Is avoidable childhood mortality in Colombia a type of violence? Childhood analysis mortality requires a broader approach than a purely biological one, as this situation reflects the confluence of social, environmental, economic, and political factors, among others, which portray the vulnerability of this population group. At the global level, efforts to control mortality have yielded significant achievements; however, low- and middle-income countries still show high and uneven figures across regions, related primanly to violence as a latent phenomenon. The objective of this essay wasip etectoa childhood mortality as a form of indirect -violence. In condusion, avoidable childhood mortality needs to be analyzed from a political perspective that allows for the identification of the different forms of violence portrayed in this event. Consequently, it can be stated that avoidable childhood mortality as a form of violence requires analysis from an intersectoral and multidisciplinary approach that enables the prioritization of actions to control it.
Introduction. The factors affecting genetic diversity and antiretroviral therapy resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 in military personnel are unknown. Objective. To describe the factors affecting genetic variability and resistance to HIV antiretrovirals in the military population during one year of follow-up. Materials and methods. Fifty-two Peruvian military personnel living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy were recruited. Genetic diversity, genetic subtypes, recombination events, and resistance profile occurring in protease and reverse transcriptase genes were compared at 12 and 18 month follow-up, taking into account the socio-epidemiological characteristics of the participants. Results. Intermittent condom use (37%), contact with sex workers (17%) and a history of sexually transmitted infections (56%) were observed. The genetic diversity index (π) increased from 0.30 to 0.45, while genetic subtypes and recombinant forms did not change significantly. Of eleven samples with significant nucleotide changes, five showed resistance mutations. Finally, bivariate analysis showed that increasing subject age was significantly associated with a difference in resistance profile after an interval of 12 months or more. Conclusions. We show that, after at 12 and 18 month of follow-up, HIV-infecting a population of Peruvian military subjects underwent changes in its genetic diversity and resistance profile, which were associated with the chronological age of the participants.
This article offers a vision of the mental health situation in Colombia, highlighting its growing relevance in the public sphere and the specific challenges facing the country. It analyzes the impact of the armed conflict and the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the Colombian population, focusing on how these situations have exacerbated pre-existing problems. Additionally, the existence of significant barriers to accessing specialized services is highlighted, such as stigma, lack of trained personnel, and high costs associated with the treatment of mental disorders. Therefore, the need to address inequalities in mental health care is raised, both nationally and internationally. Finally, recommendations are proposed to improve prevention, community care and access to mental health services in Colombia.
Introduction. Recombination is a mechanism that prevents the accumulation of noxious mutations. Recombination occurs between different sublineages of the same virus that are co-circulating and co-infecting the same host. Next-generation sequencing technologies have allowed the identification of recombinant sublineages of omicron. Objective. To describe how viral recombination in new omicron lineages has conferred important characteristics to this variant and allowed its prevalence. Materials and methods. A total of 338 genomes of recombinant lineages from positive samples of SARS-CoV-2 analyzed by the Laboratorio Departamental de Salud Pública de Antioquia were characterized, between November 9, 2022, and November 5, 2023. The genomes were obtained using Oxford Nanopore™ sequencing technology. Phylogenetic analysis identified different recombinant sublineages of omicron and predictors allowed the identification of regions in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that were the product of recombination events. Results. Twenty-six recombinant lineages of omicron were identified, and important amino acid changes were found involved in evasion of the immune response, infectivity and increased viral replication, N501Y, D614G and P681H. The F456L variant was also identified and was present in 55% of the XBB.1.5.72 genomes and is a biomarker for recognition of this sublineage. The analysis with recombination predictors allowed the identification of the potential parents of some recombinant genomes such as XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.5.77. Conclusion. The circulation of omicron sublineage recombinants shows important changes that impact their biology and have altered infection and virulence factors.
