Vegetables have increasingly been implicated in outbreaks of foodborne pathogens, raising concerns over the safety of fresh produce and leading to substantial economic losses globally. Alternative cultivation systems such as soilless agriculture are being explored to mitigate the risk of microbial contamination while ensuring sustainable production. This study evaluated the microbiological quality of high-value vegetables including tomato, chili, cucumber, lettuce, and kale grown using biodegradable cellulose hydrogel under varying formulations. Fresh samples were collected from 24 hydrogel treatment combinations, including different hydrogel concentrations (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), combinations with topsoil, and varying irrigation intervals (1, 2, 4, and 6 days). Aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts ranged from 0.33 to 4.67 log cfu/g across all treatments, while Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus were not detected in any samples. Lettuce exhibited the highest coliform counts, followed by kale and cucumber. Notably, the combination of 40% hydrogel with 60% topsoil and a 4-day irrigation interval yielded the lowest microbial loads across vegetable types. The findings indicate that the use of biodegradable cellulose hydrogel in vegetable cultivation can effectively minimize microbiological contamination while reducing water use, highlighting its potential as a sustainable alternative for high-value vegetable production.
Research into solar cell efficiency is a dynamic and crucial field. Scientists and researchers are exploring a variety of approaches to maximize the power output of solar cells making it more competitive with other energy sources. Some of the key areas that are effectively increase the power conversion efficiency of the solar cell: enhancing the absorption of incident sunlight on the silicon surface by reducing the reflection loss and improving the photovoltaic effect by reducing the electrical loss. This study will be focused on enhancing the photovoltaic effect by modifying the parameters which are the doping concentrations of emitter and base layers. The doping concentrations of emitter and base layers will range from moderate to heavy doping level. Numerical modelling was employed to design and analyse the solar cell model. The results indicate that the highest efficiency of 13.4% to 13.5% for the designed solar cell is achieved with an emitter doping concentration of 1x1018 cm-3 and a base doping concentration ranging from 3x1019 cm-3 to 4x1019 cm-3. By carefully controlling and balancing the doping levels in emitter with those in the base layer, the solar cell can be optimized for better performance and efficiency.
Aquaculture anaesthesia, particularly with natural agents, has gained increasing attention due to its relevance in fish welfare, stress management, and sustainable aquaculture practices. This study addresses the need to systematically assess the state of knowledge, gaps, and potential future trajectories in this dynamic field. We conducted a bibliometric analysis using Scopus to collect and analyse scholarly publications related to natural anaesthesia in aquaculture. Metrics such as citation counts, co-authorship networks, and keyword co-occurrence were employed to unveil the research landscape. The VosViewer tool was utilised for network visualisations, offering insights into collaboration patterns and thematic clusters. Preliminary findings indicate a prolific output of research, with specific authors and countries playing pivotal roles in shaping the discourse. The co-authorship network analysis reveals key figures and interdisciplinary collaborations, while the keyword co-occurrence analysis uncovers central themes and emerging topics. The country collaboration map provides a visual representation of regional clusters, emphasising the global nature of aquaculture anaesthesia research. This bibliometric study is poised to contribute a holistic understanding of the trends and patterns in natural anaesthesia research for aquatic species. The expected results will shed light on the interdisciplinary nature of the field, identify potential research collaborators, and pinpoint knowledge gaps for future exploration. The insights gained from this study aim to inform researchers, policymakers, and practitioners involved in aquaculture, paving the way for sustainable and welfare-centric practices in the field of aquaculture anaesthesia.
