armed Forces, have increased the frequency of occupational stress placed on soldiers. Polish Army officers represent a specific group vulnerable to stress, as they bear responsibility for task execution, their subordinates, as well as the assigned equipment and property. The objective of the study was to determine the extent to which satisfaction with the professional situation of the surveyed Polish Army officers correlates with the level of occupational stress they experience. The research was embedded in a quantitative paradigm. A diagnostic survey method was applied, utilizing the Sense of Stress Questionnaire by Plopa and Makarowski, alongside an original questionnaire concerning satisfaction with selected aspects of military service. The study involved 145 career officers participating in professional development programs at the War Studies University. The majority of the respondents were characterized by a low level of overall sense of stress. The highest values were recorded in the area of emotional tension, while lower values were observed in the domains of external and intrapsychic stress. Significant negative correlations were found between job satisfaction and stress levels. Relationships with superiors, leadership style, work organization, and team dynamics proved to be of particular importance. Satisfaction with one’s professional situation can function as a factor that mitigates the sense of stress among officers. Organizational and social factors – especially the quality of leadership and professional relationships – proved to be more important than material aspects.
The International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11), offers a framework for describing disorders due to addictive behaviours that helps distinguish mere high involvement from a pattern that may be clinically significant. This framework is based on three core domains that define the addictive pattern: impaired control over the behaviour, increasing priority given to the behaviour over other activities, and continuation or escalation despite negative consequences. The article systematises the clinical understanding of these criteria and demonstrates how they may be applied to feed-scrolling, understood not as a separate diagnostic entity but as an analytical construct describing habitual engagement in an ongoing stream of digital content such as posts, photographs, short videos, news items, or shopping offers. Part one discusses the classificatory logic of ICD-11 in relation to disorders due to addictive behaviours, outlines the place of “other specified” and “unspe cified” behaviours within this category, and examines the three core processes using online con tent scrolling as a contemporary example. The text emphasises the need for diagnostic caution and argues against equating frequent engagement with digital technologies with a disorder picture. Part two of the article focuses on impairment as the threshold of clinical significance and on practical principles for differentiating high engagement from a clinically meaningful disorder
The study aimed to determine whether individuals engaged in recitation differ in a specific psychological profile from a control group; emotional intelligence, verbal intelligence and narcissism (including the need for admiration) were measured in 94 adults, comprising 47 participants who actively or previously practiced recitation and 47 demographically matched controls, using the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (INTE), the Word Understanding Test (TRS-S) and the Polish adaptation of the Narcissism Questionnaire (NARPI); reciters obtained a significantly higher score on emotional intelligence than the control group and also displayed a significantly higher level of narcissism, whereas the difference in verbal intelligence was not statistically significant; the correlation between emotional intelligence and narcissism across the whole sample was weak and non-significant. These results suggest that recitation is associated with enhanced emotional competencies and a greater need for recognition while verbal abilities remain comparable. These findings fill a research gap concerning the psychological profile of people involved in recitation; it also indicates promising directions for future investigations into the psychological determinants of stage expression.
The article addresses the issue of interdisciplinarity in pedagogy, presenting it as a methodological category, a structural feature of the discipline, and one of the key challenges of contemporary science. The author argues that pedagogy, due to its subject of research, namely the human being functioning within complex social, cultural, educational and technological contexts, cannot develop in isolation from other fields of knowledge. The text discusses the importance of interdisciplinarity for the development of pedagogical theory and practice, its presence in pedagogical research, and its role in analysing current educational problems, such as globalisation, digitalisation, social inequalities, higher education and twenty-first-century competences. At the same time, it is emphasised that interdisciplinarity requires critical methodological awareness, as it involves difficulties in integrating scientific languages, tensions between disciplinary autonomy and openness, and the risk of superficial research. Particular significance is also attributed to teamwork, methodological pluralism and the need to preserve conceptual coherence. The analytical and critical perspective makes it possible to show both the potential and the limitations of this approach. The article concludes that interdisciplinarity is a condition for the development of pedagogy, provided that it is based on rigour, reflexivity and genuine dialogue between contemporary sciences.