Introduction. Despite the obligation to provide priority and timely care to people with orphan diseases, they continue to find barriers to health services. Objective. To determine access to health services barriers for people diagnosed with orphan or rare diseases. Materials and methods. We carried out a cross-sectional analytical study based on secondary data of 134 people reported with orphan or rare diseases in the department of Huila. Sociodemographic and clinical characterization and identification of barriers to access to health services at the geographic, economic, social, knowledge, cultural and health care levels were carried out. Statistical analysis was performed in Stata 15 (TM)(TM) usin measures of central tendency and association. Results. The median age was 15 years, 51.5% were male, 61.9% lived in urban areas, low income predominated, the most prevalent diagnosis was Guillain-Barr & eacute; syndrome and 32.8% required hospitalization for complications of the disease. Living in rural areas presents a greater probability of having limited access to the center of care ( OR = 10.7 ; 95% CI: 4.3-27) and lack of money for transportation ( OR = 2.84 ; 95% CI: 1.26-6.52). Statistical association between subsidized regime and of medicines (OR-4.59; 95% CI: 1.44-19.17) was found. Conclusion. Participants face significant barriers to accessing health services associate with living in rural areas and their affiliation status.
Hereditary spastic paraplegias are genetic disorders characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs, weakness, and sensory disturbances. Global prevalence ranges from 1.27 to 9.6 per 100 000 individuals. Mutations in the PLP1 gene cause various X-linked hereditary spastic paraplegias phenotypes, including Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease and spastic paraplegia type 2. A 53-year-old male presented with chronic lower limb weakness since childhood, requiring a wheelchair at age 47 and exhibiting zero strength in the lower limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed periventricular leukodystrophy; similar symptoms were found in maternal uncles and a nephew. The 32-year-old nephew had gait difficulties. A genetic sequencing panel identified a hemizygous variant of uncertain significance in the PLP1 gene [c.197A>T (p.His66Leu)] in both, not reported in population genetic databases. X-linked spastic paraplegia 2 is a disease primarily affecting gait and causing lower limb weakness. Reports indicate that it may also include cognitive impairment, nystagmus, and ataxia, although in the studied family, weakness predominated without cerebellar symptoms. Thirty-six families with this condition have been documented worldwide, with cases of asymptomatic carrier females. The c.197A>T (p.His66Leu) variant in the PLP1 gene, identified in this case, is novel and, despite being classified as “of uncertain significance”, could be pathogenic according to bioinformatic predictors, explaining the spastic paraplegia 2 presentation in this family.
HIV infection is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases including ischemic strokes, for which there are different multiple etiologies in these patients.We present the case of a 27-year-old man with AIDS, with an ischemic stroke in the left middle cerebral artery territory. Laboratory studies confirmed the diagnosis of neurosyphilis but also the existence of antiphospholipid antibodies. Seven months after the treatment of neurosyphilis, anticoagulation and antiretroviral therapy, the persistence of antiphospholipid antibodies was confirmed. The diagnostic approach to a vascular stroke in people with HIV is a challenge since there may be multiple etiologies. The relevance of antiphospholipid antibodies in these patients is a matter of debate and should be considered depending on the clinical scenario
Dengue is the most common arboviral infection worldwide, and up to 5% of patients may develop severe forms with multiorgan involvement and an increased risk of death. We present the case of a 39-year-old woman from an endemic area, living in an urban setting, who presented with five days of fever associated with myalgias and vaginal bleeding. On admission, severe thrombocytopenia and acute hepatic and renal dysfunction were documented. Despite initial treatment with crystalloids, her condition progressively worsened, leading to acute liver failure and worsening acute kidney injury, requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support, and single-pass albumin dialysis plus continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration. The patient showed clinical improvement with progressive recovery of liver and kidney function and was transferred to general hospitalization after 12 days in intensive care. This case highlights the potential usefulness of this therapy in patients with acute liver failure in settings without access to advanced liver support systems or when liver transplantation is contraindicated.