This study aimed to synthesize oleyl oleate via esterification, confirm its structure using spectroscopic methods, and evaluate its antimicrobial properties and physicochemical characteristics for cosmetic use. Oleyl oleate synthesis was confirmed with FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. Oleic acid and oleyl alcohol were reacted in a 1:2 molar ratio at 50°C for 5 hours in hexane. The product yield was approximately 85%. Antimicrobial activity was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using agar diffusion method, Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Dilutions of 1:1 to 1:4 (v/v) were tested, and the bacterial inoculum was standardized to 107 cells/mL. The compound showed higher activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with MBC of 1:2 (v/v) for Bacillus subtilis. Physicochemical properties such as Sun Protection Factor (SPF), peroxide value, saponification value, and iodine value were also measured. Physicochemical assessments yielded an SPF value of 8.0, peroxide value of 17.98 meq/kg, saponification value of 82.48 mg KOH/g, and iodine value of 82.37 g/100g. These properties meet cosmetic ingredient standards. Unlike traditional extraction methods that rely on limited and costly natural wax sources like jojoba oil, this study demonstrates a simple, catalyst-free synthetic route using readily available materials, offering a scalable and economical alternative. The study demonstrates that oleyl oleate has notable antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, and physicochemical properties suitable for cosmetic formulations, indicating its potential for wide spread use in the cosmetic industry.
The increasing consumption of instant noodles has raised concerns about their potential health and environmental impacts. This study aimed to investigate the effects of instant noodle seasoning extract on the mitotic index of Allium cepa root tip. Using A. cepa as a model organism, the study compared the mitotic index under different treatments: distilled water (negative control), malathion (0.9 g/L) as (positive control), and instant noodle seasoning (73.3 g/L). The onion root tips were exposed to the treatments for 24 and 48 hours. Roots were fixed with ethanol-acetic acid and stained with 2% acetic-orcein for microscopic analysis. The mitotic index was calculated by counting the number of cells in mitosis out of the total observed cells. The results showed that instant noodle seasoning exhibited an initial mitotic index of 14.6% ± 0.04 in 24 hours, which significantly dropped to 7.4% ± 0.01 after 48 hours (p = 0.0018), meanwhile distilled water maintained a high mitotic index of 9.6% ± 0.01 at 24 hours, which increased to 15.2% ± 0.03 at 48 hours with p= 0.014. In contrast, malathion had the lowest mitotic index, starting at 7.6% ± 0.04 in 24 hours and decreased to 4.9% ± 0.01 at 48 hours but not significant. Furthermore, both malathion and instant noodle seasoning treatments resulted in various chromosomal aberrations, such as lagging chromosomes and chromosomal stickiness. Hence, these findings highlighted that instant noodle seasoning possesses cytotoxic properties that disrupt normal cell division, with more pronounced effects observed after 48 hours (p<0.05). This study shows the utility of Allium cepa as a sensitive model for evaluating the genotoxicity of food additives, offering critical insights into their potential impact on health. Further research is recommended to explore the specific mechanisms of toxicity, including long-term effects of chronic exposure and identification of the active components responsible for the observed cytotoxicity.
Malaysia, like other countries, was experiencing the effect of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic sector, which led to a hike in unemployment. High unemployment could interfere with the economic progress, which may impact Malaysia’s long-term performance. Hence, to maintain economic stability in the long run, the issue of unemployment should be addressed strategically. In a previous study, the ARIMA and ARFIMA models were used to model and forecast the unemployment rate in Malaysia. Since then, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic which saw a sudden spike resulting in an abrupt change of trend in the unemployment rate may cause the forecast ability of existing models to be not as good. Thus, this study aimed to model Malaysia’s unemployment rates using ARIMA and ARIMA interrupted time series models besides comparing the forecast performance between these two models. The monthly data obtained from of the Department of Statistics Malaysia consisted of 176 observations of Malaysia’s unemployment rate from January 2010 to August 2024. The ARIMA (0,1,1) was found to be the best ARIMA model in its class for forecasting Malaysia’s unemployment rate since it has the lowest BIC and AICc values. Further, the ARIMA model also gave a better forecast performance compared to the ARIMA with interrupted time series model based on the error measures of RMSE, MAE and MAPE values.