In the article, a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of internationalization strategies in Ukrainian higher education amidst mass forced migration during 2022–2026 is provided. The transition from traditional market-oriented models to the concept of forced internationalization, where humanitarian and security determinants emerge as priorities, is examined. Based on a systems approach, the role of digitalization as the ontological foundation for the functioning of a university without borders, ensuring institutional stability and the preservation of national educational agency amidst the transborder dispersal of human capital, is substantiated within the study. Special attention is devoted to the phenomenon of educational diplomacy and the implementation of a smart protectionism policy aimed at defending intellectual sovereignty and preventing the irreversible loss of scientific potential. In the work, the experience of implementing the innovative DigiUni project and the DigiPlatform as tools for creating a unified digital space for inclusive practices and the remote accreditation of educational programs is analyzed. Furthermore, the risks of dual enrollment, deskilling, and the psychological traumatization of students and scholars affected by intersectional disadvantage are highlighted. The concept of transnational educational identity is conceptualized, with the Ukrainian case being defined as a unique precedent for combining digital resilience (agility) with soft power instruments. It is argued that the strategic combination of integration into the European Higher Education Area with mechanisms for equitable intellectual exchange allows for the transformation of forced migration into a resource for post-war recovery and the modernization of the national educational system.
This study addresses the inherent difficulty of second language (L2) listening, particularly its unobservable cognitive nature, by proposing an integrated model of listening comprehension. Previous research has developed two-phase models (perception and comprehension) and three phase models (perception, parsing, and utilisation), but their fragmented development has led to conceptual inconsistency. To resolve this, the present study integrates these models using working memory as a unifying framework, incorporating key components such as the phonological loop, central executive, and episodic buffer, along with the concept of perceptual sense units (PSUs). The proposed model clarifies how auditory input is processed from initial perception through linguistic analysis to higher-level meaning construction, demonstrating that these phases operate interactively rather than linearly. Furthermore, the model extends to include visual aids, highlighting the role of the visuospatial sketchpad in audio-visual processing. This integrated framework offers a more coherent and comprehensive explanation of listening comprehension mechanisms and provides practical implications for language teaching, such as improving instructional strategies and diagnosing learner difficulties. The study also identifies directions for future research, including the effects of working memory capacity and multimodal input on listening processes.
Feminism is a concept that strives for gender equality in political, social, and legal dimensions, and also assumes the formation of partnership relationships in the process of creating a family. The aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between men’s perceptions of feminism and the part nership relationships they form. The subject of the study is men’s partnerships. The main research question is: What are the relationships between men’s perceptions of feminism and the quality of the partnerships they form? Based on the main research question, specific problems were formulated: What feminist attitudes characterize men? How does the presence of feminist attitudes towards forming a relationship in men affect the quality of the partner relationships they form? The research was conducted at the turn of 2023 and 2024 among 121 respondents aged 18–65 using a survey method with a proprietary questionnaire developed on the basis of a relationship quality assessment scale. The results indicate a positive correlation between feminist attitudes and the quality of rela tionships with partners. Men who engage in household duties, support the idea of gender equality, and value communication, respect, and mutual support in a relationship form satisfying and lasting partnerships. Women whose partners display a high level of feminist attitudes rate their relationships as more satisfying
Research and clinical practice show that there is a relatively large group of women who, having had a caesarean section, are keen to give birth naturally the next time. These preferences are driven not only by health considerations, but also by the patients’ needs, expectations and values. In the practice of Polish hospitals and based on the experiences of selected patients, it appears that this type of birth is met with varying attitudes amongst medical staff, which affect the communication relationship between the pregnant woman and the medical staff. The aim of this article is a qualita tive analysis of selected statements by patients wishing to give birth naturally following a previous caesarean section, and their evaluation in the light of the well-being of pregnant patients. Reflective thematic analysis was used in our own research. The patients’ narratives show that a lack of attention to the quality of communication by medical staff can lead to increased anxiety, a loss of a sense of security and a reduction in trust. The results indicate that for some women, VBAC is not only an alternative method of delivery but also an important element in building autonomy.
Working as a social worker requires both professional competencies and personal predispositions, particularly individual social sensitivity, openness to others, empathy, and a desire to help people in difficult life situations. The nature of this work entails numerous psychosocial burdens that social workers must face. These burdens often constitute both barriers and creative challenges. Self-confidence and personal resources are essential factors in effective social work. The aim of the empirical research in this article is to determine the relationship between the psychosocial workload of social workers and their self-esteem. This defined field of exploration implied the question: is there a relationship between the psychosocial workload of social workers and their self-esteem? The psychosocial work situation of the surveyed social workers (the explained variable) was assessed using the Version V Survey Questionnaire by Widerszal-Bazyl and Cieślak entitled “Psychosocial Working Conditions.” The level of self-esteem of social workers (the explanatory variable) was determined based on Rosenberg’s SES Self-Esteem Scale. It turned out that the higher the self esteem of the respondents, the higher the level of job control, especially in terms of cognitive control, perceived social support from colleagues and supervisors, and experienced well-being.