Introducción. El municipio de Ovejas en Los Montes de María es un foco urbano autóctono de leishmaniasis y registra casos esporádicos de la enfermedad de Chagas. Aunque Didelphis marsupialis (zarigüeya) es reconocido como huésped, hospedador u hospedero, rural de tripanosomatídeos en Colombia, se desconoce su papel en esta zona del país. Objetivo. Evaluar la frecuencia de infección natural por Leishmania spp. y Trypanosoma cruzi en D. marsupialis de ambientes peridomiciliarios del municipio de Ovejas. Materiales y métodos. Entre agosto y octubre del 2015 se capturaron zarigüeyas en las áreas urbanas con trampas de vida Tomahawk. Tras evaluación morfométrica, identificación del sexo y conteo de piezas dentales, se obtuvieron muestras sanguíneas por punción cardiaca, usadas para detectar anticuerpos IgG contra Leishmania spp. y T. cruzi, amplificar blancos genéticos específicos de estos parásitos y para aislamiento in vitro. Los parásitos se tipificaron mediante análisis filogenético de los genes citocromo b y hsp70. Resultados. Se capturaron 26 individuos (12 machos y 14 hembras; 16 adultos, 7 subadultos y 3 juveniles). Se obtuvo una prevalencia de anticuerpos del 23,08 y 53,85 %, contra Leishmania spp. y T. cruzi, respectivamente, con 11,54 % de coinfección. La frecuencia de infección molecular por T. cruzi fue del 61,54 y 23,08 % para Leishmania spp. Se logró aislar y genotipificar una cepa de T. cruzi. Conclusión. Las altas frecuencias de infección simple y coinfección indican que D. marsupialis podría actuar como huésped sinantrópico de Leishmania spp. y T. cruzi en Ovejas, sugiriendo su participación en el mantenimiento de los ciclos domésticos de transmisión urbana.
Introducción. La estrongiloidiasis puede convertirse en una enfermedad grave en grupos de alto riesgo, como los alcohólicos. Sin embargo, pocos estudios evalúan el efecto de esta comorbilidad en la salud de los individuos.Objetivo. Evaluar biomarcadores hematológicos, bioquímicos y hepáticos y la producción de inmunoglobulina E total en pacientes alcohólicos infectados con S. stercoralis. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio de casos y controles con 240 pacientes alcohólicos, 60 infectados y 180 no infectados con S. stercoralis. Los biomarcadores sanguíneos se evaluaron mediante métodos automatizados, kits comerciales o nefelometría. Resultados. Se observó una alta frecuencia de alcohólicos con anemia, sin diferencia entre los grupos infectados y los no infectados, 65,0 % (39/60) y 62,8 % (113/180), respectivamente. La frecuencia de eosinofilia, 58,3 (35/60) y 26,1 % (47/180) y la concentración total de inmunoglobulina E, 2882 y 1400 UI/ml, fueron significativamente mayores (p < 0,05) en los individuos infectados con S. stercoralis en comparación con los no infectados. Los niveles de ALT y AST estuvieron elevados en ambos grupos. Sin embargo, en el grupo infectado se encontraron niveles más bajos de AST, 61,5 ± 38,4 comparado con 84,3 ± 84,6 U/L en no infectados y una menor frecuencia de individuos con niveles elevados de ALT, 26,7 % (16/60) comparado con 40,5 % (73/180) en pacientes infectados. Además, los niveles de AST fueron mayores en individuos con una carga parasitaria superior a 100 larvas/g de heces, en comparación con aquellos con una menor carga parasitaria (90,80 ± 39,9 y 56,42 ± 31,9 U/L (p < 0,05), respectivamente).Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra una menor alteración de las enzimas hepáticas en alcohólicos infectados con S. stercoralis, lo cual podría depender de la carga parasitaria.
Introduction. The EDAR (ectodysplasin A receptor) gene is associated with the development of ectodermal structures. The rs3827760 variant is highly frequent in East Asian and Native American populations, and this study analyzes its relationship with genetic ancestry proportions in a Latin American population sample. Objective. To analyze how genetic ancestry proportions influence the distribution of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3827760 genotypes of the EDAR gene in Latin American populations. Materials and methods. Genetic ancestry proportions were estimated using a panel of 446 ancestry-informative SNPs, applying the STRUCTURE program and univariate and multivariate logistic regression models. Results. Native American ancestry proportions showed a significant positive association with the prevalence of rs3827760 GG genotypes, while European ancestry showed a negative association. Conclusion. Native American and European genetic ancestry proportions influence the distribution of SNP rs3827760 genotypes of the EDAR gene in Latin American populations.
