Introduction: Apparently, Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is a recognized medical practice that precisely makes use of multiple treatment therapies and techniques in the prevention and management of variety of human disorders. Having a glance at the future, health science students belonging to different universities would take the leadin hospitals and health centers thus this study aims to analyze the level of knowledge, attitude and perception of them towards CAM in Nepal, also aims at awaking students about CAM therapies, related side effects, risks and possible complications. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was organized by enlisting 385 undergraduate students, pharmacy(107) and non-pharmacy (278) which encompasses demographic characteristics, source of information, knowledge, attitudes and perception towards CAM. Results: Report indicated that predominance of students had good knowledge regarding homeopathy (Pharmacy:81.3%, NP:71.9%, P-value:0.044), herbalmedicine (Pharmacy:62.5%,NP:56.5%, P-value:0.008, acupuncture (Pharmacy:72.9%, Non-Pharmacy:62.2%, P-value:0.073), gingko (Pharmacy:52.3%, Non-Pharmacy:40.6%), ginseng (Pharmacy:52.3, Non-Pharmacy:34.9%, P-value:0.001). In spite employing non reliable origin of CAM information and their mindset that CAM is proceeded by quacks, the preponderance of students had positive attitudes and perception regarding CAM management. However, few non pharmacy students believe that CAM should be adapted by legislation (Pharmacy: 78.5%, Non-Pharmacy: 66.2%, P-value: 0.032), only few believe that CAM is a convenient appendage via traditional medication (Pharmacy: 84.1%, Non-Pharmacy: 70.5%, P-value: 0.018). Conclusion: Disregarding scanty knowledge in the matter of CAM, students possess forward-looking attitudes and opinion regarding CAM, also express eagerness to increase their knowledge about CAM.
Introduction: Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reaction (ADR) is the main stay of pharmacovigilance. However the major limitation of this method is underreporting as it depends entirely on the participation of the health care professional. This study aimed to identify factors that discourage ADR reporting and possible ways to improve ADR reporting. Methods: This is a questionnaire based cross-sectional descriptive study employed at a tertiary level teaching hospital from December 2020 to March 2021 after approval from institutional review committee. All the doctors and nurses were included in the study and the data were collected using structured questionnaire. Results: Total numbers of participants were 283. Among them, 260(91.9 %) had encountered a patient/s with ADR and 119(45.6%) had documented ADR. However, there was no reporting to the pharmacovigilance centre/ unit of the hospital.Out of 283 participants, 123 (43.5%) agreed that the major discouraging factor to report ADR was unavailability of reporting form. Similarly decision to report ADR depended on new reaction to an existing product 217(76.7%) followed by seriousness of the reaction 213 (75.2%). The 245(86.7%) participants have recommended to conduct awareness among healthcare professional and 208(73.3%) to train healthcare professional to improve ADR reporting. Conclusion: Even though the large numbers of participants have encountered patient/s with ADR but documentation of ADR is less. Further, none have reported due to limited knowledge regarding“what, how and where to report ADR”? In addition to these, unavailability of ADR reporting form was the major discouraging factor to report ADR.
Background: Despite the several efforts made in the development plans to reduce the population growth rate, the population of Nepal has rapidly been increasing from last few decades. This study aims to find the associated factors to have more than two children in Suddhodhan rural municipality of Rupandehi, Nepal.Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in a Suddhodhan rural municipality of Rupandehi district, Nepal among 440 ever married women selected by using disproportionate stratified random sampling. Chi Square test was used to find the associated factors to have more than two children.Results:The study found that mean number of children ever born on Suddhodhan Rural Municipality of Rupandehi district, Nepal was 4.1. Among 440 women included in the study, 57.27% women had more than two children. There was statistically significant association between children ever born with religion, age of women and husband, age at marriage, literacy rate of respondents and her spouse, respondent occupation, knowledge of contraceptive methods, exposure to mass media.Conclusions: The study concluded that religion, age of women and husbands, age at marriage, literacy rate of husband and wife, respondents occupation, knowledge of contraceptive methods, exposure to mass media were the main factors for determining the children ever born. Hence local level policy maker, planner and stakeholders of local municipal office should focused on providing informal education such as PraoudSikshya involving both the women and their husbands, should provide the intervention related to contraceptive methods through group discussion as well as through the use of mass media. Keyword: Children ever born; fertility; population.
Introduction: Hyaline Membrane Disease (HMD) remains a major cause of neonatal death and morbidity in infants of less than 37 weeks gestation. HMD is an important cause of RDS in newborns. To evaluate whether the Gastric Aspirate Shake Test in Preterm babies can predict the likelihood of Hyaline Membrane Disease. Methods: The Shake Test for prediction of Hyaline Membrane Disease was evaluated in 81 preterm newborns at NICU and Nursery, Patan Hospital. Over 0.5 ml of gastric aspirate was obtained within 1 hour of birth and mixed with an equal amount of normal saline for 15 seconds; 1 ml of 95% alcohol was then added and the mixture was agitated for the next 15 seconds. Then after 15 minutes, the airliquid interface was examined for bubbles. Results: Among 81 neonates, 46 developed HMD. 56.8% (26/46) of neonates with negative shake test developed HMD which was statistically significant(p<0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 96.29%, 76.47%, 86.6%, and 92.8% respectively. Conclusion: The gastric aspirate shake test is a rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedure and useful in predicting HMD and facilitating early transfer to the neonatal intensive care unit.