The purpose of this article is to review research examining the prevalence of depression and PTSD among sex workers and the relationship between their presence and the experience of social stigma, childhood trauma, and violence. A growing body of research indicates that the negative consequences of events such as stigma, violence, and trauma may translate into and be associated with the deterioration of the mental health of sex workers. This work encompasses both empirical research (quantitative and qualitative) and key theoretical contributions, analyzing results collected from samples of individuals from countries around the world who work online and have physical contact with clients, regardless of legal status and cultural attitudes toward prostitution. Attention is paid to repeated exposure to traumatic experiences as a factor associated with the risk of developing mental disorders and their symptoms. Future research directions on this topic, which have not been explored to date, are presented. The findings from the analyzed studies may contribute to better designing therapeutic interventions for sex workers, as well as psychoeducational programs for law enforcement agencies.
This article presents a community-based research perspective on addiction psychotherapy, emphasizing the crucial role of the immediate community in the patient’s treatment process. The goal of community-based addiction therapy is to understand the impact of environmental factors on the development, course, and treatment of addiction. This approach integrates the therapeutic process with the patient’s daily life and social environment. It is therefore worthwhile to address the following questions: What is the social functioning of patients experiencing addictive behaviours? What is the role of supportive relationships in the process of sobriety? How influential is the environment on the development, maintenance, and treatment of addiction? The research method used was grounded theory in its classic form, a research approach pioneered by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s. Data were collected during observations of group therapy sessions in two outpatient addiction treatment centres. The study lasted three years (for the purposes of a dissertation) and involved 40 observational notes; four of the observational notes from the group therapy sessions are used in this article. The results indicate that community support is a significant factor in the effectiveness of psychotherapy, which focuses on engaging loved ones, collaborating with local institutions, and participating in self-help groups. Integrating community interventions with individual psychotherapy was found to prolong the longevity of treatment outcomes. These results support the inclusion of community interventions as a regular component of addiction treatment.
This article explores the challenges of digital inequalityand digital inclusion in Ukraine within the context of the country’s ongoing digital transformation. The purpose of the study is to assess the level of information literacy and digital inclusion among the Ukrainian population, including educators. The research focuses on the state of digital competence and access to digital resources across different social groups.The study addresses the following questions: What is the current level of digital literacy among the Ukrainian population and educators? How does unequal access to technology affect digital inclusion in society? The methodology includes interpreting and conducting a comparative analysis of data obtained from two nationwide surveys, as well as using online questionnaires to gather responses from teachers regarding their digital competence. The results indicate that digital literacy varies significantly among social groups, largely due to disparities in access to education and digital technologies. Particular attention is given to vulnerable groups, especially older adults. The study also includes teachers’self-assessments of their digital competence and provides recommendations for reducing digital inequality in Ukraine.
The purpose of this article is to present students’ experiences and opinions regarding the phenomenon of hate. A unique study was conducted among respondents from selected Warsaw universities, followed by an analysis and comparison of other available meta-analyses on this topic. Participants were students from various Warsaw universities. A total of 137 young people aged 18–26 participated. A custom-designed questionnaire was used to conduct the study. Both the interest in the topic and its relevance are confirmed by the fact that hate is the most common form of cyberbullying that students encounter online. Over 65% of respondents stated this. Furthermore, 93% of respondents indicated they have witnessed online hate at least once. Respondents also acknowledged the consequences for victims and provided interesting examples of preventative strategies that can prevent, or at least reduce, the likelihood of hate speech occurring online. Including proposals for effective preventative strategies can foster greater knowledge about countering hate and guide preventive action in this area.
During childhood, individuals build family bonds. These primarily concern members of the closest family: parents, siblings, and grandparents. The caregiving role performed by family elders for their grandchildren constitutes a very important element in shaping the attitudes, behaviors, patterns, and norms of the youngest generation. The study was conducted using the diagnostic survey method. It involved 238 participants aged 18–35 (young adults) who maintained regular contact with their grandparents. The aim of the research was to demonstrate how bonds/relationships formed in childhood are reflected in the bonds/relationships between grandchildren and grandparents in adulthood. The subject of the study was the relationships between grandchildren and their grandparents. Three research questions were formulated. The first asked: What kinds of relationships with grandparents are present in the memories of young adults? Respondents indicated several positive memories, most frequently shared meals (28%), play activities (16%), trips (15%), holidays spent at their grandparents’ homes (14%), walks (12%), and other experiences (39%). The second research question was formulated as follows: How often and in what ways do young adults spend their free time with their grandparents? The largest group of respondents meets with their grandparents once or several times a month (49% in total), 16% do so less than once a month, while more frequent contacts are several times a week (15%) or daily (12%), and meeting once a week was indicated least frequently (8%). The third research question asked: Whether and in what ways do young adults provide assistance to their grandparents in old age? The majority of respondents help their grandparents mainly with internet-related matters and everyday tasks such as shopping, cleaning, medical appointments, or organizing household life. This results from both progressing digitalization and the declining physical and mental fitness of older adults.