Introduction:Congenital syphilis is a preventable disease with high morbidity and mortality, whose persistence reflects failures within the healthcare system. Objective:To characterize reports of congenital syphilis in Antioquia in the years 2021 and 2022 and to analyze their relationship with gestational age at the time of birth and diagnosis. Materials and methods:A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted. All reported cases of congenital syphilis in Antioquia during 2021 and 2022 were analyzed using data from the Instituto Nacional de Salud. Sociodemographic, clinical, and healthcare-related variables from the epidemiological surveillance form were described. Frequencies, summary measures and statistical tests were applied to explore associations. Results:A total of 375 cases of congenital syphilis were reported, with incidences of 2.9 and 2.3 per 1000 live births in 2021 and 2022, respectively. A total of 54.4% (204/375) of the mothers were of low socioeconomic status, and 86.7% (325/375) of diagnoses occurred in the third trimester. Additionally, 46.4% (174/375) of mothers did not receive prenatal care, and 17.6% (66/375) did not receive penicillin before delivery. Gestational age at delivery was significantly associated with the neonate’s final condition (p < 0.001), prenatal care (p < 0.001), treatment (p < 0.05), and maternal-infant serological outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusions:Congenital syphilis remains a public health concern in Antioquia, reflecting deficiencies in timely diagnosis and comprehensive treatment, as well as the influence of social determinants such as low socioeconomic status. Consequently, it is essential to strengthen primary healthcare services, ensure early and continuous prenatal screening, and implement territory-specific strategies aimed at reducing vertical transmission and advancing toward the elimination of the disease.
The neuroblastoma-like schwannoma is considered a very rare variant of schwannoma, and represents a diagnostic challenge given its low incidence and few reports. We present the case of a 40-year-old woman with a painful nodule with progressive growth in the anterior thoracic wall. After histopathological and immunophenotypic analysis, and a literature case review, with emphasis in the differential diagnosis and immunohistochemical analysis, the diagnosis of neuroblastoma-like schwannoma was made.
Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening acute hyperglycemic complication of diabetes mellitus. Thalassemia major predisposes to diabetes mellitus due to pancreatic dysfunction from iron overload, yet DKA is uncommon in these patients. We report the case of an 18-year-old female with thalassemia major and secondary hemochromatosis who presented with acute shortness of breath, drowsiness, and confusion following one day of diarrhea. On examination, she was profoundly hypotensive (BP 54/21 mmHg), tachycardic (PR 131 bpm), hypoxic (SpO₂ 89%), and exhibited acidotic breathing, pallor, bronze skin pigmentation, and cold extremities. Laboratory evaluation revealed severe anemia, marked leukocytosis (>30,000/mm³), metabolic acidosis with hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and markedly elevated ferritin (>1,650 ng/l). The patient was treated with insulin infusion, electrolyte correction, blood transfusion, iron chelation therapy, and supportive measures. She improved clinically, achieved metabolic stabilization, and was discharged in stable condition. This case underscores that thalassemia-related iron overload can precipitate disturbances in glucose metabolism and rarely present with DKA. Continuous monitoring of glycemic status is essential in thalassemia patients, even when baseline glucose levels are normal, to enable early detection and management of acute metabolic complications.