Traditional pedagogical approaches frequently encounter obstacles, including limited student engagement and challenges in retaining complex formulas. This study investigates the efficacy of an educational online game, CC Facts Race, designed to enhance comprehension of Food and Beverage (F&B) Cost Control concepts. The research was conducted at Polytechnic of Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin in Perlis, Malaysia, involving 150 participants from the Diploma in Resort Management (DHR) and Diploma in Foodservice (DHF) programs. Data were gathered through questionnaires, and a descriptive analysis was employed to evaluate the findings. The results indicate that students rated CC Facts Race highly for its usability, player experience, and overall satisfaction. The game was perceived as accessible, engaging, and effective in improving both understanding and retention of F&B cost control principles. This study concludes that CC Facts Race represents a valuable supplement to educational curricula, providing an interactive and enjoyable learning platform. Future research could explore longitudinal effects on knowledge retention and instructors’ perspectives regarding the integration of CC Facts Race into teaching practices.
Spent mushroom composts (SMC) are agricultural wastes from harvested mushroom farms. In Malaysia alone over 100 tonnes of fresh mushrooms are produced. Annually resulting in 438 tonnes of composted leftovers that require disposal. Currently, only 28% of the SMC is recycled for agricultural use, while 3% was burned, and over 69% is dumped in landfills or on the ground. However, it has been proven that SMC, which is rich in nutrients and organic materials, is an excellent option for agriculture as it is ideal for mulching soil and enhancing nutrient content. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the effects of SMC on Amaranthus tricolor growth performance and to investigate its impact on soil properties. In this research, various concentrations of SMC 10%,20%,30% and 50% were applied to A. tricolor plants to evaluate their impact on plant height, leaf area, number of nodes and internodes, and stem diameter. Concurrently, soil samples were analyzed to determine the changes in soil analysis and proximate analysis. The results indicated that the applications of SMC significantly enhanced the growth performance of A. tricolor. From all of the treatments with SMC, the result obtained from the growth analysis of A. tricolor showed that the vegetable planted on 20% of SMC soil had the best growth. Overall, this study demonstrates that a certain amount of SMC on to soil is necessary to be an effective organic amendment for improving the growth of A. tricolor and enhancing soil health.
Phytochemicals, naturally occurring compounds in plants, have significant potential in modulating microRNA (miRNA) expression, offering therapeutic options for cancer treatment with reduced side effects and lower drug resistance. This study explores the relationship between phytochemicals, miRNA expression, and cancer using a comprehensive bioinformatics approach. MiRNAs, short non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of target genes, playing pivotal roles in cancer biology. The objectives of this study were to identify cancer-associated miRNAs regulated by phytochemicals, determine their target genes, and perform gene enrichment analysis with network visualisation. A literature search using the terms "phytochemicals," "miRNA," and "cancer" was conducted, with miRNAs selected based on their association with phenolic compounds, carotenoids, alkaloids, and organosulfur compounds. Bioinformatics tools such as DIANA TOOLS and TargetScan were employed to identify miRNA target genes, while STRING and Cytoscape facilitated the construction of protein-protein interaction networks and gene enrichment analysis. The study identified 42 miRNAs regulated by phytochemicals, linked to 1,951 target genes. Among them, hsa-miR-34a, regulated by curcumin, resveratrol, and genistein, emerged as a promising candidate for colorectal, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. This miRNA influences critical processes such as cell differentiation, division, and apoptosis, and is involved in pathways like p53, MAPK and PI3K-Akt signalling. These findings highlight hsa-miR-34a’s potential as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Future research should focus on experimentally validating these predictions and integrating additional databases and bioinformatics tools to enhance the reliability and scope of the results. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the molecular interactions between phytochemicals, miRNAs, and cancer, paving the way for the development of targeted therapies for this complex disease.