In the face of the ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine, the educational situation for young people has been severely disrupted. The war not only affects daily life but also leads to the emergence of numerous educational gaps that may have long-term consequences for the future of the younger generation. This article will present the challenges students face in crisis conditions, as well as proposed solutions aimed at alleviating the effects of these difficulties. The study, conducted in 2025 among 120 teachers from Ukrainian upper-secondary schools located in regions relatively less affected by direct military hostilities – where the educational process has been carried out predominantly in an in-person format and without prolonged interruptions, enabling an analysis of the functioning of the education system under conditions of relative continuity of school operations – aimed to identify the nature, causes, and consequences of educational gaps in a crisis situation. The PAPI method and an original questionnaire were used, capturing both didactic and psychosocial aspects of the phenomenon. The results indicate that educational gaps are multidimensional. The most commonly observed issues include difficulties with concentration and a decline in motivation to learn, curricular gaps resulting from interruptions in education or online learning, as well as deepened deficits among displaced students and older youth. The main causes are: stress and trauma, lack of stability in daily life, and online learning. The consequences include not only weakened academic performance but also symptoms of trauma, apathy, difficulties in social communication, and lack of interests, which hinder the personal development of young people. The article emphasizes the need for comprehensive compensatory actions, including both didactic strategies and psychosocial interventions. It is noted that without systemic interventions, there is a risk of permanently entrenching educational deficits, which will negatively impact human capital and the country’s recovery process in the future.
This article aims to analyse the digital citizenship competences of adults in the area of creating and receiving online content, with particular emphasis on their demographic and educational conditions. The research focused on respondents’ behaviours related to responsible content publishing, critical reception of information, self-regulation of media use, and responding to negative phenomena on the Internet. The study posed research questions concerning the most common media practices of the respondents, as well as differences in these behaviours based on gender, age, and level of education. The research was cross-sectional and diagnostic-verification in nature. A diagnostic survey method was used, employing the standardised ICO Digital Hygiene Test questionnaire. The analysis covered data obtained from 429 adult users of digital technologies. The statistical analysis used descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests of significance (Mann–Whitney U, Kruskal–Wallis test). The results of the study indicate a relatively high level of responsibility among respondents in terms of ethical content publishing, respect for privacy, and critical analysis of information. At the same time, significant deficits were revealed in the area of responding to hate speech and cyberbullying, as well as in the use of social support. The analyses showed that women are more likely than men to take action and seek support, while older and better-educated respondents are characterised by higher levels of self-regulation, reflectiveness, and critical reception of content. The findings indicate a need to strengthen interventionist and prosocial skills in media, digital, and health education, especially among younger internet users.
The study conducted a literature review on parasocial relationships between humans and AI-based chatbots, with a particular emphasis on romantic relationships. Definitions of artificial intelligence (AI) are analyzed, and the functioning of AI systems is discussed. Psychological mechanisms underlying the formation of human-chatbot bonds are described, including anthropomorphization, pseudo-intimacy, emotional solipsism, attachment theory, attribution of theory of mind, and the dual consciousness mechanism. Various roles that an AI companion can fulfill are considered, including the role of servant, assistant, therapist, and friend. The characteristics of romantic relationships with chatbots are presented, taking into account partner trait selection, Sternberg’s components of love, and the sexual dimension realized through erotic role-playing and sexting. Potential neurobiological mechanisms of this bond are identified, emphasizing the possible lack of full activation of the oxytocin system due to the absence of physical contact. Psychosocial consequences of interactions with chatbots are discussed, indicating both benefits (reduction of loneliness, emotional support) and threats (behavioral addiction, decline in social competencies, ethical issues). Research gaps requiring further analysis are identified, particularly in the area of neuroimaging studies and long-term effects of relationships with AI.
In this article, a systematic review of international strategic and normative documents governing the education and lifelong learning of adult migrants is presented. The evolution of global educational standards is evaluated through a qualitative documentary analysis of pivotal instruments issued by the UN, UNESCO, and UNHCR between 2011 and 2023. A paradigm shift from immediate humanitarian protection toward sustainable socio-professional integration is identified. Specific strategic benchmarks, including the “15% enrollment target” in higher education and the implementation of flexible recognition of prior learning frameworks, are analyzed. Particular attention is devoted to the alignment of national legislation with global mandates such as SDG 4 and the Global Compact on Refugees. The removal of educational barriers within a three-month window and the expansion of vocational education and training are emphasized as critical factors for resilience. These international findings are contextualized to provide a roadmap for the reform of educational policy in Ukraine. It is concluded that the promotion of functional literacy and transferable skills among adult migrants serves as a strategic investment in human capital, essential for post-war reconstruction and long-term social stability.