Background and Objective: Bone marrow examinations are typically safe procedures. Even though complications are uncommon, they can occur and may include significant bleeding in individuals with low platelet counts and infections, usually at the skin puncture site, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The conditions examined include bone disorders, as well as both hematologic and nonhematologic malignancies in the bone marrow. Methods: This study analysed the retrospective data from Department of Pathology, Allama Iqbal Medical College/Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, including 373 patients who underwent bone marrow trephine biopsy between January 2023 and June 2024. Patient records were reviewed for demographic and diagnostic data. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Of the 373 patients, 206 (55.2%) were male and 167 (44.8%) were female, yielding a male-to-female ratio of 1.2:1. The most common age group was 21-30 years, comprising 68 cases. Bone marrow aspiration was most frequently performed for suspected acute leukemia, followed by hepatosplenomegaly. Pancytopenia was observed in 59 cases (15.8%), while immune thrombocytopenia was noted in 3 cases. Normal trilineage hematopoiesis was reported in 65 cases. Aplastic anemia and hypocellular marrow were identified in 12 (3.2%) and 29 (7.7%) cases, respectively. Acute leukemia was diagnosed in 77 cases (21%), with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounting for 21 cases (5.6%). A statistically significant association was found between age, gender, and AML, with a higher frequency in older male patients (p = 0.04). Multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders were diagnosed in 3 cases (0.8%), while myelofibrosis was identified in another 3 cases (0.8%). Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, and lymphoma were seen in 3, 11, and 8 cases, respectively. Conclusion: Acute leukemia, particularly AML, was the most frequent diagnosis on bone marrow aspiration, followed by hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. Significant association of AML with older male patients underscores the need for early evaluation in this group. Bone marrow examination remains a valuable diagnostic tool for diverse hematological disorders in our setting.
Background and Objective: Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of oral mucosal abnormalities with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Their high prevalence, especially in Asia, poses a significant public health concern. Beyond disease control, understanding the impact of OPMDs on patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is essential for guiding treatment decisions and optimizing care. This study aimed to identify factors that could affect HRQoL in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders in the local population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 8 months at Ziauddin University and Abbasi Shaheed Hospitals, enrolling 83 patients aged >20 years with clinically and histologically confirmed Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Patients with other medical conditions or prior treatments were excluded. Written informed consent was obtained. HRQoL was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire across eight domains. ANOVA was used to compare HRQoL domains, and Pearson’s correlation tested associations between variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Actinic cheilitis was the most common lesion, predominantly affecting patients aged 51-60 years. Physical health was the most impaired HRQoL domain (p = 0.001), while mental health was the least affected (p = 0.02). Patients ≥40 years reported poorer physical health, whereas those aged 41-50 experienced greater mental health and activity limitations. Pain showed a positive correlation with social health (r = 0.426, p < 0.01) and a negative correlation with emotional health (r = -0.291, p < 0.01). Mental and emotional health were strongly correlated (r = 0.741, p < 0.01). Conclusion: OPMDs significantly impair HRQoL, particularly physical health and daily functioning. Pain adversely affects social and emotional well-being, while mental and emotional health are closely linked. Findings highlight the need for targeted HRQoL assessment and patient‑centered care to optimize outcomes.
The current research was conducted to determine the relationship between nomophobia, mental health and interpersonal relationships among early adults. It was hypothesized that there will be a positive relationship between nomophobia, mental health and interpersonal relationship in early adults. It was also hypothesized that nomophobia and mental health will likely to predict interpersonal relationship in early adults. A sample of N = 74 early adults (n = 25 males and n = 49 females) aged 18-25 years (M = 21, SD = 2.52) was selected through purposive sampling technique. The Demographic Form, Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and Functional Idiographic Assessment Template-Questionnaire’s Class D: Disclosure and Interpersonal Closeness were used to assess study variables. Pearson moment correlation and multiple linear regression was used to analyze data. Findings state that nomophobia is positively related with decreased mental health and weak interpersonal relationships. Nomophobia is a significant positive predictor of interpersonal relationships but mental health is not. Higher levels of nomophobia are associated with decreased mental health and weaker interpersonal relationships. Results further revealed that significant gender differences were found in study variables. The finding will be useful for improving the interpersonal relationships of those early adults who are nomophobic and are suffering from mental health issues.