Halia Merah (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade) is serve as a good source of antioxidants and very useful in medicine field especially in area where it is native such as West Sumatra, Indonesia. This study of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of Halia Merah ethanolic extract using disc diffusion assay and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Halia Merah in scavenging free radicals. The concentration of Halia Merah ethanolic extract ranging from 50 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL and 400 mg/mL. Based on the result obtained, the highest concentration that is 400 mg/mL showed the largest inhibition zones. The result was 10.00±0.00 mm for S. aureus, 28.50±1.06 mm for B. subtilis, 9.50±1.50 mm for P. aeruginosa and 22.75±1.75 mm for E. coli. The antioxidant activity that was measured by using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay determined that the Halia Merah ethanolic extract scavenging activity increased when the concentration is increased; (80.50% at 50 mg/mL, 88.59% at 100 mg/mL, 91.70% at 200 mg/mL, and 96.27% at 400 mg/mL). By using ANOVA analysis, it indicated that There were significant differences among different concentration used (p<0.05). As conclusion, the different concentrations of Halia Merah ethanolic extracts have the ability inhibiting the growth of bacteria from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Halia Merah ethanolic extract also showed a positive activity of antioxidant by using DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay. In addition, there were also a high possibility that Halia Merah could be used as an alternative for a prescription and medicine, act as a traditional medicine with a greater cure rate compared to commercial antibiotics and antioxidant.
Chlamydia psittaci is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that is zoonotic causing diseases called psittacosis in humans. Humans are usually infected through inhalation, which often leads to atypical pneumonia, with fatal outcome if left untreated. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective clinical management and containment of potential outbreaks. Nevertheless, C. psittaci infections are often underestimated as their clinical and laboratory presentations closely resemble those of other respiratory infections. Traditional diagnostic methods relied on serology and culture but has limitations in specificity, sensitivity and biosafety. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a rapid, specific and sensitive real-time PCR assay targeting the ompA gene for detection of C. psittaci in human respiratory samples. A synthetic plasmid containing an ompA gene fragment was used as a positive control, eliminating the need for hazardous live cultures while ensuring assay stability. Specificity testing against 28 bacterial strains revealed no cross-reactivity, and in silico PCR analysis against 268 bacterial genomes confirmed exclusive amplification of C. psittaci. Spiking experiments with human respiratory samples (n=43) demonstrated robust detection across various matrices and concentrations, with no amplification in non-spiked controls, confirming absence of false positives. The assay achieved a detection limit of 0.0002 pg (~25 DNA copies) with 97.84% amplification efficiency and an R² of 0.9995, indicating high precision and reproducibility. These findings establish the developed real-time PCR assay as a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic tool for C. psittaci, enabling rapid and accurate detection to support timely clinical management and outbreak control.
Understanding the behavioural drivers behind FinTech (Financial Technology) adoption is essential in accelerating digital financial inclusion, especially in emerging markets. This study examines the effects of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, brand image, financial literacy, financial health, user innovativeness, government support, and attitude on FinTech adoption in Malaysia. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the theoretical foundation, data were collected from 203 experienced FinTech users and analysed using multiple regression techniques. The results show that all variables, except attitude, have a significant and positive influence on adoption, with user innovativeness identified as the strongest predictor. The insignificance of attitude challenges conventional assumptions within acceptance models, suggesting that practical considerations, personal capabilities, and structural enablers may have greater influence than emotional or attitudinal responses in this context. These findings extend current adoption frameworks by incorporating financial and contextual dimensions relevant to emerging markets. The study offers theoretical contributions by refining the understanding of user behaviour in digital finance and highlights the need for FinTech solutions that prioritise functionality, trust, and accessibility. Practically, the results provide actionable insights for FinTech developers, regulators, and policymakers to design targeted strategies that drive inclusive adoption and enhance financial empowerment across diverse user segments in Malaysia.
This study investigates students’ perceptions of the MyIntegrated Reading Companion Website as a digital tool for enhancing English language learning. Employing a quantitative descriptive research design, data were collected from 37 students through a 15-item Likert-scale questionnaire. The study aimed to evaluate the website's usability, content organisation, and effectiveness in supporting self-directed learning and motivation. Results show an overall positive response, with an average score percentage of 77.3%. Students particularly appreciated the platform's support for autonomous learning, helpful multimedia features, and the motivation it provided for continued e-learning. The highest-rated items reflected satisfaction with explainer videos and independent learning opportunities. However, slightly lower ratings in areas related to long-term engagement and language improvement suggest a need for more dynamic and adaptive learning content. The findings underscore the potential of the MyIntegrated Reading Companion Website as a useful supplementary tool in English language instruction. Recommendations are made for further content enhancement and continued integration of digital platforms in language education to foster learner motivation and effectiveness.