Background and Objective: Chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia is a persistent bone infection that, if inadequately managed, can cause significant disability. Antibiotic-loaded intramedullary nails (ALIN) and antibiotic-loaded beads (ALB) are commonly used for infection control and limb preservation, yet their comparative effectiveness remains unclear. This study aimed to compare functional outcomes, pain control, reinfection rates, quality of life (QoL), and complications between ALIN and ALB in managing chronic tibial osteomyelitis in local patients. Methods: In this randomized comparative study, 60 patients with chronic tibial osteomyelitis were allocated into the Nail Group (n = 30) receiving ALIN or the Bead Group (n = 30) receiving ALB. Pain was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), limb function via the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, and QoL with the SF-36 questionnaire. Reinfection was assessed clinically, and complications were recorded. Follow‑up was conducted over 12 months. Independent t-test was used for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The Nail Group showed superior outcomes in pain reduction (VAS: 1.5 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.5; p < 0.05), functional status (AOFAS: 85 ± 6 vs. 78 ± 7; p < 0.05), and QoL (SF‑36: 72 ± 5 vs. 65 ± 6; p < 0.05). Reinfection rates were not significantly different (27% vs. 31%; p > 0.05). Complications were fewer in the Nail Group, with fewer nail failures compared to bead migration in the Bead Group. Conclusion: Antibiotic-loaded intramedullary nails offer better pain relief, functional recovery, and QoL than antibiotic-loaded beads in chronic tibial osteomyelitis, without increasing reinfection rates. These findings support ALIN as a preferred option in suitable patients.
y su cobertura en el pa & iacute;s, a partir de los datos registrados en el repositorio de tamizaje Materiales y m & eacute;todos. Se analizaron 243.536 registros a nivel nacional, reportados por Resultados. La cobertura del tamizaje a nivel nacional -calculada a partir del total de el nacimiento hasta la emisi & oacute;n del resultado fue de 4,8 d & iacute;as, y solo el 62,1 % de los informaci & oacute;n, le permitir & aacute;n al pa & iacute;s disponer de datos en tiempo real para la toma oportuna Neonatal screening repository, a tool for public health decision making Introduction. Neonatal screening is an essential mechanism for the early detection of congenital anomalies within the first hours of birth. Objective. To describe the technical capacity of the laboratories performing neonatal screening tests in Colombia, the timeliness of information reporting, and national coverage based on data from the neonatal screening repository collected during January to September of 2024. Materials and methods. We analyzed 243,536 records nationwide uploaded by health service providers that perform neonatal screening tests on dried blood spot samples nationwide. The records corresponded to births that occurred between January 1st and September 30th, 2024. We evaluated indicators of test coverage and capacity of the national diagnostic network. Results. The screening coverage -calculated from the total number of laboratories that reported information- was 72.2% nationwide. The average time from birth to result release is 4.8 days, and only 62.1% of the results were classified as issued "very timely" (<= 3 days). Conclusions. We suggest that strengthening the quality and timeliness of information reporting will provide real-time data for timely public health decision-making, which will positively impact the quality of life of children born in Colombia. El tamizaje neonatal constituye un mecanismo esencial para la detecci & oacute;n
Introduction. PIWI-interacting RNAs are small and non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation and transposable element repression, emerging as critical biomarkers and therapeutic targets in oncology. Advances in artificial intelligence, such as recurrent neural networks, long short-term memory networks, and graph convolutional networks, offer significant improvements in PIWI-interacting RNA detection. Objectives. To evaluate the performance of artificial intelligence models, including recurrent neural networks, long short-term memory, and graph convolutional networks, in detecting PIWI-interacting RNAs and assessing their implications for cancer diagnostics and prognosis. Materials and methods. A systematic review of 24 studies was conducted across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science, focusing on artificial intelligence-based approaches for PIWI-interacting RNA detection. Inclusion criteria were original articles published in English or Spanish using artificial intelligence models in clinical or experimental settings. Performance metrics such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were analyzed. Results. Long short-term memory models achieved the highest overall accuracy (92.3%), followed by graph convolutional networks (91.4%), support vector machines (88%), and recurrent neural networks (85.7%). Sensitivity and specificity were also highest in long short-term memory (94% and 91%, respectively). Graph convolutional networks showed superior performance in identifying PIWI-interacting RNA-disease associations with complex datasets. Support vector machine models were effective in smaller datasets but exhibited scalability limitations. Conclusion. Artificial intelligence models, especially long short-term memory and graph convolutional networks, significantly enhance PIWI-interacting RNA detection, supporting their application in cancer diagnostics and personalized medicine. Future studies should refine these models, address dataset biases, and explore their integration into clinical workflows.