Intercropping is a cost-effective strategy for enhancing agricultural productivity under conditions of limited land availability and increasing food demand. This study evaluated the biological, competitive, and economic performance of a sweet corn–groundnut intercropping system using the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER), Aggressivity Index (AI), and Monetary Advantage Index (MAI). Field experiments were conducted under three cropping regimes: sweet corn monoculture (T1), groundnut monoculture (T2), and intercropping treatments (T3, T4, T5). The intercropping involved strip planting with different sowing times: simultaneous planting (T3), groundnut sown two weeks before sweet corn (T4), and sweet corn sown two weeks before groundnut (T5). Findings revealed that sweet corn monoculture (T1) consistently outperformed intercropping in terms of profitability, largely due to market pricing based on ears rather than weight, which favored corn sales. The T4 system achieved the highest LER, reflecting better land-use efficiency, while the Aggressivity Index (AI), Competitive Ratio (CR), Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC), and Actual Yield Loss (AYL) confirmed the dominance of corn in intercropping arrangements. However, the Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) remained below 1, suggesting no temporal advantage over monocropping systems. Positive values of CR, RCC, and AYL further confirmed corn dominance in intercropping. The highest MAI was observed in T4, indicating potential economic benefits, but sweet corn monoculture (T1) remained more profitable. Additionally, plant density was higher in monoculture than in intercropped plots. Overall, while intercropping improved land-use efficiency, sweet corn monoculture provided greater profitability for smallholder farmers under the tested conditions.
The increasing of worldwide demand for halal-certified food products warrants the robust analytical methods to ensure compliance with Islamic dietary laws. Conventional verification methods are insufficient to detect non-halal components in complex food matrices, especially the processed food products. This article explores the integration of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC) and chemometric analysis as advanced and comprehensive tools for halal authentication. The FTIR spectroscopy offers rapid, non-destructive analysis of food samples while GC provides precise compositional profiling of fatty acids and volatile compounds, respectively. When the FTIR and GC data coupled with multivariate statistical approaches as such principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), these techniques enable the identification of prohibited substances, including lard and porcine gelatine, even at trace levels. Case studies demonstrate high accuracy in classifying halal and non-halal food products using spectral and the chromatographic data. Furthermore, the development of portable instrumentation and cloud-based chemometric platforms has expanded the practical applicability of these methods for real-time quality control in industrial and regulatory settings. This article underscores current advancement, challenges and future directions in analytical halal authentication, emphasising the potential of these integrated techniques to ensure food integrity across the global supply chain.
The rise of video-on-demand in the streaming industry has contributed to binge-watching. Binge-watching can be defined as viewing two or more episodes of a series consecutively. The scenario of binge-watching has definite benefits and disadvantages for viewers. Binge-watching, due to its highly immersive nature, carries the risk of addiction, potentially resulting in a loss of control. Many studies have been conducted in discussion of mental health issues but less on students’ learning performance. This study surveyed 162 undergraduate students via purposive sampling using a 25-item instrument adapted from previous research on binge-watching addiction (BWA) and academic performance. The BWA Questionnaire, comprising 20 items across four domains which are Dependency, Avoidance, Craving, and Anticipation, were used along with academic performance items on a five-point Likert scale. Scores were categorized as low, moderate, and high levels of binge-watching. Data was analysed using multiple regression. The results show that Dependency (β=.00, p>0.05), Craving (β=.07, p>0.05), and Anticipation (β=.01, p>0.05) have insignificant relationships towards academic performance. This indicates that increased Dependency, Craving, and Anticipation of binge-watching do not lead to any significant changes in academic performance. However, Avoidance (β=.35, p<0.001) had a significant positive relationship, suggesting that students may downplay or hide their binge-watching habits, which in turn affects academic performance. Studies on binge-watching suggest that if done in moderation it is not dangerous. Thus, moderate behaviour on binge-watching is harmless and can be integrated into a balanced healthy lifestyle if students use it in a regulated manner without adversely affecting other sides of life.
Doping concentration plays a crucial role in determining the electrical and photovoltaic performance of crystalline silicon solar cells. However, the optimum combination of emitter and base doping remains debated due to trade-offs between conductivity, recombination, and efficiency. In this study, one-dimensional simulations using PC1D were carried out to systematically vary the emitter and base doping concentrations across realistic ranges. The results show that the highest efficiency of 13.5% is achieved with an emitter doping concentration of 1x1018 cm-3 and base doping concentration of 3-4 x 1019 cm-3. This work highlights how balancing doping levels between emitter and base layers can mitigate recombination losses while maintaining conductivity, providing design guidance for optimizing silicon solar cell efficiency.
Recent years have shown an increasing focus on developing and implementing innovative pedagogical strategies that improve student engagement and understanding of complex mathematical concepts. One such approach involves the use of comics as a learning tool to make abstract topics more accessible and engaging. However, despite potential advantages, research on students' perceptions of the creation and use of comics specifically in mathematics education, particularly in areas such as coordinate geometry, remains limited. Thus, this article aims to examine students' perspectives regarding the creation and use of comics in the classroom for understanding coordinate geometry, a subject under the Foundation Mathematics course taken by students at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam, Malaysia. This study took a quantitative approach using a survey method. The sample consisted of 100 CDCS240, CDCS253, and CDCS255 students from UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia. The research data were obtained from questionnaires filled out by students and distributed online. The findings revealed that when students created comics to express their understanding of coordinate geometry, they engaged in a creative and constructive process that promotes the development of problem solving, representation, and communication abilities. These findings highlight the effectiveness of comics as an effective pedagogical tool in mathematics education. Integrating comics into teaching practices may enhance students’ conceptual understanding and motivation, pointing to valuable opportunities for curriculum innovation and instructional design within Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields.
The use of enzymes in industrial production has increased greatly, especially in the alcoholic industry, namely beer, grape wine, Huang jiu, and liquors. Diacetyl produced in the fermentation process of beer affect the essence of beer in which α-acetyllactate decarboxylase plays a good inhibitory role. Glucosidase, pectinase, and lysozyme play their respective roles in the process of grape wine fermentation. Huang jiu is produced through traditional technology by taking glutinous rice and japonica rice as the main raw materials and employing wheat koji or a variety of microorganisms contained in rice koji. Wheat koji provides rich enzyme systems such as amylase and protease for the brewing process of rice wine. Enzymes are widely used in various stages of liquor production, such as making koji, fermentation of grains, distillation blending, and waste utilization of distillers' grains. This paper mainly describes the application of enzymes in the production of various wine industries, the improvement of enzymestability through enzyme immobilization, the treatment of waste enzymes in the wine making process and the future challenges and development
Customer satisfaction is one of the major concerns today. The COVID-19 epidemic has accelerated the use of robot servers in the hospitality sector in Malaysia grows increasingly as customers are more cautious about the dangers of direct physical contact. The study intends to identify the relationship between customer satisfaction and the implication of service quality on robots within the hospitality industry in Klang Valley. In addition, this study uses quantitative methods by distributing questionnaires to respondents. By using the SERVQUAL model, this study has outlined the five factors affecting the customer’s satisfaction which are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. Based on Krejcie & Morgan's sample size table, 384 respondentsrequired forthis study.Quantitative research methods were designedas the target respondentswere customersfrom the Klang Valley area. TheStatistical Packages for Social Science (SPSS) software is being utilized in this study to analyze the data obtained. The analysis consists of Pearson Correlation and Spearmen analysis. In line with the study’s objective, five main research questions are formed. The distribution of surveys helped this study accomplish its goals. Based on the statistical analysis, all service quality dimensions which are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy of service robots have a significant effect on customer satisfaction in the hospitality industry of Klang Valley. As of that, governments can take this study as a fundamental to encourage and implement more of the service robots in the hospitality industry throughout Malaysia.
